Hardeman County Research Articles

A Community Profile of Walking and Cycling for Exercise or Transportation in a Rural County in the Southeastern United States.

People living in rural areas of the United States, especially in the southern region, are much less likely to walk or cycle for leisure time or transportation. The purpose of this study is to provide a more detailed community-level estimate of walking and cycling behaviors and attitudes among adults living in a rural county (Hardeman County, TN) participating in a High Obesity Program (HOP) from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Telephone interviews and online surveys regarding walking and cycling behaviors, attitudes, and perceptions of the built environment were completed by 634 adults. Questions originated from the 2002 National Survey of Bicyclist and Pedestrian Attitudes and Behavior. Respondents were classified as walkers, cyclists, or both. Chi-square and logistic regression were used for data analysis. Of adults in this county, 67.2% were walkers and 16.2% cyclists. Both forms of active living tended to decrease with age, especially after 50 years. Walking was associated with younger ages, 2-person households, positive perceived health, and a feeling that walking was good for them. Cycling was only associated with age. Most people felt that their communities were safe places to walk or bike. Walking was most often done on roads or road shoulder. Social support and intrinsic motivators may also play a role in walking and bicycling in rural areas. Interventions that promote walking and cycling in rural areas should provide a means for social support, creating activity-friendly routes perceived to be safe, and enhanced destinations for places to be physically active.

Working With Rural Producers to Expand EBT in Farmers' Markets: A Case Study in Hardeman County, Tennessee.

Rural residents tend to eat less fruits and vegetables, placing them at higher risk of chronic diseases compared with urban residents. Farmers' markets can provide increased access to fresh produce for rural communities. Encouraging markets to accept Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits through Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) can expand access to healthy foods to low-income residents. Rural markets are less likely to accept SNAP compared with urban markets. Rural producers have identified lack of knowledge and limited support about the application process as barriers for accepting SNAP. This case study details how our Extension program helped a rural producer through the SNAP application process. We started with a workshop to inform rural producers about the benefits of accepting SNAP. After the workshop, we provided hands-on support and assistance to help one producer navigate the EBT application process as well as how to implement and advertise SNAP at the market. Implications for practitioners about tips to help producers overcome challenges and barriers for EBT acceptance are discussed.

Reassessing the lithosphere: SeisDARE, an open-access seismic data repository

Abstract. Seismic reflection data (normal incidence and wide angle) are unique assets for solid Earth sciences as they provide critical information about the physical properties and structure of the lithosphere as well as about the shallow subsurface for exploration purposes. The resolution of these seismic data is highly appreciated; however they are logistically complex and expensive to acquire, and their geographical coverage is limited. Therefore, it is essential to make the most of the data that have already been acquired. The collation and dissemination of seismic open-access data are then key to promote accurate and innovative research and to enhance new interpretations of legacy data. This work presents the Seismic DAta REpository (SeisDARE), which is, to our knowledge, one of the first comprehensive open-access online databases that stores seismic data registered with a permanent identifier (DOI). The datasets included here are openly accessible online and guarantee the FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) principles of data management, granting the inclusion of each dataset in a statistics referencing database so its impact can be measured. SeisDARE includes seismic data acquired in the last 4 decades in the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco. These areas have attracted the attention of international researchers in the fields of geology and geophysics due to the exceptional outcrops of the Variscan and Alpine orogens and wide foreland basins, the crustal structure of the offshore margins that resulted from a complex plate kinematic evolution, and the vast quantities of natural resources contained within. This database has been built thanks to a network of national and international institutions, promoting a multidisciplinary research and is open for international data exchange and collaborations. As part of this international collaboration, and as a model for inclusion of other global seismic datasets, SeisDARE also hosts seismic data acquired in Hardeman County, Texas (USA), within the COCORP project (Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling). SeisDARE aims to make easily accessible old and recently acquired seismic data and to establish a framework for future seismic data management plans. SeisDARE is freely available at https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/101879 (a detailed list of the datasets can be found in Table 1), bringing endless research and teaching opportunities to the scientific, industrial, and educational communities.

IMPROVING PHOSPHORUS NUTRITION OF COTTON

Crop recovery of applied Phosphorus (P) fertilizer can be low, especially during season of low soil temperature, which decreases plant root growth and nutrient uptake. The H2PO4- or HPO4-2 anions readily react with soil cations such as Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe) and Aluminum (Al) to produce various phosphate compounds of very limited water solubility. Specialty Fertilizer Products (SFP), Leawood, KS, USA has developed and patented a product registered as AVAIL® that is reported to attract and sequester antagonistic cations out of the soil solution leaving more of applied P in available form for plant uptake. To evaluate effectiveness of AVAIL product for cotton production, experiments were conducted in two locations in West Tennessee, Grand Junction (GJ) in Hardeman County and Ames Plantation (AP) located in Fayette County. Treatments consisted of applying Mono-Ammonium Phosphate (MAP, 11-52-0) alone or coated with AVAIL at rates of 34 or 68 kg ha-1 P2O5. A no P check was also included. An additional treatment consisting of AVAIL treated P in combination with Nutrisphere-N®, a Nitrogen (N) stabilizer product offered by SFP, was also included. At GJ site, when averaged over P rates and years, AVAIL treated MAP improved tissue P concentration and increased cotton lint yield by 157 kg ha-1 over untreated MAP. At AP site, when averaged over years and P rates, application of AVAIL treated MAP increased cotton lint yield by 85 kg ha-1 over untreated MAP. In both experiments, 34 kg ha-1 AVAIL treated MAP produced higher tissue P concentrations and greater yields than 68 kg ha-1 without AVAIL. Influencing reactions in the micro-environment around the fertilizer granule has proven to have a significant benefit on the yield and P uptake of cotton. More research is needed to determine P content in the soil and further improve fertility recommendations.

History of Benjy’s Fence in The Sound and the Fury

Faulkner Journal Edward Belk Perry History of Benjy’s Fence in The Sound and the Fury T he county courthouse was arguablythe most significant building in Wil­ liam Faulkners work (Hines, Tangible Past48; Bork 144). In “The Court­ house (A Name for the City)” in Requiemfor a Nun Faulkner writes: [A] Square, the courthouse in its grove the center... the offices ofthe lawyers and doc­ tors . . . each in its ordered place; the four broad diverging avenues . . . becoming the network ofroads and by-roads.... But above all, the courthouse: the center, the focus, the hub; sitting looming in the center ofthe county’s circumference like a single cloud in its ring of horizon, laying its vast shadow to the uttermost rim ofhorizon; musing, brooding, symbolic and ponder­ able, tall as cloud, solid as rock, dominating all: protector of the weak, judiciate and curb ofthe passions and lusts, repository and guardian ofthe aspirations and the hopes. (499-500) The courthouse was enclosed by an octagonal-shaped iron fence which re­ mains a mystery (Mayfield, Images 40-41; Aiken 76). Was it created by a black­ smith or in a foundry, i.e., was it wrought iron or cast iron or both?1 What hap­ pened to it? Where is it now? The purpose ofthis paper is to describe the history ofBenjy’s fence. Lafayette County Mississippi was organized as a territory in 1798 and was admitted to the Union in 1817. The Choctaw Indians ceded their land in north Mississippi in October 1830 at the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, and the Chickasaw Indians ceded their land at the Treaty of Pontotoc Creek in October 1832 (Aiken 57, 62). The federal government hired private contractors to survey northern Mississippi into townships and sections (66). Volney Peel was born in 1805 in Bedford County, Virginia, and moved with his family to north Alabama near Huntsville. There he studied civil engineer­ ing and practical surveying and was employed as a draftsman in the land office ‘Iron fencing became popular in the 1830s and could be either wrought or cast, depending on the manufacturing process. Iron fencing could be a combination of both wrought and cast iron such as cast iron posts and panels with wrought iron gates. Cast iron is an iron based alloy with at least two percent carbon. The iron is heated to a fluid state and poured into a mold which allows a more detailed design. Wrought iron is iron that has been drawn out and shaped over a period of time using repeated force and heat by a black­ smith and is more expensive than cast iron. Wrought iron fence components are usually fused or riveted together either by lap joints or welding (US Natl. Park Service 6). 51 52 Edward Belk Perry History ofBenjy’s Fence at Florence, Alabama. In 1832 he received an appointment from the federal government to survey the territory of north Mississippi then occupied by the Chickasaw and Choctaw Indians. He left his wife and child with her parents, who had moved to Hardeman County, Tennessee, and spent two years survey­ ing. When his work was completed in 1834, he bought land in what would become Marshall County, Mississippi, and moved his family to a pioneer cabin he built there, the first white man to settle in the county (Biographical 576-77). Later he built Hickory Park in the Laws Hill community, fourteen miles south­ west of Holly Springs, north of the Tallahatchie River above where the town of Wyatt would be located (Miller, Lost Mansions 67-68; Fant 1). The Treaty of Pontotoc Creek caused a land rush that would see the population of north Mississippi explode. Thousands of acres of land were available for rock-bottom prices and cotton prices were high. Three years after Peel moved there, in the spring of 1837, Marshall County had 13,500 people and the white population was the most for any county in Mississippi (Aiken 67) and Holly Springs was the third largest town in Mississippi (Miller, Lost Landmarks 128). Lafayette was one of a dozen counties created on February 6, 1836, by the Mississippi Legislature in the territory ceded by the Chickasaw Indians (Sobotka 27...

Yellow Vine of Watermelon and Pumpkin in Tennesse.

Yellow vine (YV) is a recently recognized decline of cucurbits expressed as plant yellowing, phloem discoloration, and death of vines as fruit approach maturity. In severely affected fields, YV incidence can range from 50 to 100% with similar yield loss. The disease has been associated with a phloem-limited, walled bacterium belonging to the gamma-3-proteobacteria (1), for which specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers have been developed and used in diagnosis (2). First observed in 1988 in Oklahoma and Texas squash and pumpkin, YV was not detected in watermelon and cantaloupe until 1991. The disease has never been detected in cucumber. Efforts to date have been unsuccessful in transmitting the disease with dodder, grafting, or selected insects. Initially, the geographic range of the disease appeared to be generally confined to central and northeastern Oklahoma and north central Texas, an area known as the Cross Timbers Region. In 1997 to 1998, YV was diagnosed in commercial fields of watermelon and muskmelon from east Texas (Post Oak Savannah) and all cucurbit-growing areas of Oklahoma. In late summer 1998, symptoms similar to those of YV were observed in one watermelon (Hardeman County) and three pumpkin (Rhea and Morgan counties) fields in Tennessee where the leaves turned yellow and chlorotic and affected plants exhibited phloem discoloration. Estimated incidence of YV ranged from less than 1 to 20% of the plants in affected fields. PCR, with the YV-specific primers (2), amplified a band of the expected size (409 bp) from all watermelon and pumpkin plants exhibiting phloem discoloration. In contrast, no bands were amplified from asymptomatic (no phloem discoloration) watermelon or pumpkin. The nucleotide sequence of the DNA fragment amplified from a Tennessee watermelon and pumpkin plant was identical to that of the YV bacterium. The occurrence of YV outside of the Cross Timbers Region, and in a location as distant as Tennessee, suggests that the disease may be much more widespread than previously recognized. Diagnosis and monitoring of YV in all cucurbit-growing areas is critical for determining the geographic distribution and losses caused by this emerging disease.

Reservoir Recognition in Mississippian Chappel Formation, Hardeman County, Texas: ABSTRACT

Reservoir Recognition in Mississippian Chappel Formation, Hardeman County, Texas: ABSTRACT

Exploration, discovery, serendipity, and COCORP

The Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling, known as COCORP, has now been operating for more than a decade since its original experiment in Hardeman County, Tex. Ten years ago, the idea of a transcontinental deep reflection section seemed an impossible dream, but today, major segments of such a profile have been surveyed. Completion of such a section by the time of the International Geological Congress (to be held in Washington in 1989) is very likely.When the project began, our knowledge of the deep structure of the continents was rudimentary at best. From earthquake seismology, large‐scale seismic refraction experiments, and gravity data, we had a general picture of regional variations in crustal velocities and depth to the mantle, but the details were unknown. From a few exposures and from studies of xenoliths, we had some idea of the nature of the lower crust, but only in special areas. Initial COCORP experiments focused on specific areas in which existing geological and geophysical data suggested that deep reflections could be found and that specific questions could be answered. When these proved successful, the program ventured into the unknown and began a broad reconnaissance of the continental crust of the United States. The success of the early experiments did not go unnoticed by others, and deep reflection experiments are now being conducted in a number of countries.

Sedimentology, Petrology, and Reservoir Characteristics of Lower Strawn Sandstone, Bent Tree Field, Hardeman County, Texas: ABSTRACT

Reservoir sandstones of the lower Strawn Formation (early Middle Pennsylvanian) in the Bent Tree field of Hardeman County, Texas, are coarse to fine-grained, texturally submature arkoses. Cores show the sandstones to have been deposited in 1.5-4.5 m thick fining-upward successions of aggraded or prograded bar units. Each bar unit has a sharp erosional base overlain by cross-bedded, coarse-grained, conglomeratic sandstone, which, in turn, is overlain by medium to fine-grained, horizontally bedded or ripple-bedded sandstone. The coarse conglomeratic sandstones are interpreted to represent deposition in main channels of a braided fluvial system that were progressively filled by aggrading and prograding bars. The interbedded, finer grained, more immature sandstones appear to have been deposited in auxiliary channels or swales, or in proximal overbank settings. The detrital framework grain suite of the reservoir sandstones averages 47% quartz, 30% feldspars, 19% igneous rock fragments, and 4% sedimentary rock fragments. The source of these sands was a plutonic/cratonic igneous massif with minor exposures of older sedimentary strata, and was probably the ancestral Wichita Mountains. Diagenesis has significantly affected the petrographic and reservoir properties of the lower Strawn sandstones, primarily through the in-situ alteration of detrital feldspathic grains and by the precipitation of authigenic quartz overgrowths,more » chlorite clay, and carbonate cements.« less

Palo Pinto (Missourian) Algal Limestone Buildups as Hydrocarbon Reservoirs, Conley Field, Hardeman County, Texas: ABSTRACT

Mississippian and Pennsylvanian carbonates are important hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Hardeman basin of north Texas. The basin axis extends northeast-southwest, and stratigraphy at Conley field indicates that the area was structurally high during both the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian. The Palo Pinto Formation at Conley field is composed mainly of platy algal packstones with subordinate fossiliferous shales. The algal limestones thicken over the crest of the ancient structural high, where the low lime-mud content and the abundance of platy algae indicate that the depositional environment for the Palo Pinto was shallow (less than 100 ft in depth) and current-swept marine in character. Local thickening of the Palo Pinto can be explained as growth of platy algal bafflestones which nucleated on the crests of paleostructural highs. The shales indicate periodic inundation accompanied by renewed terrigenous clastic influx. The highest parts of the carbonate buildups were altered by freshwater diagenesis during episodic periods of emergence. Dissolution of metastable allochems led to the formation of moldic porosity. Subsequently, during burial diagenesis, occlusion of pore space by calcspar cements, neomorphism, pressure solution, and some replacements occurred. The best porosity and permeability occur in packstone and grainstone facies, indicating that the reservoir mainly is controlled bymore » depositional processes and only altered to an extent by diagenesis. Fracture porosity is not a major factor in this reservoir.« less

Expansion of Baiomys taylori into Hardeman County, Texas

Expansion of Baiomys taylori into Hardeman County, Texas

Conley Field, Hardeman County, Texas: Chappel (Mississippian) Production from Facies-Selective Porosity in Carbonate-Sand Buildups: ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT The Mississippian Chappel Formation at Conely Field in Hardeman County, Texas produces oil and gas from skeletal grainstone buildups, not from 'Waulsortian-style mud mounds or crinoid as previously thought. Petrographically-defined microfacies indicate that these depositional bodies represent current-swept bioclastic sand waves consisting of grainstones and packstones that contain 25% to 70% fragmented and sorted crinoidal and bryozoan debris. These carbonate sands are flanked by packstones and wackestones that consist of 20-60% crinoidal debris and up 70% mud. Spiculiferous, silty wackestones to mudstones occupy the platform areas farther away from the sand buildups. Presumably, those muds represent the ambient shelf depositional mode and the sand banks represent conditions that required a special combination of hydrodynamics, topography, and biology. Perhaps subtle, antecedent topography on the Ellenburger surface helped to anchor the sand waves and perpetuate the buildup. Reservoir porosity occurs only in the crinoid-bryozoan sands where it is linked with the intraparticle spaces in fenestrate bryozoan fragments. To a lesser extent, interparticle pore spaces exist, along with solution-enhanced interparticle porosity. The chief porosity destroyers have been calcite cementation and compaction. Because the porosity is mainly intraparticle in nature, permeability is low (typically less than 1.0 md except where fractures are present). Even though there is a large amount of post-Mississippian structural closure at Conley Field, the reservoir is dependent on the petrographic and stratigraphic properties that are the results of Chappel-aged depositional and early diagenetic processes. Exploration and development techniques in such a field require careful attention to paleostructures and their telltale isopach signatures.

Adverse Health Effects at a Tennessee Hazardous Waste Disposal Site

Pesticide production wastes were buried in shallow unlined trenches at a dump site in Hardeman County, Tennessee, from 1964 to 1972. By 1978, chlorinated solvents were observed to be contaminating nearby drinking water wells and residents were reporting a wide range of health problems. A brief history of these events is presented and two recent health studies are reviewed. In addition, a risk estimate is presented based on animal toxicity data. Exposure estimates are based on a groundwater model that predicts retrospective exposures prior to 1978, when domestic wells were abandoned, and from measurements and estimates of indoor air contamination from outgassing of the volatile organic chemicals identified in the ground water. The implications of this risk assessment are discussed in the context of the results of the health studies.

Oil and Gas Developments in North-Central Texas in 1983

In 1983, drilling in north-central Texas decreased by 2.1% from the 1982 level. The success rate for exploratory drilling increased slightly to 24.5%. Total footage drilled decreased 9.2% from the 1982 figure. Significant discoveries were made in Throckmorton and Young Counties. Hardeman County continued to have major activity.

Liver dysfunction in residents exposed to leachate from a toxic waste dump.

It has been estimated that there are some 30,000 chemical waste dumps in the United States. Many of these landfill operations were undertaken in the early 1950s and 1960s, when knowledge regarding the safe and prolonged containment of the waste buried was nonexistent or minimal at best. As a result, many of these dump sites were located in areas that were geologically unsuitable for toxic chemical wastes. The Love Canal area in Niagara Falls, NY, is probably the best known of these dump sites. While a few of these sites have attracted wide media coverage, the availability of objective scientific information regarding the health effects of such sites has been deficient. The present study of a large toxic waste dump located in Hardeman County, TN, its contamination of surface and underground aquifers and the health effects on the area residents exposed via ingestion of contaminated water, offers the first objective evidence of organ dysfunction in such a human population. During this study comprehensive evaluation of that population revealed multiple symptoms, evidence of hepatomegaly and elevated liver function tests apparently caused by ingestion of water contaminated by numerous organic chemicals, many of which are known to be hepatotoxins.

Liver Dysfunction in Residents Exposed to Leachate from a Toxic Waste Dump

It has been estimated that there are some 30,000 chemical waste dumps in the United States. Many of these landfill operations were undertaken in the early 1950s and 1960s, when knowledge regarding the safe and prolonged containment of the waste buried was nonexistent or minimal at best. As a result, many of these dump sites were located in areas that were geologically unsuitable for toxic chemical wastes. The Love Canal area in Niagara Falls, NY, is probably the best known of these dump sites. While a few of these sites have attracted wide media coverage, the availability of objective scientific information regarding the health effects of such sites has been deficient. The present study of a large toxic waste dump located in Hardeman County, TN, its contamination of surface and underground aquifers and the health effects on the area residents exposed via ingestion of contaminated water, offers the first objective evidence of organ dysfunction in such a human population. During this study comprehensive evaluation of that population revealed multiple symptoms, evidence of hepatomegaly and elevated liver function tests apparently caused by ingestion of water contaminated by numerous organic chemicals, many of which are known to be hepatotoxins.

Depositional Environments of the Mississippian Chappel Bioherms, Hardeman County, Texas: ABSTRACT

Numerous crinoid-fenestrate bryozoan banks are developed within the Mississippian Chappel Formation, located in the Hardeman basin, Hardeman and Wilbarger Counties, Texas. The banks are oval in shape and range in size from 2 to 12 mi (3 to 19 km) in diameter. Stratigraphic, hydrocarbon entrapment in the banks has resulted in cumulative production exceeding 6 million bbl of oil plus 13 bcf of gas. The Chappel Formation is a shallow-water limestone, overlain End_Page 414------------------------------ by the oolitic grainstones of the Mississippian St. Louis Formation. Three distinct Chappel facies can be identified: the bank core, flank, and interbank facies. The bank core is composed of crinoid-fenestrate bryozoan mudstones and wackestones; the flank consists of crinoid-bryozoan grainstones and packstones; and the interbank consists of argillaceous sponge spicule mudstones with minor crinoid and bryozoan debris. Chert is a major constituent of the interbank facies but decreases in amount toward the bank core. Bank growth began in a low-energy environment with the mechanical accumulation of lime mud which was baffled and trapped by crinoids and fenestrate bryozoan. Once the bank core reached wave-base, the crinoid-bryozoan mudstones and wackestones were reworked and redeposited as the crinoid-bryozoan grainstones and packstones of the flank facies. The extensive development of the flank facies, compared with bank core development, indicates that the top of the bank remained at or near wave-base for an extended period of time. Porosity development in the Chappel banks is secondary and results from dolomitization of the micritic bank core, fracturing and leaching. Although the crinoid-bryozoan grainstones of the flank facies were originally porous, primary intergranular porosity is now absent because of epitaxial cementation. The Chappel banks can be located in the subsurface by using isopach maps which help identify interval thickening within the Chappel. In addition, thinning, shown by the isopach intervals on horizons immediately overlying the Chappel Formation, can also be used to delineate the presence of these bank deposits. In subsurface exploration, the bank facies can be differentiated from the interbank facies by petrographic analysis and by noting the more massive and also lower gamma ray log response. The lower gamma ray log response is caused by a lack of argillaceous material in the bank facies. End_of_Article - Last_Page 415------------

Oil and Gas Developments in North-Central Texas in 1982

Drilling in north-central Texas in 1982 increased 8.1% from the 1981 level. The wildcat success rate increased to 24%, and total footage drilled increased 5.6%. Production of oil increased, but gas production decreased. Significant discoveries were made in Eastland County and Young County. Hardeman County continued to have major activity.

Oil and Gas Developments in North-Central Texas in 1981

Total drilling in north-central Texas increased 30.1% during 1981. The wildcat success rate decreased slightly to 19.6%. Total footage drilled increased 34.3%. Both oil production and gas production increased. Significant discoveries were made in Hardeman County.

Saddle Crystal Dolomites as Fractured Reservoir Indicators, Mississippian Biohermal Facies, Hardeman County, Texas: ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Dolomitized Mississippian biohermal facies in the Hardeman basin of Texas produce mainly from fractures. During Osagean time crinoid-bryozoan mud mounds were common in the shallow basin, and in several fields early dolomitization, leaching, solution brecciation, and silicification occurred episodically during the development of the muddy, biohermal core sequences. Subsequent burial diagenesis involved calcite cementation, pressure-solution, several stages of fracturing, and a late stage of dolomitization. The late dolomite consists of saddle crystals that have lined early vugs and fractures and replaced skeletal grains. The dolomite has O18 values of -10 to -12 (PDB) and is post-fracturing and subsurface in origin. It is readily distinguished in cuttings making it a fracture-vug indicator that is identifiable at the well site. Since the Quanah Field reservoir and many others in the area owe their permeability mainly to fractures, the saddle crystal dolomites identify the primary productive zones and may enable the mapping of permeability trends.