Hard Work Research Articles

Posterior assessment of occupational risks associated with work hardness based on workers’ subjective perception of their health

Work hardness causes health impairments in workers of some occupations. Posterior assessment should be considered priority one in health risk analysis instead of relying solely on results obtained by prior assessment based on descriptions of working condition. This paper presents the results obtained by posterior occupational risk (OR) assessment associated with work hardness; the assessment is based on analyzing workers’ subjective perception of their health (workers employed at a bearing production were used as an example). A survey was accomplished within this study followed by analyzing subjective perception of one’s health. It gave an opportunity to accomplish quantitative posterior OR assessment (that considered both likelihood of diseases and their severity) at the group and individual levels. Work hardness creates unacceptable group health risks associated with diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (1.93•10-2–2.56•10-2), nervous system (4.03•10-2–6.77•10-2), genitourinary system (2.04•10-2–2.7•10-2) and cardio-vascular system (1.47•10-2–1.69•10-2). Such indicators as ‘weight of constantly lifted cargo and cargo moved by hand’ (35–58 %) and ‘uncomfortable working posture / working upright’ (29–54 %) make major contributions to the integral risk. Risk categories were adjusted at the individual level (considering parameters of the relationship that describe how likelihood of disease is influenced by work hardness, age and working records). This allowed establishing that OR was predominantly caused by diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (‘medium risk’ for 19–83 % of the workers and ‘high risk’ for 75–81 %), nervous system (‘high risk’ for 84–85 % and ‘extremely high risk’ for 15–16 % of the workers) and genitourinary system (‘moderate risk’ for 1 %, ‘medium risk’ for 8 %, and ‘high risk’ for 87 %). Occupational health risk assessment allowed identifying priority indicators of work hardness (‘weight of constantly lifted cargo and cargo moved by hand’ and ‘uncomfortable working posture / working upright’) and establishing proper scope of relevant prevention activities at the group and individual level.

Апостериорная оценка профессионального риска, связанного с тяжестью трудового процесса, на основе анализа субъективного восприятия работниками своего здоровья

Work hardness causes health impairments in workers of some occupations. Posterior assessment should be considered priority one in health risk analysis instead of relying solely on results obtained by prior assessment based on descriptions of working condition. This paper presents the results obtained by posterior occupational risk (OR) assessment associated with work hardness; the assessment is based on analyzing workers’ subjective perception of their health (workers employed at a bearing production were used as an example). A survey was accomplished within this study followed by analyzing subjective perception of one’s health. It gave an opportunity to accomplish quantitative posterior OR assessment (that considered both likelihood of diseases and their severity) at the group and individual levels. Work hardness creates unacceptable group health risks associated with diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (1.93•10-2–2.56•10-2), nervous system (4.03•10-2–6.77•10-2), genitourinary system (2.04•10-2–2.7•10-2) and cardio-vascular system (1.47•10-2–1.69•10-2). Such indicators as ‘weight of constantly lifted cargo and cargo moved by hand’ (35–58 %) and ‘uncomfortable working posture / working upright’ (29–54 %) make major contributions to the integral risk. Risk categories were adjusted at the individual level (considering parameters of the relationship that describe how likelihood of disease is influenced by work hardness, age and working records). This allowed establishing that OR was predominantly caused by diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (‘medium risk’ for 19–83 % of the workers and ‘high risk’ for 75–81 %), nervous system (‘high risk’ for 84–85 % and ‘extremely high risk’ for 15–16 % of the workers) and genitourinary system (‘moderate risk’ for 1 %, ‘medium risk’ for 8 %, and ‘high risk’ for 87 %). Occupational health risk assessment allowed identifying priority indicators of work hardness (‘weight of constantly lifted cargo and cargo moved by hand’ and ‘uncomfortable working posture / working upright’) and establishing proper scope of relevant prevention activities at the group and individual level.

Gender Aspect of Media Discourse in Socialist Yugoslavia – Representation of Gender in the Women's Magazine "Bazar"

The paper revises the gender aspect of media discourse in socialist Yugoslavia on the example of one of the oldest and most popular Yugoslav women's magazine "Bazar." An analysis of the textual and visual content of the 1973 edition (issues 208–233) reaffirmed the assumption that the mass media – including The Women's Press – actively participate in the construction and reproduction of both "femininity" and "masculinity", and in the depiction of desirable/expected gender relations in a certain socio-historical moment (Yugoslav socialism). In addition to the main female character – a beautiful, young, modern and well-groomed woman who is successful in all fields (at work, at home, as a wife, mother, sister, friend, worker...) – there is also an equally caring and dedicated husband and father, a modern man, successful in his field of expertise. In other words, of all the roles that Yugoslav society has assigned to women/men, the following seem to be dominant: She is primarily 1) a wife, mother and housewife, 2) a hard worker, and 3) a woman who is clearly positioned in the new consumer society, while He is 1) Pater Familias, 2) a successful businessman, and 3) a modern man who keeps up with the times. The research has shown that these (and such) "Bazar" images of a woman / man are highly harmonized with the official representation of gender in the socialist Yugoslav society – She is the embodiment of the socialist "super-woman", while He is depicted as part of the hegemonic model of masculinity. The female-male relationship is presented in the experimental media discourse in two ways. The first (socialist) model of gender polarity – the one that is in the central media plan / easily observable / clearly legible – is placed in the official narrative framework of socialism as an ideology that follows the principle of equality as the dominant matrix in social/gender/economic/family relations. In the second narrative plan, there is a traditional model of gender polarity, which is based on binary oppositions – weak-strong, gentle-rough, subordinate-dominant, dependent-independent, right-wrong – performed by the female-male couple. By analyzing the media discourse of the experimental socialist periodical, it has also been established that the narrative of one of the most popular Yugoslav women's magazines contains all three key terms (for gender reading or in the media text) – these are power, gender (in)equality and representation of meaning. Interpreting textual and visual content as a system of representation (and not presentation) of reality, it becomes obvious that despite the change in social paradigm in the years after World War II, the policy of gender representation in the context of power relations (man over woman) continued, which Yugoslav socialism – as a doctrine of equality – clearly could not (or did not want to) eradicate in practice.

Combining fast scanning chip calorimetry and nanoindentation: Young's modulus and hardness of poly (l-lactic acid) containing α′- and α-crystals

Fast scanning chip calorimetry (FSC) allows subjecting polymer melts to well-defined vitrification, crystal nucleation, and crystal growth pathways and, therefore, precise control of morphologies, from fully amorphous glassy states to semicrystalline structures containing perfect crystals. Due to the required use of nanogram-sized samples, needed to achieve high cooling rates, their mechanical properties, in order to establish structure-property relations, are difficult to assess. In this work, indentation modulus and indentation hardness of FSC samples are successfully determined on example of semicrystalline poly (ʟ-lactic acid) (PLLA) containing spherulitically grown disorder α′- or rather perfect α-crystals, with the correctness of the applied preparation and analyses routes confirmed by nanoindentation measurements on milligram-sized samples prepared through hotstage microscopy, and by applying both static single-step and quasi-continuous stiffness measurements. Modulus and hardness data are consistent with prior analyses of bulk samples, confirming that semicrystalline PLLA containing α-crystals exhibits around 10–20 % higher values of these properties compared to PLLA containing α′-crystals, related to the different molecular-chain packing in the crystal lattice. This work demonstrates that combination of FSC and nanoindentation techniques is an effective tool for determining mechanical properties of samples solidified at specific thermal pathways which otherwise cannot be realized.

Священномученик Анатолий, пресвитер Марийский: творчество и судьба

This article is a description of the life path of the Holy Martyr Anatoly Ivanovsky (1863-1918), presbyter of Mari. It attempts to show this new martyr of the Russian Church as a musician, singer and church composer. Therefore, the article pays special attention to the facts of the biography of Priest Anatoly, related to this particular creative side of his life.The article covers the period of his life, and this is the end of the XIX – beginning of the XX century. Historical events, the mood of the society of that time – all this was reflected in the destinies of people, in the fate of a rural priest, a man musically gifted by nature. Having grown up in a pious family of a priest, who loved church singing from childhood and had a wonderful voice, he did not abandon clerical obedience throughout his childhood and youth, right up to his marriage and ordination. Further, Father Anatoly set an example of a zealous and caring pastor, a hard worker, a talented teacher and leader, the father of a large family of gifted children like him, as well as a musician, a connoisseur and connoisseur of church singing.The beginning of the XX century is a time of deep upheavals of the entire Russian society. The terrible persecutions inflicted on the Russian Orthodox Church revealed to the world the true ascetics of piety. In the atmosphere of betrayal and denunciation that engulfed people, they had to make a difficult choice: stay with Christ, faithful to death to Him, or break down under the pressure of the Bolsheviks. The steadfastness shown by priest Anatoly in the most difficult events of his fate showed the world the holiness of this simple village priest, who currently, standing before the Throne of God, is the intercessor and prayer book of all those who turn to him for help.

Risk factors and integrated assessment of health disorders in teachers of rural comprehensive schools

Teaching is an occupation with high stress levels and extremely poor health indicators, which tend to decline as working records become longer. The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors able to cause health issues in teachers of rural comprehensive schools and to determine the significance of clinical and laboratory indices as early indicators. The work uses the results of hygienic, clinical and laboratory studies aimed at assessing health and working conditions of teachers employed at comprehensive schools in rural areas of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Sanitary and hygienic conditions in classrooms of rural comprehensive schools were assessed in conformity with the Guide R 2.2.2006-05. Medical check-ups resulted in 255 various somatic diseases diagnosed in 70 teachers, overall, 3.64 diseases per one examined teacher. Laboratory tests revealed elevated hemoglobin levels in 20.00 % of the examined female teachers and low ones in 8.57 %. Erythrocytosis was established in 64.29 % of the examined teachers. We also established some slight changes in hematocrit levels, which were elevated in 4.29 % and low in 8.57 % of the examined teachers. Accordingly, in case hemoglobin levels were low, erythrocyte indices MCV and МСН went down as well in 30.00–32.86 % of the female teachers. The number of workers with elevated glucose and cholesterol levels went up as their work records grew longer (the correlation coefficients were 0.94÷0.98). Examination of microflora found in the upper airway mucosa revealed clinically significant contamination, which was mostly represented by cocci bacteria, the most significant microorganisms being Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus spp and β-hаemolytic streptococci. Our integrated study has shown that working conditions at workplaces of teachers in rural comprehensive schools do not conform to safety standards as per work hardness and work intensity (intellectual, emotional and sensory loads). The study results confirm high importance of diagnostic methods as indicators of health issues in teachers employed at comprehensive schools. Preventive measures aimed at protecting teachers’ health in rural areas should consider peculiarities of pathomorphosis that determines their health status.

Факторы риска и комплексная оценка нарушений здоровья педагогов общеобразовательных школ в сельской местности

Teaching is an occupation with high stress levels and extremely poor health indicators, which tend to decline as working records become longer. The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors able to cause health issues in teachers of rural comprehensive schools and to determine the significance of clinical and laboratory indices as early indicators. The work uses the results of hygienic, clinical and laboratory studies aimed at assessing health and working conditions of teachers employed at comprehensive schools in rural areas of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Sanitary and hygienic conditions in classrooms of rural comprehensive schools were assessed in conformity with the Guide R 2.2.2006-05. Medical check-ups resulted in 255 various somatic diseases diagnosed in 70 teachers, overall, 3.64 diseases per one examined teacher. Laboratory tests revealed elevated hemoglobin levels in 20.00 % of the examined female teachers and low ones in 8.57 %. Erythrocytosis was established in 64.29 % of the examined teachers. We also established some slight changes in hematocrit levels, which were elevated in 4.29 % and low in 8.57 % of the examined teachers. Accordingly, in case hemoglobin levels were low, erythrocyte indices MCV and МСН went down as well in 30.00–32.86 % of the female teachers. The number of workers with elevated glucose and cholesterol levels went up as their work records grew longer (the correlation coefficients were 0.94÷0.98). Examination of microflora found in the upper airway mucosa revealed clinically significant contamination, which was mostly represented by cocci bacteria, the most significant microorganisms being Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus spp and β-hаemolytic streptococci. Our integrated study has shown that working conditions at workplaces of teachers in rural comprehensive schools do not conform to safety standards as per work hardness and work intensity (intellectual, emotional and sensory loads). The study results confirm high importance of diagnostic methods as indicators of health issues in teachers employed at comprehensive schools. Preventive measures aimed at protecting teachers’ health in rural areas should consider peculiarities of pathomorphosis that determines their health status.

Unpacking the model minority stereotype: Different pathways to self-esteem through internalized stereotypes of hard work and innate intelligence.

Unpacking the model minority stereotype: Different pathways to self-esteem through internalized stereotypes of hard work and innate intelligence.

Citra Perempuan dalam Novel Dompet Ayah Sepatu Ibu karya J.S. Khairen

This research aims to discuss: (1) women's self-image and (2) women's social image in the novel Dompet Ayah Shoes Ibu by J.S. Khairen. This type of research is literary research using descriptive methods. The research data is a set of language in the form of the narrator's explanation, the character's behavior and speech. Data was collected by reading and understanding the novel, marking words, phrases, clauses and sentences, and taking an inventory of women's images. The data was analyzed in the stages of identifying and classifying the data, analyzing and interpreting the data, drawing conclusions from the data, and reporting it in the form of a thesis. This research found: (1) women's self-image consists of a physical image: strong like men and having a firm face, and a psychological image: hard worker, determined, optimistic, never gives up, noble-hearted, high spirited, and caring. (2) the social image of women consists of the image in the family: niece, sister, wife, children, and mother and the social image in society: students, friends, teachers, and residents.

Heroes, Victims, and Resisters: Agentic Vulnerability and Techniques of Identity Talk in Digitalized Job Centers

This article explores vulnerable clients' techniques of identity talk, drawing on interviews with clients in Danish job centers. We combine the theoretical perspective of symbolic interactionism with the sociology of nothing to explore techniques of disidentification from the nonworker identity. The study demonstrates how the actors perform agentic vulnerability to resolve their identity dilemmas. We identify three techniques of identity talk: (1) hero‐talk to reassert their hard worker identity, (2) victim‐talk to excuse their current positions, and (3) resister‐talk through commissive and omissive responses to digital demands and requirements. The latter involves different forms of negational action: doing something, nondoing, and doing nothing.

Study on Microstructure and Tribological Mechanism of Mo Incorporated (AlCrTiZr)N High-Entropy Ceramics Coatings Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering.

(AlCrTiZrMox)N coatings with varying Mo content were successfully prepared using a multi-target co-deposition magnetron sputtering system. The results reveal that the Mo content significantly affects the microstructure, hardness, fracture toughness, and tribological behavior of the coatings. As the Mo content in the coatings increases gradually, the preferred orientation changes from (200) to (111). The coatings consistently exhibit a distinct columnar structure. Additionally, the hardness of the coatings increases from 24.39 to 30.24 GPa, along with an increase in fracture toughness. The friction coefficient is reduced from 0.72 to 0.26, and the wear rate is reduced by 10 times. During the friction process, the inter-column regions of the coatings are initially damaged, causing the wear track to exhibit a wavy pattern. Greater frictional heat is generated at the crest of the wave, resulting in the formation of a MoO2 lubricating layer. The friction reaction helps to reduce the shear force during friction, demonstrating the lower friction coefficient of the (AlCrTiZrMox)N coatings. Both the hardness and fracture toughness work together to reduce the wear rate, and the (AlCrTiZrMox)N coatings show excellent wear resistance. Most notably, although the columnar structure plays a negative role in the hardness, it contributes greatly to the wear resistance.

It Is High Time for Serious Women

Abstract This article aims to highlight aspects of female emancipation in the Kingdom of Poland in the second half of the nineteenth century that gave this movement a specific, national character. The political and economic consequences of the January Uprising (1863–1864) hit the landed gentry particularly hard. As a result, many gentry women faced the necessity of earning a living and this forced a change in their way of life and aspirations. The traditional model for elite women did not match the economic challenges, and with this in mind, the Polish press, especially magazines for female readers, aimed to create a new model of gentry womanhood. Most periodicals agreed that women's emancipation was on a certain level necessary. But to what extent? This question has been a subject of dispute. Some columnists postulated to limit women's professional aspirations to manual occupations in order to preserve the domain of prestigious intellectual labor exclusively for men. This conservative movement succeeded only partially, with some upper-class women devoting themselves to handicrafts while others, against conservatives’ wishes, graduated from universities abroad and obtained qualifications for performing previously male professions. The majority of these educated women combined paid labor with social work. They were strongly influenced by the promoted ideal of a “new Polish woman” who was to be hard working, constantly improving her mental faculties, and engaging in activities that benefitted Polish society and the nation. This model contributed significantly to the formation of a new generation of distinguished female activists.

Structure and physicochemical characteristics of the glasses in the system Na2O/BaO/ZrO2/TiO2/SiO2/B2O3/Al2O3 – Influence of the ZrO2 addition on the physico-chemical and mechanical properties

Glasses with the compositions 20.1Na2O∙(23.1-y)BaO∙yZrO2∙23TiO2∙9.8B2O3∙21SiO2∙3Al2O3 with y = 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 6 mol% were prepared using a traditional melt-quenching technique. The thermophysical properties, i.e. glass transition temperature, Tg and crystallization peak maximum temperature, Tc were determined for the obtained glasses by differential scanning calorimetry and showed that increasing zirconium oxide concentrations resulted in an increasing Tc and an initial decrease followed by an increase of Tg values. The difference Tc-Tg, used as glass stability criterium, increases for ZrO2 concentrations up to 2 mol% and then starts to decrease for the compositions with higher zirconium oxide concentration. The densities were measured by using a helium pycnometer and served to determine main physico-chemical characteristics of the prepared glasses such as molar volume, oxygen packing density and refractive index. The obtained results reveal that the values of the density and of all estimated physico-chemical characteristics increase with increasing ZrO2 concentrations. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that all elements from the glass composition are present in oxide states with Zr4+ ions being only in octahedral coordination while Ti4+ ions are of 6-, 5- and 4-fold coordination to oxygen. The structure of the glasses was studied by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy on powdered samples and the existence of Si–O–Si/O–B–O bending, Si–O–Si rocking, B–O–B bending and B–O–B/B–O–Si stretching vibrations was observed. The presence of BO3, BO4 and SiO4 polyhedra as interconnected as well as isolated structural units and the occurrence of some TiO62− and a larger number of TiO4 and mainly of TiO5− units is suggested. At 570-580 cm−1, a peak typical for the compound BaTiO3 is also registered for all samples. The conducted depth-sensing indentation on the obtained glasses allowed to determine mechanical properties such as universal and indentation hardness, elastic modulus and elastic part of indentation work. Increasing the ZrO2 concentration resulted in increasing elastic moduli which together with the DSC data implies that the addition of ZrO2 leads to structural changes in the glass network and enhanced mechanical properties which results in increased hardness.

Ten Ways to Improve Getting a Scientific Manuscript Accepted.

Scientific publication is the cornerstone to academic and private practice advancement in patient management and outcomes. Writing a manuscript requires a certain discipline and skill set that can be achieved with diligence and hard work. Anecdotal and review. Several factors must be considered in scientific writing and journal manuscript submission and acceptance. Choosing where to submit the manuscript; understanding the instructions to authors; disclosing ethically; formatting correctly; never plagiarizing; supplying high quality appropriate images; creating meaningful tables; curating a pertinent but thorough bibliography; having valid, supported conclusions; andrespecting timelines. A discussion of relevant components in manuscript writing and journal submission to improve your chances of acceptance.

School Principal Leadership in Improving Teacher Performance in Kindergarten Tut Wuri Handayani


 
 
 The purpose of this study was to determine the leadership applied by the principal to improve the performance of Tut Wuri Handayani Kindergarten teachers to work more effectively and efficiently. The method used in the research is a descriptive approach with qualitative analysis, namely by using data collection techniques in the field through the process of interviews, observation and documentation. The results showed enhance teacher performance, the principal leads the team in finishing assignments and work within the allotted time. The orientations peer interactions and task orientation show how teacher performance has improved at Tut Wuri Handayani Kindergarten. The principal effectively carries out the laws aimed at enhancing teacher performance, carries out programs that develop teaching ability by encouraging teachers to pursue further education, and recognizes and rewards the hard work and dedication of their teachers.
 
 

Intensifying and protective? – how organizational culture shapes the effect of work scheduling autonomy on the relationship between time pressure and self-endangering work behaviours

ABSTRACT A resource perspective suggests a protective direct effect of work scheduling autonomy (WSA) on self-endangering work behaviours (working harder, working longer). However, from a social exchange perspective deriving benefit from WSA could lead to the obligation to give something back when it is needed (e.g., high time pressure) and expected (e.g., work-home culture of the company). Despite the direct protective effect, we thus suggest that WSA acts as a moderator that, under certain organizational culture conditions, facilitates the positive relationship between periods of high time pressure and self-endangering work behaviours. In a five-weeks weekly diary study (N = 277) we examined whether WSA can act as a moderator creating an interactional pattern with time pressure, a hindering work-home culture or psychological ownership, in which the genuine protective effect of WSA can be undermined. The results of the multilevel analysis showed a negative direct relationship between WSA (within-persons) and working harder (protective main effect). However, moderation analysis showed that WSA (between-persons) could intensify the positive relationship between time pressure and working harder for employees working within a hindering work-home culture. We observed no such interactive pattern with psychological ownership, but report a positive relationship between psychological ownership and self-endangering work behaviours.

Identifying Flood Prediction using Machine Learning Techniques

Flood is the most devastating and destructive that can destroy everything on land. These floods will cause further flooding in affected areas. Flood prediction models are being researched to reduce risk, think strategically, reduce human life and reduce property damage from floods. Over the last two years, AI techniques have improved the forecasting process, resulting in better execution and financial planning stability. First of all, these events can take everyone's feelings into account. Artificial intelligence models for flood prediction are crucial for flood warning, flood mitigation or prediction. Machine learning programs have become ubiquitous due to their computational needs for limited information. We believe that collecting only a small amount of data can help representative vector, best scores. The selected tree was successful due to better than expected accuracy and best score. Machine learning algorithms used in this flood prediction are decision trees, logistic regression, etc. For evaluation and comparison. Logistic regression can provide more accurate results than other algorithms and provide high efficiency and improvement. Floods are perhaps the most destructive event in the world, can cause irreversible damage and cause great suffering to humanity. Generally, most farmers are the most disturbed people in the world because their hard work can suddenly fail, causing their hearts to become melancholy. To measure water level and velocity over a large area, it is important to provide an exposure model that includes safety. These models can be aimed to improve the prediction by using different methods. Additionally, these models provide accurate predictions of flood events in a year, but do not provide much understanding and detail of the options needed.

Impact of recognition on employees` performance in the Manufacturing Industries in Tanzania: A Case of Tanga Cement Company

Motivation works differently among employees in an organisation. While it is generally acceptable that monetary incentive is preferable among employees but there is a debate regarding non–financial incentives such as recognition on whether they impact employee performance. This study examined the impact of recognition on employees` performance in the manufacturing industries in Tanzania by using a case of Tanga Cement Company. In conducting this study, the researchers employed a descriptive research design. Furthermore, a simple random sampling method was used to select 50 respondents which enabled the collection of quantitative data through the use of questionnaires. In analysis, the study employed descriptive and inferential statistics to analyse the data with the aid of the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS). The study found that media representation boosts employees' desire to perform better, highlighting the importance of visibility and validation. Personal recognition fosters enhanced dedication, aligning with motivation theories. Receipt of recognition letters validates hard work, increasing job satisfaction and loyalty. Recognition programmes also lift employees' morale, influencing productivity and teamwork. Public recognition fosters commitment, and positive perceptions of work, workplace, and colleagues are crucial for a positive work environment. Furthermore, verbal appreciation from supervisors and co-workers is the most impactful form of recognition, as it is immediate and personal. Receiving a recognition certificate is also significant, as formal acknowledgement can enhance employees' work performance. The study recommends that implementing media representation strategies, establishing recognition programmes, and utilising tangible tokens of appreciation can be the best strategies to boost employee performance. This creates a positive work environment, enhances dedication, and boosts productivity by reinforcing appreciation and acknowledgement.

System circumvention: Dishonest-illegal transgressions are perceived as justified in non-meritocratic societies.

Does believing that "effort doesn't pay" in society shape how people view dishonest-illegal transgressions? Across five studies, we show that when people view societal success as non-meritocratic-that is, more dependent on luck and circumstances than on hard work-they are more lenient in their moral judgements of dishonest-illegal transgressions. Perceiving society as non-meritocratic predicted greater justifiability of dishonest-illegal transgressions in the United States (Study 2), and across 42 countries (N = 49,574; Study 1). And inducing participants to view society as non-meritocratic increased justifiability of others' dishonest-illegal transgressions, via greater feelings of sympathy (Studies 3 and 4). Next, we investigated the contours of these effects. Perceiving societal success as non-meritocratic rather than based on hard work causes people to view dishonest-illegal transgressions as more justifiable if they are perpetrated by the poor, but not the rich (Study 4), and if the dishonest-illegal transgressions are related to economic striving, such as money laundering and dealing illegal drugs (Study 5). In sum, when people see a social system as unfair, they show greater tolerance for dishonest-illegal transgressions perpetrated to circumvent the system.

Grace Under Pressure

Being recognized as one of the President’s Lister (PL) in an academic institution reflects one specific student's dedication, intelligence, and hard work. Therefore, this research investigated and revealed the real-life experiences of students who achieved President's List status as they endeavored to maintain consistency amidst the challenges posed by the pandemic. This phenomenological research comprised 10 participants, evenly distributed between in-depth interviews (IDI) and focus group discussions (FGD). These individuals were exclusively selected from Kapalong College of Agriculture, Sciences, and Technology, all of whom were consistent President's List (PL) students enrolled in the Institute of Teacher Education (ITEd), specifically third-year and fourth-year students. The collected data underwent analysis through coding and thematic analysis. The findings of the study delineated varied experiences, coping mechanisms, strategies, and perspectives of the chosen PL students regarding their pursuit of consistency amidst the pandemic. Lastly, the findings and results of the study are deemed essential and beneficial to the field of education, especially in all Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), as this may serve as their basis for crafting guidelines and policies like special scholarships to these honour students in support to their consistency with their academic pursuit. The results could also provide valuable insights to the Commission on Higher Education for formulating a memorandum and updating the Program Standard and Guidelines, particularly in implementing a flexible learning approach while taking into account the preparedness of both students and educators.