Hard Rock Terrain Research Articles

Occurrence of Uranium in Groundwater Along the Lithological Contacts in Central Tamilnadu, India: An Isotope Hydrogeochemical Perspective

Groundwater contributes to the highest exposure level of naturally occurring uranium (U) to biosphere, and hence, the source and concentration of uranium in groundwater needs to be monitored periodically. In the present study, groundwaters from different lithologic locations were collected and measured for uranium concentration and major ions in order to establish any possible link with the lithology on the uranium distribution in central parts of Tamil Nadu, South India. About 11% of the samples contain U in excess of the permissible limit of WHO (Guidelines for drinking-water quality, WHO, Geneva, 2011), and the contamination was limited to mostly hard rock terrain, which is granitic in nature. The correlations among U, major ions, and environmental isotopes were studied to understand the mechanism governing uranium dissolution and transport in groundwater of this region. Observations lead us to infer that the older water with near-neutral pH and oxidizing condition contains higher dissolved U compared with relatively young groundwater. The results also reflect the possible health risk to the local population through long-term consumption of uranium-containing groundwater without any pretreatment.

Use of geospatial technology for delineating groundwater potential zones with an emphasis on water-table analysis in Dwarka River basin, Birbhum, India

Dwarka River basin in Birbhum, West Bengal (India), is an agriculture-dominated area where groundwater plays a crucial role. The basin experiences seasonal water stress conditions with a scarcity of surface water. In the presented study, delineation of groundwater potential zones (GWPZs) is carried out using a geospatial multi-influencing factor technique. Geology, geomorphology, soil type, land use/land cover, rainfall, lineament and fault density, drainage density, slope, and elevation of the study area were considered for the delineation of GWPZs in the study area. About 9.3, 71.9 and 18.8% of the study area falls within good, moderate and poor groundwater potential zones, respectively. The potential groundwater yield data corroborate the outcome of the model, with maximum yield in the older floodplain and minimum yield in the hard-rock terrains in the western and south-western regions. Validation of the GWPZs using the yield of 148 wells shows very high accuracy of the model prediction, i.e., 89.1% on superimposition and 85.1 and 81.3% on success and prediction rates, respectively. Measurement of the seasonal water-table fluctuation with a multiplicative model of time series for predicting the short-term trend of the water table, followed by chi-square analysis between the predicted and observed water-table depth, indicates a trend of falling groundwater levels, with a 5% level of significance and a p-value of 0.233. The rainfall pattern for the last 3 years of the study shows a moderately positive correlation (R 2 = 0.308) with the average water-table depth in the study area.

Delineation of groundwater potential zone in hard rock terrain in Gangajalghati block, Bankura district, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques

This study employed with the integration of remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) techniques to delineate ground water potential zones for ground water management of Gangajalghati block, Bankura district, West Bengal and is located on the eastern slope of Chotanagpur plateau and area belongs to predominantly Precambrian gneissic terrain, and small area belongs to Gondwana deposits and quaternary sediments. The groundwater in this region is confined within the weathered residuum and fracture zones in pediment region. Survey of India topographical maps and satellite imageries along with other data and field observation data have been utilized to prepare various thematic layers viz. drainage, slope, lineament, geology, hydrogeomorphic units, land-use/land cover, soil, and depth to water level map of this hard rock terrain. All the thematic map that influence ground water occurrences have been analyzed and integrated through GIS analysis based on weights assignment. The weighted index overlay method has been followed to delineate ground water potential zones. The result revealed that the study area can be categorized into four different ground water potential zones viz., very good, good, moderate, and poor zones. The bore well yield data reveals that medium yielding wells (50–100 L per min) are in and around the moderate to high lineament density zone and buried pediment medium region. Afterward validation with well yield data revealed a good correlation with respect to the observed ground water potential zonation. This study is useful for better planning and management of ground water resources as well as providing quick prospective guides for ground water exploration in hard rock aquifer system.

Grounding a natural background level for fluoride in a potentially contaminated crystalline aquifer in south India.

Fluoride contamination is one of the most alarming issues for those countries that depend on groundwater drinking water supply. A careful examination of the hydrogeochemical conditions and routine monitoring of fluoride level are therefore quintessential. Estimation of natural background level (NBL) of fluoride becomes significant information for assessing the current and future contamination episodes. Vellore District in Tamil Nadu is a hard rock terrain known for its F-rich groundwater. In this study, we attempted to form a benchmark for fluoride using hydrochemical pre-selection (based on TDS and NO3) and cumulative probability plots (CPP). Principle components analysis is (PCA) applied to evaluate the corresponding factor grouping of the total of 68 samples, which is later mapped using geostatistical tool in ArcGIS. From the CPP, we derived the NBL of F as 0.75mg/L. This value is compared with the observed concentration in each sample and they were spatially plotted based on the NBL. Resultant plot suggests that W-NW part of the study area has exceeded and E-EW regions are below the NBL of F. Spatial variation of the factor scores also supported this observation. Grounding an NBL and extending it to other parts of the potential contaminated aquifers are highly recommended for better understanding and management of the water supply systems.

Assessment of groundwater potential zonation of Mahesh River basin Akola and Buldhana districts, Maharashtra, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques

The identification of suitable groundwater potential zonation was prepared using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Drainage pattern map were generated from satellite images using Arc GIS software. This study area was demarcated the groundwater exploration sites and artificial recharges structure with help of groundwater potential zonation map. The assessment of groundwater potential zonation was generated by integrated data like Slope, Hydro-geomorphic, land use/land cover, digital elevation maps with the help of remote sensing, GIS techniques and field verification. The Geomorphology, Land use and Land cover maps were prepared from Linear Self Imagine Scanning Sensor (LISS-III) satellite images with 23.5 m resolution using Arc GIS 10.3 software. The different kinds of thematic maps were integrated for assessment of groundwater potential zonation in basaltic hard rock terrain. These thematic maps of classes assigned weight ages using overlay analysis method. The groundwater potential zonation map was prepared using thematic maps for groundwater development. These thematic maps were assign numerical values like 1–10 using Arc GIS software 10.3. The groundwater potential zone classes has been shown like poor, moderate, good and excellent, which can be utilized for new sites of groundwater exploration and artificial recharges structures. The artificial recharge map generated from groundwater potential zonation using remote sensing and GIS technology. The groundwater potential zonation and artificial recharge maps may be useful for soil and water conservation project, watershed development programs and groundwater resources management in basaltic rock area.

Evaluating the impact of artificial groundwater recharge structures using geo-spatial techniques in the hard-rock terrain of Rajasthan, India

Groundwater levels in hard-rock areas in India have shown very large declines in the recent past. The situation is becoming more critical due to a paucity of rainfall, limited surface water resources and an increasing pattern of groundwater extraction in these areas. Consequently, the Ground Water Department with the aid of World Bank has implemented the water structuring programme to mitigate groundwater scarcity and to develop a viable solution for sustainable development in the region. The present study has been undertaken to assess the impact of artificial groundwater recharge structures in the hard-rock area of Rajasthan, India. In this study groundwater level data (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon) of 85 dug-wells are used, spread over an area of 413.59 km2. The weathered and fractured gneissic basement rocks act as major aquifer in the area. Spatial maps for pre- and post-monsoon groundwater levels were prepared using the kriging interpolation technique with best fitted semi-variogram models (Spherical, Exponential and Gaussian). The groundwater recharge is calculated spatially using the water level fluctuation method. The entire study period (2004–2011) is divided into pre- (2004–2008) and post-intervention (2009–2011) periods. Based on the identical nature of total monsoon rainfall, two combinations of average (2007 and 2009) and more than average (2006 and 2010) rainfall years are selected from the pre- and post-intervention periods for further comparisons. All of the water harvesting structures are grouped into the following categories: as anicuts (masonry overflow structure); percolation tanks; subsurface barriers; and renovation of earthen ponds/nadis. A buffer of 100 m around the intervention site is taken for assessing the influence of these structures on groundwater recharge. The relationship between the monsoon rainfall and groundwater recharge is fitted by power and exponential functions for the periods of 2004–2008 and 2008–2011 with R 2 values of 0.95 and 0.98, respectively. The average groundwater recharge is found to be 18% of total monsoon rainfall prior to intervention and it became 28% during the post-intervention period. About 70.9% (293.43 km2) of the area during average rainfall and more than 95% (396.26 km2) of the area during above-average rainfalls show an increase in groundwater recharge after construction of water harvesting structures. The groundwater recharge pattern indicates a positive impact within the vicinity of intervention sites during both average and above-average rainfall. The anicuts are found to be the most effective recharge structures during periods of above-average rainfall, while subsurface barriers are responded well during average rainfall periods. In the hard-rock terrain, water harvesting structures produce significant increases in groundwater recharge. The geo-spatial techniques that are used are effective for evaluating the response of different artificial groundwater recharge techniques.

Impact of geology and geomorphology on fluoride contaminated groundwater in hard rock terrain of India using geoinformatics approach

The present study demonstrates a GIS-based spatial evaluation of fluoride contamination (FC) in groundwater vis-a-vis geology and geomorphology of the area using analytical hierarchy process and weighted sum method in Palamu district of Jharkhand. The integration and analyses of the various thematic databases along with the field sampled fluoride data proved useful in delineating the FC zones. The FC index ranged between 141 and 707, and was classified into four zones, viz., low, moderate, high, and very high zones of FC. The FC index map showed that a total of 49.75% of the study area lies between high to very high FC zone. The very high FC zone is found in the moderately weathered plateau with granitic terrain, whereas the high and moderately FC zones covering 49.31 and 36.41% of the study area are dominated by plateau weathered shallow, pediment–inselberg complex, pediplain moderately weathered, pediplain shallow weathered, and inselberg which have high fluoride. The lowest FC zone covers an area of 193.27 sq. km (13.84%). The spatial analysis of geology with fluoride showed that groundwater within granitic gneiss exhibits high FC followed by granitoid gneiss and alluvium. Geomorphologically highest FC was recorded in plateau weathered moderate (91.67%) followed by plateau weathered shallow (71.43%), flood plain (41.76%), inselberg (27.27%), and pediment (25%). The spatial analysis of groundwater yield with fluoride showed that regions having good yield exhibit maximum FC thereby accelerating the vulnerability of the population to fluorosis.

Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zone in Sengipatti for Thanjavur District using Analytical Hierarchy Process

Purpose of the ground water is very important to in our world. The condition of the ground water level and occurrence is differing from geological nature of earth. The present study, delineate the ground water potential zone in the hard rock terrain of Sengipatti and surrounding area using Remote sensing, Geographical Information System (GIS) and Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique is use to determined the weights of the different themes. Thus thematic layers drainage, geomorphology, land use/land cover, slope, lithology are prepare using Geological Survey of India Toposheets and IRS-IC satellite image. The weights are applied to the thematic layers after linear combination of the all layers. Finally delineate the possible ground water potential zone in the study area. Thus prospective zone are classify the three categories high, moderate, low. It has been total study area of the sengipatti region 32.28% of the area is high ground water potential zone and 34.1% area was moderate ground water potential zone and 33.63% area is low ground water potential zone.

半乾燥熱帯・硬岩地域における天然地下ダムの調節効果（総説）

半乾燥熱帯・硬岩地域における天然地下ダムの調節効果（総説）

Influence of Various Dispersion Coefficients on Contaminant Migration in a Fracture-matrix System with Skin Formation

Subsurface contamination due to transient migration of chemicals through weathered fractures is a serious problem in hard rock terrains. In this paper, a numerical model has been used to analyse the effect of various dispersion coefficients on the movement of contaminants in a fracture-matrix syste m with skin formation. A constant continuous source of contaminants is considered at the inlet of a set of parallel fractures and an implicit finite difference technique has been used to solve the model. The transport of contaminants with constant dispersion coefficients were compared with those subjected to distance and time dependent dispersion. Sensitivity analysis has been conducted to study the effect of different fluid velocities, fracture-skin porosities, fracture-skin diffusion coefficients, fracture aperture, retardation factors, and dispersivity-distance ratio on solute transport mechanism within the system. Results suggest that the solute mass retained in the fracture is higher when time-dependent dispersion coefficients are used which may be due to seasonal conditioning of the rocks. When constant dispersion coefficient is considered, the reduction in the solute mass with increment in the fracture-skin porosity is gradual unlike other cases.The solute mass retained in the fracture increases with increase in dispersivity-distance ratio for time-dependent dispersion coefficients.

Potential Groundwater Accumulations Assessment in Drought Prone Area using Remote Sensing and GIS Technology

Water plays a crucial role in the socio-economic development of India. Safe drinking water is required for the very large and growing population. Water has also become a major factor for the growth of the agricultural and industrial sectors. In the present study, the application of remote sensing and GIS techniques is applied for delineation of potential groundwater zone. The failure of monsoon and extensive groundwater usage lead to frequently drought condition. This has been visually observed during the field visit most of the dry wells extended to the depth of more than 50 m depth which is in unusual conditions in hard rock terrain. Similarly bore wells are using for extraction of groundwater with an average depth of 150 m (bgl). The study area annual average rainfall is 628 mm. In the present study the potential groundwater zones were demarcated through analysis of hydrogeology, geomorphology and lineaments with the help of IRS P6 LISS III satellite data and field investigation. The thematic maps like geology, geomorphology, lineament density, drainage density, land use and land cover and soil were reclassified and integrated for generation of groundwater potential map through GIS technique. Reclassification of thematic maps, ranking and weights assignment and were done through subjective and field experience. The final result is obtained through GIS overlay analysis. The groundwater condition in the major formations such as hornblende biotite gneiss, charnockite in the study area is controlled by secondary porosities like joints and fractures. The lineaments and associated fractures and buried pediments are important zones for potential groundwater accumulations and suitable for groundwater development for agriculture.

Evaluating groundwater prospects using GIS techniques

Evaluating groundwater prospects is important for development and resource management of a region. In this work various features such as geomorphology, lithology, lineament, topography, soil type, and drainage pattern of a part of lower Mahanadi Basin was studied in order to delineate areas that are expected to be suitable for future groundwater exploration in the study region. The area is composed of geological features that vary from hard rock terrain in north-western part to deltaic plain and coastal region in the south-eastern part. An integrated analysis of various parameters provides better estimate of subsurface characteristics from groundwater perspective. On the basis of different weights assigned to geological factors, surface runoff, infiltration, and other factors, it was found that about 42% of the total area has good prospects of groundwater, whereas approximately 21% of the area has relatively feeble prospects. Borewell discharge data collected by the Central Groundwater Board (CGWB) confirm results obtained by GIS analysis. Results are useful for detailed investigations of the region through various geophysical techniques, pinpointing exploratory borewell locations and groundwater resource management for the region.

A Quantitative Morphometric Analysis of Barhar River Watershed of Mahoba district, U.P., India using Remote Sensing and GIS

Objectives: The quantitative morphometric analysis is found to be vital study in understanding hydrological aspects and its interaction with the environment of any watershed system. The main objective of the study is to calculate the morphometric parameters of the Barhar river watershed. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The study area lies between 79° 32′ E to 79° 37′ E longitude and 25° 22′ N to 25° 30′ 30′′ N latitude covering an area of about 48.75 km2 belonging to Bundelkhand region. The drainage of the region has been prepared using Survey of India (SOI) toposheet (No.54O/11), Landsat TM and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the area. Remote Sensing (RS), Geographical Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) have been used in the study as efficient tools in our various modern geographical and geological studies. Findings: Barhar river watershed belonging to the northern part of Mahoba district is a hard rock terrain consisting mostly granite and granitoids. Rivers flowing in such terrains are mostly found to follow the fractures and lineaments. The watershed is of forth order drainage having drainage density and stream frequency of 2.281 and 2.481 respectively. The watershed shows elongated in nature. The method applied to the river basin gave a recent calculation of the morphometric parameters of the region. Application/Improvements: The drainage morphometric analysis is important in selection of water recharge sites, watershed modelling and groundwater prospect mapping. The study would provide an important information collection regarding future watershed prospects of the area.

Development of AHPDST Vulnerability Indexing Model for Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment Using Hydrogeophysical Derived Parameters and GIS Application

Producing a bias-free vulnerability assessment map model is significantly needed for planning a scheme of groundwater quality protection. This study developed a GIS-based AHPDST vulnerability index model for producing groundwater vulnerability model map in the hard rock terrain, Nigeria by exploiting the potentials of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Dempster–Shafer theory (DST) data mining models. The acquired borehole and geophysical data in the study area were processed to derive five groundwater vulnerability conditioning factors (GVCFs), namely recharge rate, aquifer transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, transverse resistance and longitudinal conductance. The produced GVCFs’ thematic maps were multi-criterially analyzed by employing the mechanisms of AHP and DST models to determine the normalized weight (W) parameter for the GVCFs and mass function factors (MFFs) parameter for the GVCFs’ thematic maps’ class boundaries, respectively. Based on the application of the weighted linear average technique, the determined W and MFFs parameters were synthesized to develop groundwater vulnerability potential index (GVPI)-based AHPDST model algorithm. The developed model was applied to establish four GVPI mass/belief function indices. The estimates based on the applied GVPI belief function indices were processed in GIS environment to create prospective groundwater vulnerability potential index maps. The most representative of the resulting vulnerability maps (the GVPIBel map) was considered for producing the groundwater vulnerability potential zones (GVPZ) map for the area. The produced GVPZ map established 48 and 52% of the areal extent to be covered by the lows/moderate and highs vulnerable zones, respectively. The success and the prediction rates of the produced GVPZ map were determined using the relative operating characteristics technique to give 82.3 and 77.7%, respectively. The analyzed results reveal that the developed GVPI-based AHPDST model algorithm is capable of producing efficient groundwater vulnerability potential zones prediction map and characterizing the predicted zones uncertainty via the DST mechanism processes in the area. The produced GVPZ map in this study can be used by decision makers to formulate appropriate groundwater management strategies and the approach may be well opted in other hard rock regions of the world, especially in economically poor nations.

Hydrogeomorphological Study in Bamanghaty Subdivision of Mayurbhanj District, Odisha an Integrated Remote Sensing and GIS Approach

Remote Sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) are now very essential tools for efficient planning and management and handling a range of data simultaneously in a time- and cost-efficient manner for targeting of groundwater, which assists in measuring, monitoring, and conserving groundwater resources. Survey of India toposheets, LISS-III and CARTOSAT DEM satellite imageries are used to prepare various thematic layers viz., geology, slope, lineament, drainage, and geomorphology, and were transformed to raster data using feature to raster conversion tool in ArcGIS spatial analysis, then we reclassify each raster map using reclassify tools. By using weight overlay analysis, each weighted thematic layer is statistically computed to get the ground water potential zones. Then, five different groundwater potential zones were identified, namely “very good”, “good”, “moderate”, “poor”, and “very poor”. The villages under poor groundwater potential zone and the villages under very good groundwater potential zone are finding out. The above study has clearly demonstrated the capabilities of Remote Sensing and GIS in demarcation of the different groundwater potential zones in hard rock terrain.

Qanat, a technique appropriate for extracting water from hard rock terrains: the case study of Bilvar district, Kurdistan, Iran

The qanat system is one of the most balanced water recovery methods. The qanat has been a traditional method of water supply in Iran. In arid regions, qanats were invented to deal with water shortages, while, water supply were considered using springs and wells. Qanats have been effective for nearly 3000 years and are still being used as one of the main ways of procuring water for irrigation and agricultural activities. The current study aims to investigate qanats at the Kurdistan Province, Iran. The qanats were dug on a fault zone so that have formed the low rate but the permanent aquifers. Observations indicated this method is applicable for villages by maximum 1,000 persons' population. In addition, this system can meet the need of water in all seasons of the year.

Influence of water level fluctuation on groundwater solute content in a tropical south Indian region: a geochemical modelling approach

Groundwater levels in the Dharapuram region exhibited drastic seasonal changes. Hydrogeochemical analysis were performed on the groundwater samples collected during January (post-monsoon) and July (pre-monsoon) in 2009 to understand the chemical changes and related process encountered during the fluctuated water table. Dominant water type in the study area was Na–Cl with smaller contributions from Ca–Cl and mixed Ca–Mg-Cl type of water. Gibbs plot employed to differentiate the controlling mechanisms of hydrochemistry, which showed that rock-water interaction is the dominant process. However, bivariate plots identified silicate weathering is the major contributor to the rock weathering. Higher concentration of Cl in the groundwater is suggesting the anthropogenic sources to ionic chemistry. Precise examination of the hydrochemical changes with rise and fall in the water table showed three distinct behavior; the EC, increased with increasing water level (type 1), increased with decreasing water level (type 2) and no significant changes with WL fluctuation(type 3). Aqueous speciation modeling was carried out on representative samples. This shows that dissolution and deposition of the carbonate minerals, mixing of textile wastes and the irrigation return flow were the major processes prevailing in the study area. However, the changes in chemical kinetics encountered during seasonal water level fluctuation are also controlling the hydrogeochemistry of this hard rock terrain.

Assessment of groundwater potential zones in coal mining impacted hard-rock terrain of India by integrating geospatial and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach

The study aims at delineating groundwater potential zones using geospatial technology and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) techniques in mining impacted hard rock terrain of Ramgarh and part of Hazaribagh districts, Jharkhand, India. Relevant thematic layers were prepared and assigned weight based on Saaty’s 9-point scale and normalized by eigenvector technique of AHP to identify groundwater prospect in the study area. The weighted linear combination method was applied to prepare the groundwater potential index in geographic information system. Final groundwater prospects were classified as excellent, very good, good, moderate, poor and very poor groundwater potential zones. Study thus revealed that the excellent, very good and good groundwater potential zones, respectively, cover 148.3, 373.66 and 438.86 km2 of the study area, whereas the poor groundwater potential zone covers 180.05 km2. Validation was done through a receiver operating characteristic curve, which indicated that AHP had good prediction accuracy (AUC = 75.45%).

A proposed new approach for groundwater resources assessment in India

Assessment of groundwater resources in India is guided by National Water Policy (1987, 2002) which states that groundwater resources can be exploited only up to its recharge limit. The methodology for groundwater resources assessment in India is broadly based on Ground Water Resources Estimation Methodology, 1997 and it involves assessment of annual replenishable groundwater resources (recharge), annual groundwater draft (utilization) and the percentage of utilization with respect to recharge (stage of development). The assessment units (blocks/watersheds) are categorized based on stage of groundwater development (utilization) and the long term water level trend. The present methodology though useful in identification and prioritization of areas for groundwater management, falls short of addressing several critical issues like spatial and temporal variation of groundwater availability within the aquifer, accessibility of groundwater resources and quality of groundwater. This paper introduces a new categorisation scheme considering the above issues. The proposed scheme takes into account four criteria, viz. (i) stage of exploitation, (ii) extractability factor, (iii) temporal availability factor and (iv) quality factor. In comparison to the existing method used for categorisation, the proposed approach is more inclusive. The methodology is also equally suitable for both alluvial and hard rock terrain since it takes into consideration the variable characteristics of different types of aquifers and convergence of quantitative and qualitative assessment. The categorisation proposed here involves GIS based integration of different parameters/ themes. This allows better representation of spatial variability. The proposed methodology is demonstrated in this paper taking a case study from a hard rock terrain in central India.

3D aquifer mapping employing airborne geophysics to meet India's water future

With the growing dependence on groundwater, escalating demand, and increasing depletion of aquifers, the Government of India has accorded special emphasis to management of groundwater resources through precise aquifer mapping. We have carried out hydrogeophysical surveys, including airborne electromagnetic (AEM), in six hydrogeologically divergent areas comprising sedimentary basins, basalts, weathered and fractured granite gneisses and schists, desert, and costal alluvium with the objective to establish suitability of AEM for a countrywide aquifer mapping in India. Efficacy of the dual-moment AEM surveys in mapping the shallow and deep aquifers is evaluated in conjunction with geologic, geophysical, and borehole data. It is found that the AEM surveys provide reliable images of the subsurface resistivity distribution defining the 3D geometrical and electrical attributes of aquifers in different areas. The surveys helped identify the suitable zones for managed artificial recharge (MAR), subsurface structures controlling the groundwater conditions, regional continuity of principal aquifers, palaeoriver channels, variations in lithologic character of aquifers, and the quality of water in terms of salinity, etc. In this paper, we present the efficacy of the aquifer-mapping approach illustrated by an example from an alluvium-covered hard-rock terrain (Dausa, Rajasthan), where a weathered-fractured aquifer system with compartmentalization under alluvium cover is mapped. The integrated data set, comprising AEM, aeromagnetic, ground geophysical, and borehole measurements, was utilized to derive lithologic and hydrogeologic maps useful in developing an aquifer-based groundwater-management plan.