Hard-decision Forward Error Correction Research Articles

D-Band 4.6 km 2 × 2 MIMO Photonic-Assisted Terahertz Wireless Communication Utilizing Iterative Pruning Deep Neural Network-Based Nonlinear Equalization

In this paper, we explore the enhancement of a 4.6 km dual-polarization 2 × 2 MIMO D-band photonic-assisted terahertz communication system using iterative pruning-based deep neural network (DNN) nonlinear equalization techniques. The system employs advanced digital signal processing (DSP) methods, including down-conversion, resampling, matched filtering, and various equalization algorithms to combat signal distortions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of DNN and iterative pruning techniques in significantly reducing bit error rates (BERs) across a range of symbol rates (10 Gbaud to 30 Gbaud) and polarization states (vertical and horizontal). Before pruning, at 10 GBaud transmission, the lowest BER was 0.0362, and at 30 GBaud transmission, the lowest BER was 0.1826, both of which did not meet the 20% soft-decision forward error correction (SD-FEC) threshold. After pruning, the BER at different transmission rates was reduced to below the hard decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold, indicating a substantial improvement in signal quality. Additionally, the pruning process contributed to a decrease in network complexity, with a maximum reduction of 85.9% for 10 GBaud signals and 63.0% for 30 GBaud signals. These findings indicate the potential of DNN and pruning techniques to enhance the performance and efficiency of terahertz communication systems, providing valuable insights for future high-capacity, long-distance wireless networks.

Simultaneous generation of dual 16-QAM-modulated millimeter-wave signals enabled by precoding-based optical I/Q modulation and single photodetector detection

Integration of quadrature-amplitude-modulation (QAM) modulation and millimeter-wave (mm-wave) technology ensures a concise enhancement of transmission capacity and peak data rates in radio-over-fiber (RoF) systems. Nevertheless, with the continuous development of new-generation mobile applications, higher demands on access flexibility have also been formulated. We propose a novel, to the best of our knowledge, dual 16-QAM-modulated mm-wave signal generation scheme for the simultaneous generation and transmission of two independent 16-QAM signals with different carrier frequencies, enhancing the channel capacity, spectrum efficiency, and access flexibility of the RoF systems. In our proposed scheme, the generation of the optical dual 16-QAM-modulated mm-wave signals is implemented by a precoding-based optical in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) modulator operating at optical carrier suppression (OCS) mode, and their detection is implemented by a single photodetector (PD). At the transmitter side, two independent driving QAM vector radio-frequency (RF) signals with precoding, generated via digital signal process (DSP), are fed into two parallel Mach–Zehnder modulators (MZMs) of an I/Q modulator to implement OCS modulation. The I/Q modulator generates optical carriers carrying both information from different QAM signals simultaneously. After square-law detection in a single PD, we generate the desired dual 16-QAM-modulated mm-wave signals with photonic frequency-doubling and recover the original 16-QAM signals without information distortion. Based on our proposed scheme, we experimentally demonstrate the simultaneous generation and transmission of 2-Gbaud dual 16-QAM-modulated mm-wave signals with carrier frequencies of 26 GHz and 40 GHz, respectively. After transmission over 10-km single-mode fiber (SMF) link and 1.2-m wireless link, the dual 16-QAM signals can be successfully separated and demodulated by a common DSP. Bit-error ratios (BERs) of both recovered 16-QAM signals can reach the hard-decision forward-error-correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8×10−3. Compared with the existing schemes, our scheme only requires one-half of the driving frequency to generate dual 16-QAM-modulated mm-wave signals with the same carrier frequency. The result indicates that our proposed scheme can lower bandwidth requirements for optoelectronics devices, along with implementing better spectral efficiency and receiver sensitivity, which is more applicable to the demands for increased system capacity and multi-frequency access flexibility in future systems.

End-to-end learning of joint noise shaping and probabilistic shaping for OAM mode division multiplexing transmission.

Intensity modulation direct detection (IM/DD) orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode division multiplexing (MDM) technology can greatly expand the capacity of a communication system, which is a promising solution for the next generation of high-speed passive optical networks (PONs). However, there are serious obstacles such as mode coupling, device nonlinear impairment, and quantization noise in an IM/DD OAM-MDM system with a low-resolution digital-to-analog converter (DAC). In this Letter, we propose a novel, to the best of our knowledge, end-to-end (E2E) learning scheme based on a double residual feature decoupling network (DRFDnet) emulator with joint probabilistic shaping (PS) and noise shaping (NS) for the OAM-MDM IM/DD transmission. Our DRFDnet emulator can accurately build a complex nonlinear model of an OAM-MDM system by separating the signal impairments into linear and nonlinear. Meanwhile, a DRFDnet-based E2E scheme for joint PS and NS is presented with the aim of compensating the signal impairment for the OAM-MDM IM/DD system. An experiment is carried out on a 200 Gbit/s PON system based on the OAM-MDM IM/DD transmission. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed DRFDnet-based joint PS and NS scheme is a promising solution to effectively mitigate nonlinear distortions and outperforms the CGAN-based joint PS and NS scheme and traditional joint PS and NS scheme with receiver sensitivity improvements of 1.2 dBm and 2.5 dBm under hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) thresholds, respectively. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed DRFDnet emulator-based E2E learning scheme is a viable candidate for future PON.

Low-complexity adaptive multipath interference and channel noise mitigation scheme based on optimized detection for bandwidth-limited IM/DD systems.

In this Letter, we propose a low-complexity adaptive multipath interference (MPI) and channel noise mitigation (AMCM) scheme in the receiver digital signal processing (DSP) for bandwidth-limited intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) transmission systems. Following channel equalization, MPI and channel noise are distributed in the low- and high-frequency parts, respectively, and exhibit the characteristics of bandstop filtering. The proposed AMCM is designed based on optimized detection, which incorporates an adaptive bandpass filter (BPF) and a log-maximum a posteriori estimation with a lookup table-based fixed number of surviving states (LUT-based FS-MAP) decoder. The adaptive BPF is capable of mitigating the MPI and channel noise based on spectral distribution. Moreover, the LUT-based FS-MAP decoder can eliminate intersymbol interference (ISI) introduced by the BPF. The proposed AMCM is implemented in an O-band 56-Gbaud IM/DD optical 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) system with a 10.7-GHz bandwidth over a 10-km standard single-mode fiber with different linewidths. The results demonstrate that the proposed AMCM scheme can enhance signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) tolerance to 11 dB with only three real-valued multiplications per symbol, achieving a 7% hard-decision forward error correction threshold. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, this represents the inaugural instance of optimized detection being employed for MPI mitigation.

Single-carrier 220-Gbit/s sub-THz wireless transmission over 214 m using a photonics-based system.

We have demonstrated, for the first time to our knowledge, a single-carrier 220-Gbit/s wireless link over 214-m distance within hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) limit using a 300-GHz-band photonics-based system incorporated with on-line digital signal processing (DSP). The approach to obtaining these results was to optimize the transmission system by using a low-noised two-tone laser system to the transmitter and receiver and to apply the unique Fresnel region of the antenna to achieve longer distances. These research results are expected to serve as a low-cost and basic communication system technology for promising backhaul wireless communications in the sixth-generation era.

Theoretical probability distribution model and reduction techniques based on an interleaved DFT spread for PAPR in a digital sub-carrier multiplexing system

This paper presents a theoretical probability distribution model for peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in the digital sub-carrier multiplexing (DSCM) system, which has not previously been proposed in the literature. To reduce PAPR, an interleaved discrete Fourier transform spread DSCM (I-DFT-S-DSCM) scheme is proposed, which introduces reversible correlations between subcarriers. To investigate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes, a 64-GBaud 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) DSCM system with 4, 8, and 16 sub-carriers was constructed. In the digital domain, the results demonstrate that the proposed theoretical PAPR probability distribution model exhibits mean squared errors (MSE) below 10−5 for the observed and model-predicted complementary cumulative distribution functions (CCDF) in both DSCM and I-DFT-S-DSCM schemes. Regarding PAPR reduction, the I-DFT-S-DSCM scheme demonstrated a reduction in PAPR of up to 1.44 dB compared to the conventional DSCM scheme. To further investigate the impact of PAPR on the bit error rate (BER) performance of the DSCM system, the I-DFT-S-DSCM scheme is implemented with 8 subcarriers transmitted over a 100-km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF). A comparative analysis with DSCM indicates that I-DFT-S-DSCM achieves a PAPR reduction of approximately 1.1 dB and improves receiver sensitivity by approximately 0.7 dB at a 7% hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold, in 100-km single-mode fiber SSMF transmissions.

Advancing LWIR FSO communication through high-speed multilevel signals and directly modulated quantum cascade lasers

This study investigates the potential of long-wave infrared (LWIR) free-space optical (FSO) transmission using multilevel signals to achieve high spectral efficiency. The FSO transmission system includes a directly modulated-quantum cascade laser (DM-QCL) operating at 9.1 µm and a mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) detector. The laser operated at the temperature settings of 15°C and 20°C. The experiment was conducted over a distance of 1 m and in a lab as a controlled environment. We conduct small-signal characterization of the system, including the DM-QCL chip and MCT detector, evaluating the end-to-end response of both components and all associated electrical elements. For large-signal characterization, we employ a range of modulation formats, including non-return-to-zero on-off keying (NRZ-OOK), 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4), and 6-level PAM (PAM6), with the objective of optimizing both the bit rate and spectral efficiency of the FSO transmission by applying pre- and post-processing equalization. At 15°C, the studied LWIR FSO system achieves net bitrates of 15 Gbps with an NRZ-OOK signal and 16.9 Gbps with PAM4, both below the 6.25% overhead hard decision-forward error correction (6.25%-OH HD-FEC) limit, and 10 Gbps NRZ-OOK below the 2.7% overhead Reed-Solomon RS(528,514) pre-FEC (KR-FEC limit). At 20°C, we obtained net bitrates of 14.1 Gbps with NRZ-OOK, 16.9 Gbps with PAM4, and 16.4 Gbps with PAM6. Furthermore, we evaluate the BER performance as a function of the decision feedback equalization (DFE) tap number to explore the role of equalization in enhancing signal fidelity and reducing errors in FSO transmission. Our findings accentuate the competitive potential of DM-QCL and MCT detector-based FSO transceivers with digital equalization for the next generation of FSO communication systems.

Neural network-based electrical dispersion pre-compensation for a 56 Gb/s PAM-4 over an 80 km fiber in intensity-modulation and direct-detection systems.

A neural network (NN)-based electrical dispersion pre-compensation (pre-EDC) scheme in intensity-modulation and direct-detection (IM/DD) systems is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in this Letter. The scheme enables 56 Gbit/s four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) generation at a transmitter over an 80 km single-mode fiber (SMF) transmission in the C-band. The NN is utilized to better fit nonlinear phase-amplitude transformation due to the chromatic dispersion (CD) in IM/DD systems, in place of the existing Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) iterative algorithm and linear GS-based finite impulse response (GS-FIR) non-iterative compensation schemes. The experimental results show that the measured bit error ratio (BER) can be reduced to below the 7% hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8 × 10-3 with 0 dBm receiver optical power (ROP) by the NN-based non-iterative pre-EDC scheme, which also saves up to 81% of computational complexity compared to the GS-based scheme. The results indicate that our proposed scheme is promising for the CD pre-compensation at the transmitter.

Physical layer security­-enhanced optical communication based on chaos masking and chaotic hardware encryption

The security and confidentiality of information are crucial in contemporary communication systems. In this work, we propose a physical layer security-enhanced optical communication scheme based on dual-level protection with chaos masking (CMS) and chaotic hardware encryption. The integration of CMS and chaotic hardware encryption contributes to enhancing the security of the system. Different uncorrelated chaos generated from a single Fabry-Perot (FP) laser are employed to independently mask and encrypt the confidential signals for multiple channels in a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system. Thanks to the CMS and temporal intensity scrambling, the signals are encrypted into a noise-like signal to against direct demasking or decryption attacks. Compared to individual CMS or encrypting the signals using stand-alone dispersion components, numerical results demonstrate that the proposed scheme significantly enhances communication security. The decrypted bit error rate (BER) for 10 Gb/s data in each channel at the legitimate receiver is lower than the hard decision forward error correction threshold (HD-FEC) of 3.8 × 10−3 for a proof-of-principle demonstration. This approach enables multi-path parallel and independent security-enhanced chaotic optical communication, offering a promising solution for high-capacity secure optical communication.

Efficient Direct Detection of Twin Single-Sideband Quadrature-Phase Shift Keying Using a Single Detector with Hierarchical Blind-Phase Search

We propose a novel reception scheme for twin single-sideband (twin-SSB) signals using just a single photodetector (PD), significantly reducing the system complexity and cost. To detect a twin-SSB with power-unbalanced quadrature-phase shift keying (QPSK) sidebands upon detection via a single PD at the receiver side, two QPSKs carried in two sidebands are coherently superposed and detected in a 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) format. This technique notably diminishes the linearity and effective number of bits required for the transmitter components in high-speed optical transmission systems. Moreover, a hierarchical blind-phase search (HBPS) algorithm is proposed to compensate for the imperfect phase rotation of QPSK signals during transmission. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method, we successfully conducted simulations of 112 Gb/s 16-QAM signal transmission over a 10 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF), achieving bit error ratios (BERs) of 7.84×10−4, well below the 7% hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8×10−3. In addition, the synthetic transmission scheme proposed in this paper is compared with the traditional 16-QAM signal transmission scheme, and the results show that the proposed scheme does not introduce a performance cost with the same received optical power (ROP) and transmission distance.

47 Gbps 100 m ultra-high-speed free-space visible light tricolor laser communication system utilizing time domain hybrid Huffman coding

The escalating demand for greater transmission capacities in the forthcoming 6 G communication landscapes necessitates the investigation of upper segments of the electromagnetic spectrum by both academic institutions and the industrial sector. This effort aims to circumvent the impending spectrum resource limitations. Against this backdrop, laser diodes (LDs) emerge as a critical technology for high-speed visible light communication (VLC), owing to their significant modulation bandwidth potential. This paper details what we believe to be a novel visible light laser communication (VLLC) system powered by red/green/blue (RGB) tricolor laser diodes. It highlights a successful 100-meter free-space transmission achieved through a time domain hybrid huffman coding (TDHHC) technique. The system's performance review unveiled impressive data transmission rates for the red, green, and blue laser diodes channels at 16.852 Gbps, 14.442 Gbps, and 15.755 Gbps, respectively, culminating in a cumulative transmission rate of 47.049 Gbps while maintaining a bit error rate (BER) beneath the stringent threshold of 3.8E-3, mandated by 7% hard decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) standards. As far as we known, this marks the highest data rate documented in a long-distance tricolor VLLC system.

Efficient and reliable digital sub-band multiplexed nonlinear frequency division multiplexing system

Nonlinear frequency division multiplexing (NFDM) is a promising optical transmission system that avoids fiber nonlinear effects, but suffering from unsatisfied spectral efficiency due to the guard interval (GI) devoting to combat the cumulative chromatic dispersion (CD), whose contribution to efficiency declination is quadratic to the bandwidth. In this paper, we propose what we believe to be a novel digital sub-band multiplexed (DSBM) NFDM system that can diminish the minimal required guard interval and therefore realize considerable information rate without reliability degradation. Through numerical simulation, we show that root raised cosine (RRC) shaped subcarriers are more suitable than the commonly used orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) shaped ones in our DSBM-NFDM system. By multiplexing 15 sub-bands, we achieve a 129.7% improvement in effective information rate (EIR) compared to the single channel (SC) NFDM system with the same effective bandwidth. Meanwhile, we achieve a net information rate of 531.0 Gbps NFDM transmission over 960 km with SE of 3.86 bit/s/Hz, which is below the hard decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold. This work is the first to introduce the DSBM technique into NFDM system, and it can be considered as a novel subcarrier shaping scheme for NFDM that has potential to advance its practical implementation.

Narrowband nonlinear frequency division multiplexing system based on Hermite–Gaussian-carriers

Nonlinear frequency division multiplexing (NFDM) is a promising technique for optical fiber communication that can overcome the Kerr nonlinear effects of optical fibers. Hermite–Gaussian (HG)-carriers are a potential candidate for constructing the nonlinear spectrum in NFDM systems, as they have lower time–bandwidth product and higher tolerance to truncation noise than conventional sinc-carriers. However, HG-carriers are affected by interference and truncation error between subcarriers, which degrade the system performance. In this paper, we propose a HG-carriers reconstruction method based on Gram–Schmidt Orthogonalization, which can effectively restore the orthogonality between subcarriers and reduce the distortion. Through a numerical simulation, we explore the use of HG-carriers and sinc-carriers to construct the nonlinear spectrum, and analyze their performance differences under different system bandwidth parameters. We also implement HG-carriers in a narrowband (6.8 GHz) b-modulation dual-polarization NFDM system and optimize them to achieve a maximum spectral efficiency (SE) of 8.89 bits/s/Hz (4.44 bits/s/Hz per polarization) over 960 km with bit error rate (BER) below the hard decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold. Our results demonstrate that HG-carriers outperform sinc-carriers in narrowband NFDM systems, and that our proposed HG-carriers reconstruction method can significantly improve the Q-factor and SE.

Enabling cost-effective wireless THz communication through semiconductor optical amplifier’s direct/cross gain modulation for seamless integration of hybrid fiber-coaxial connectivity

We propose a cost-effective THz wireless communication scheme for future femtocell networks that leverages either direct gain modulation (DGM) or cross gain modulation (XGM) of a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) to convert coaxially or optically carried data into intensity-modulated THz waves, respectively. This architecture, based on an SOA and a uni-traveling-carrier photodiode (UTC-PD), has advantages over typical THz modulation schemes involving a resonant tunneling diode or an electro-optic modulator combined with a UTC-PD. Consequently, it facilitates the seamless convergence of hybrid fiber-coaxial networks to THz radio access networks with low cost, straightforward monolithic integration, and a more compact footprint. Furthermore, we experimentally verified the possibility of non-return-to-zero on–off keying wireless communication over 0.5 m in the 300 GHz band, achieving real-time transmission of 4 Gbit/s for coaxial access via an SOA’s DGM and 10 Gbit/s for fiber access via the SOA’s XGM. Notably, these data rates were attained by simple non-coherent THz intensity demodulation based on a Fermi-level managed barrier diode while meeting the 7% hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold (3.4×10−3). Finally, we conducted an analysis of the merits and drawbacks of the proposed THz communication scheme based on the combination of an SOA and a UTC-PD, discussed bottlenecks that hinder further rate improvement, and explored possibilities for optimization. In conclusion, this scheme is crucial for realizing future ultra-high-speed wireless networks that seamlessly connect to fiber-coaxial networks.

Secure transmission in a W-band RoF system based on delta-sigma modulation.

In this Letter, a delta-sigma modulation (DSM) encryption technique in a W-band RoF system is proposed. By performing DSM with different over-sample ratios (OSRs) on the OFDM signal based on the controlled keys generated by the chaotic system at the transmitter and performing constellation masking to disturb the transmitting signal for encryption, a high-order QAM-OFDM-DSM encrypted signal is achieved. In order to further improve the security of the system, bit bidirectional diffusion scrambling is used to resist chosen-plaintext attacks. After experimental verification, under the same transmission power, the encrypted DSM signal can achieve better security than single OSR of DSM signals through a 50-km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) and a 3-m wireless channel, with the gain of sensitivity increased by ∼1 dBm. From the reliability of the system, the encrypted signal of the proposed scheme can be recovered, which meets a hard decision-forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8 × 10-3.

Joint signal-to-signal beat interference mitigation for the field recovery of symmetric carrier-assisted differential detection with low carrier-to-signal power ratio

As a combination of direct detection and coherent detection technologies, self-coherent detection has the advantages of low cost and optical field recovery ability. However, most of the self-coherent detection techniques are limited to single sideband (SSB) signals. Recently, carrier-assisted differential detection (CADD) has been proposed to realize complex-valued double sideband (DSB) signals, but it requires a high carrier-to-signal power ratio (CSPR) to mitigate the signal-to-signal beat interference (SSBI). Later, a more cost-effective symmetric CADD (S-CADD) has been proposed while the required CSPR is still high. In order to alleviate the high requirements of CSPR, we propose a scheme based on the joint of digital pre-distortion (DPD) at transmitter and clipping at receiver to further improve the S-CADD system performance. This joint processing can not only solve the problem of non-uniform distribution of subcarrier signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) caused by non-ideal transfer function, but also the error propagation problem caused by enhanced SSBI under low CSPR. After the validation of the 64 Gbaud 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal transmitted over 80 km standard single mode fiber (SSMF), the CSPR required by the proposed scheme to reach the 20% soft decision-forward error correction (SD-FEC) and 7% hard decision-forward error correction (HD-FEC) can be reduced by 1.3 dB and 2.8 dB, respectively, with a comparison of the conventional S-CADD. The results show the potential of the proposed scheme in the short-reach optical transmissions.

Photonic-assisted high-order vector millimeter-wave signal generation enabled by DSM.

We propose an optical dual-single-sideband (dual-SSB) modulated 16384-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) photonic vector millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signal generation scheme based on delta-sigma modulation (DSM). With the aid of the DSM, the severe nonlinear distortion of envelope detection for high-order QAM modulation signals in wireless communication can be effectively resolved. For the validation of our proposed scheme, we experimentally demonstrate the generation of a 40 GHz 16384-QAM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) photonic vector mm-wave signal and transmission over a 25-km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF), and a 1-m wireless link with the bit error ratio (BER) reaches the hard-decision forward-error-correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8 × 10-3.

Dual high-order QAM-modulated mm-wave signal transmission in the Q-band enabled by simple IM/DD architecture and bandpass delta-sigma modulation.

The intensity-modulation (IM)/direct-detection (DD) systems have been proven effective and low-cost due to their simple system architecture. However, the Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) of the IM/DD systems only reserves its driving signal intensity. Therefore, the IM/DD systems are generally unable to transmit vector signals and have a restricted spectrum efficiency and channel capacity. Similarly, the radio-over-fiber (RoF) transmission systems based on IM/DD are limited by their simple architecture and generally cannot transmit high-order quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signals, which hinders the improvement of their spectrum efficiency. To address the challenges, we propose a novel, to the best of our knowledge, scheme to simultaneously transmit the dual independent high-order QAM-modulated millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signals in the RoF system with a simple IM/DD architecture, enabled by precoding-based optical carrier suppression (OCS) modulation and bandpass delta-sigma modulation (BP-DSM). The dual independent signals can carry different information, which increases channel capacity and improves spectrum efficiency and system flexibility. Based on our proposed scheme, we experimentally demonstrate the dual 512-QAM mm-wave signal transmission in the Q-band (33-50 GHz) under three different scenarios: 1) dual single-carrier (SC) signal transmission, 2) dual orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) signal transmission, and 3) hybrid SC and OFDM signal transmission. We achieve high-fidelity transmission of dual 512-QAM vector signals over a 5 km single-mode fiber (SMF) and a 1-m single-input single-output (SISO) wireless link operating in the Q-band, with the bit error rates (BERs) of all three scenarios below the hard decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8 × 10-3. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time dual high-order QAM-modulated mm-wave signal transmission has been achieved in a RoF system with a simple IM/DD architecture.

Half-spectrum OFDM to quadruple the spectral efficiency of underwater wireless optical communication with digital power division multiplexing.

Improving the spectrum efficiency (SE) is an effective method to further enhance the data rate of bandwidth-limited underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) systems. Non-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (NOFDM) with a compression factor of 0.5 can save half of the bandwidth without introducing any inter-carrier-interference (ICI) only if the total number of subcarriers is large enough, and we termed it as half-spectrum OFDM (HS-OFDM). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported work on a closed-form HS-OFDM signal in the discrete domain from the perspective of a correlation matrix. Due to the special mathematical property, no extra complex decoding algorithm is required at the HS-OFDM receiver, making it as simple as the conventional OFDM receiver. Compared with traditional OFDM, HS-OFDM can realize the same data rate, but with a larger signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) margin. To fully use the SNR resource of the communication system, we further propose a digital power division multiplexed HS-OFDM (DPDM-HS-OFDM) scheme to quadruple the SE of conventional OFDM for the bandwidth-starved UWOCs. The experimental results show that HS-OFDM can improve the receiver sensitivity by around 4dB as opposed to conventional 4QAM-OFDM with the same data rate and SE. With the help of the DPDM-HS-OFDM scheme, the data rate of multi-user UWOC can reach up to 4.5Gbps under the hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) limit of a bit error rate (BER) of 3.8×10-3. Although there is some performance degradation in comparison with single-user HS-OFDM, the BER performance of multi-user DPDM-HS-OFDM is still superior to that of conventional single-user 4QAM-OFDM. Both single-user HS-OFDM and multi-user DPDM-HS-OFDM successfully achieve 2Gbps/75m data transmission, indicating that the DPDM-HS-OFDM scheme is of great importance in bandwidth-limited UWOC systems and has guiding significance to underwater wireless optical multiple access.

Delta-sigma modulation supporting the 4194304QAM dual polarization signal at the W-band transmission over a 4.6 km wireless distance.

In this Letter, we propose a dual-polarized coherent millimeter-wave system based on differential delta-sigma modulation (D-DSM) intended for long-distance wireless transmission in the W-band. The proposed system can transmit polarization-division-multiplexed (PDM) D-DSM signals with modulation orders up to 4194304QAM over a wireless channel for 4.6 km at a signal baud rate of 20 G. After 4.6 km of wireless transmission, we successfully achieve a bit error rate (BER) lower than the hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) of 3.8 × 10-3 for 34.51 Gbit/s PDM-524288QAM and a BER lower than the soft-decision forward error correction (SD-FEC) of 4.2 × 10-2 for 32.23 Gbit/s PDM-4194304QAM.