Indian Civilization Research Articles

A Bronze Age Inland Water Network and Its Role in the Maritime Trade Network of the Harappan (Indus) Civilization

A Bronze Age Inland Water Network and Its Role in the Maritime Trade Network of the Harappan (Indus) Civilization

Ancient genomes revealed the complex human interactions of the ancient western Tibetans

The western Tibetan Plateau is the crossroad between the Tibetan Plateau, Central Asia, and South Asia, and it is a potential human migration pathway connecting these regions. However, the population history of the western Tibetan Plateau remains largely unexplored due to the lack of ancient genomes covering a long-time interval from this area. Here, we reported genome-wide data of 65 individuals dated to 3,500-300 years before present (BP) in the Ngari prefecture. The ancient western Tibetan Plateau populations share the majority of their genetic components with the southern Tibetan Plateau populations and have maintained genetic continuity since 3,500 BP while maintaining interactions with populations within and outside the Tibetan Plateau. Within the Tibetan Plateau, the ancient western Tibetan Plateau populations were influenced by the additional expansion from the south to the southwest plateau before 1,800 BP. Outside the Tibetan Plateau, the western Tibetan Plateau populations interacted with both South and Central Asian populations at least 2,000 years ago, and the South Asian-related genetic influence, despite being very limited, was from the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) migrants in Central Asia instead of the IVC populations from the Indus Valley. In light of the new genetic data, our study revealed the complex population interconnections across and within the Tibetan Plateau.

Exploring the Evolution of Gender-Based Violence in India and its Contributing Actors

Violence against women is an issue worldwide; however, this paper focuses on India, where women are at greater risk of becoming victims of violence from a range of perpetrators - including their own families, to a certain extent. Although there are various forms of violence, dowry-related domestic violence and rape are comparatively abundant, especially in coverage in the Indian news media. Despite the first feminist efforts against the violence and degradation of women nearly 50 years ago, there have yet to be any substantial changes. Throughout the history of the subcontinent — first as the Indus Valley civilization and later as a country free from colonization — women’s role devolved, becoming increasingly restrictive due in part to the violence. Though legislation and laws intending to protect women from violence were instituted, they regularly fell short. The culmination of societal factors, lack of legal support, and increasing media coverage showcasing violence add to an environment where this type of violence is normalized. This paper explores the different actors contributing to such normalization, specifically the Indian news media, which is accessible to many and can influence attitudes.

Editorial : Ashwamedh Yagya

Ashwamedha holds a very special place in the extensive history of Yagya in the Divine culture (Dev Sanskriti) of India. From Vedic times to the modern era, the performance of Yagya has been central to the journey of Indian civilization and culture. Among them, Ashwamedha Yagya is considered the king of Yagyas due to its purpose and vastness. Ashwamedha Yagyas are, in essence, spiritual experiments for the upliftment of mass consciousness, which is only possible when a united mass is involved in a specific ritual and lifestyle. A special edition is being released on the auspicious occasion of the Ashwamedha Yagya being performed in Mumbai, the economic capital of India, from February 21-25, 2024 CE. In the present modern era, All World Gayatri Pariwar has conducted 46 Ashwamedha Yagyas, and the Mumbai Ashwamedha Yagya will be the 47th. The special edition of the Dev Sanskriti Interdisciplinary International Journal introduces unique research pertaining to Ashwamedha Yagya.

Trend Analysis of the Changing Landscape in the Area and Production of Millet Cultivation in India: A Review

Millets, the earliest domesticated grains since the Indus Valley Civilization (3000 B.C.), are renowned as “Hardy Cereals” for their drought resilience and minimal irrigation requirements. Millets are nutritionally rich in protein, vitamins and minerals. As per the 2016-17 report of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, India, the area under the cultivation of millets in India has reduced by 60% (14.72 million hectares). Despite the manifold benefits associated with millet cultivation, farmers face significant challenges, primarily stemming from the inadequate infrastructure required for processing, lack of extension services and marketing millets. The government is making efforts to increase millets production through various promotional campaigns such as the National Millets Year and International Millets Year. In this article we have attempted to illustrate the millet scenario in world and in India with the analysis of the trends in area, production and productivity of the major and the minor millets of the country.

AZƏRBAYCANIN OĞUZ-TÜRK VƏ ŞİMALİ AMERİKANIN HİNDU XALQ NƏĞMƏLƏRİ: MÜQAYİSƏLİ TƏHLİL

Azerbaijan Oguz-Turk and North American Hindu Folk Songs: a Comparative Analysis Summary Folk songs of Oguz-Turk and Hindu people have addressed themes that are universal to most of humanity throughout history, including love, loss, treachery, and early death. They serve as a historical account of the circumstances that existed when they were written or oral traditions that were carried down orally. Folk songs are essential to music since they provide a brief overview of the musicians' lives. Important information is also frequently passed down from generation to generation through folk tunes. Folk ballads narrate tales of a life that has been forgotten or is about to vanish. Traditional Oguz-Turk and Indian civilizations use music for a variety of purposes, such as religious rituals, healing rituals, social songs and dances, work songs, game songs, courting, storytelling, and songs to bring luck in hunting, agriculture, and warfare. Key words: Folksong, Comparative features, Main directions of folksongs, In-text conceptions, Characteristics of folksongs

IMPACT OF ASTANGA YOGA AND KAYAKALPA PRACTICES ON SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLE AMONG MALE GERIATRIC PEOPLE

Yoga is a part of Indian culture and Religion. People believed the origin of yoga was Ancient India. Between 4000 B.C. and 2000 B.C. artifacts of Indus Valley Civilization showed figures in seated, cross legged poses, and symbols later associated with yoga. The study was undertaken with the aim to observe the impact of astanga yoga and kayakalpa practices on selected physiological variable among male geriatric people. For this study totally 45 male geriatric people were selected as subjects from Adampakkam Manavalakalai Mandram, Chennai. Their age ranged between 60 to 70 years. They were divided in to three groups. Experimental group I –astanga yoga with kayakalpa practices , Experimental group II- astanga yoga without kayakalpa practices and group III –control group (no intervention). The data was collected from three groups prior to training and after 6 weeks of astanga yoga with and without kayakalpa practices . Analysis of covariance was used to find out the significant difference between the three groups. The level of significance at 0.05%. The results proved that the regular astanga yoga and kayakalpa practices helped to significantly reduce the physiological variable in diastolic blood pressure.

Landscape evolution of the NW Himalayan rivers during the late Quaternary and their non-contemporaneity to the Harappan Civilization

A large perennial river system, the Ghaggar-Hakra, fed by the palaeo-Sutlej and palaeo-Yamuna Rivers from the west and east respectively, has been argued to have sustained the Bronze Age Harappan urban settlements (∼4.6–3.9 ka BP) in NW Himalayan foreland in India and Pakistan. However, it has been demonstrated by previous workers that palaeo-Sutlej was already defunct in this region by ∼8 ka, much before the peak of urbanism. In contrast, the evolutionary history of palaeo-Yamuna, a major feeder to the Ghaggar-Hakra River system, remains weakly documented and enigmatic. This knowledge gap limits our understanding of the influence of regional-scale hydrological conditions on the growth and eventual demise of the Harappan Civilization. Here, we present the high-resolution chronostratigraphic records based on 47 optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages from 6 cores (∼50 m deep) retrieved across the palaeochannels of the Yamuna. We document multi-storied sand bodies deposited by a mobile channel belt in a large alluvial fan system characterized by four possible stages of drainage reorganization and landscape evolution during the late Quaternary. It has also been inferred that a major eastward shift of the palaeo-Yamuna River occurred at ∼18 ka, predating both the westward shift of the Sutlej at ∼8 ka and the decline of the Harappan Civilization at ∼3.9 ka BP. Our chronostratigraphic data helps to understand the drainage reorganization of the Himalayan river systems during the late Quaternary in the NW Himalayan foreland and reaffirms the non-contemporaneity of the Harappan Civilization with a large river system.

Медный лик древней Америки: репрезентация мезоамериканских цивилизаций в американском pulp-журнале Weird tales в межвоенный период

In the Interwar period different form of Ancient civilization had been one the most frequent theme in American popular culture. Lost Indian civilization wasn’t exception, but this is-sue is still poorly investigate in the popular culture’s field. The article examines, based on John Cavelti's theory of for-mular fiction and John Saler’s “imaginary worlds”, the repre-sentation of pre-Columbian civilizations in one of the most significant American pulp magazines, Weird tales, and the ways in which their heritage is appropriated by American popular culture. We come to conclusion that representation of pre-Colombian indian civilization was within the general nar-rative of the ancient (like Egypt and Babylon), but had differ-ence in tropes. This concerned attention to the phenomenon of sacrifices. Also, the authors were anxious about issues of race, since the racist view of Latin Americans was a constitu-tive stereotype for many Americans. To prevent this problem from interfering with the appropriation of the Indian ancient heritage as uniquely American, the writers excluded the in-termediary in the person of a modern resident of Mexico. Mexico was represented as a poor, unstable country, just an epigone of its magnificent ancestors.

The Contribution of South Asian Visionaries in the Advancements of Science and Technology Post-Independence Era- A Far-Reaching Review

Swami Vivekananda was a South Asian visionary and a futuristic thinker of Indian civilization. Science, technology, engineering and medicine in today’s human mankind needs to be re-envisioned and re-organized with the passage of Indian history and the visionary timeframe. Swami Vivekananda always thought of the youth of India. In this article, the author deeply elucidates on Swami Vivekananda’s teaching and its relevance to the futuristic vision of education in free India. Today man and mankind are in the crossroads and crevices of a deep environmental engineering crisis and socio-economic crisis of immense proportions. The author deeply elucidates on the true path of Swami Vivekananda’s teaching in global society and the futuristic vision of the value system of India in post-independence era. The author deeply with cogent and lucid insight elucidates the various stages of development and the progress of free India post-independence India. Surely and veritably a new era in the vast scientific firmament of India will emerge if students, teachers, scientists and policy makers across the globe takes effective steps in the proper application of Global and United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

Hindu Temple Architecture in India

Religious edifices in India seems to have developed during the urban phase of Indus Sarasvati or Harappan civilization (3200-2600 BCE) and continuing afterwards, till the sixth century CE. The certain concepts of Gods and human beings have led to the emergence of temple as an architectural body. The relationship of Indus valley’s people with the God or gods can be surmised in conformity with the antiquarian remains discovered in archaeological excavations conducted at the sites of Indus Sarasvati Civilization during the several last decades.

Holocene peopling and sea-level changes along the northern coast of the Arabian Sea (Pakistan)

Surveys carried out in the provinces of Las Bela and Lower Sindh (Pakistan) have led to the discovery of many concentrations of knapped stone artefacts associated with mangrove and sea shells. The most important group of sites has been discovered along the shores of Lake Siranda (Balochistan) and on the limestone terraces that rise from the Indus Plain in Lower Sindh. The radiocarbon dates obtained from the Lake Siranda sites have shown that the ancient lagoon was seasonally settled between the last two centuries of the 8th and the end of the 5th millennium uncal BP that is from the beginning of the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. Although more research is needed, we now know the important role played by the coastal zones of Las Bela and Lower Sindh in the Holocene archaeology of the Arabian Sea, the only region of the northern coastline that has provided evidence of Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement. The Neolithic knapped stones discovered during the surveys consist of bladelet artefacts and geometric microliths made from local cherts, while the Chalcolithic Amri Culture implements are obtained from exotic flint. Since the beginning of the Holocene the coastal zone has been affected by dramatic events among which are sea-level rise, tectonic activity, subsidence, and the advance of the Indus Delta. The present landscape shaped around the end of the Bronze Age, when arid conditions established and the Indus Civilisation declined. Unfortunately many of the coastal sites are in danger or have been destroyed by industrial development.

The maternal U1 haplogroup in the Koraga tribe as a correlate of their North Dravidian linguistic affinity.

Introduction: The Koraga tribe are an isolated endogamous tribal group found in the southwest coastal region of India. The Koraga language shares inherited grammatical features with North Dravidian languages. To seek a possible genetic basis for this exceptionality and understand the maternal lineage pattern, we have aimed to reconstruct the inter-population and intra-population relationships of the Koraga tribal population by using mtDNA markers for the hypervariable regions along with a partial coding region sequence analysis. Methods and Results: Amongst the 96 individuals studied, we observe 11 haplogroups, of which a few are shared and others are unique to the clans Soppu, Oṇṭi and Kuṇṭu. In addition to several deep rooted Indian-specific lineages of macrohaplogroups M and U, we observe a high frequency of the U1 lineage (∼38%), unique to the Koraga. A Bayesian analysis of the U1 clade shows that the Koraga tribe share their maternal lineage with ancestral populations of the Caucasus at the cusp of the Last Glacial Maximum. Discussion: Our study suggests that the U1 lineage found in the Indian subcontinent represents a remnant of a post-glacial dispersal. The presence of West Asian U1 when viewed along with historical linguistics leads us to hypothesise that Koraga represents a mother tongue retained by a vanquished population group that fled southward at the demise of the Indus civilisation as opposed to a father tongue, associated with a particular paternal lineage.

Construction of Handwritten Indus Signs Dataset Employing Social Approach

This paper constructs a dataset of handwritten Indus signs employing a social approach. A writing system called the Indus script was created in the Indus civilization. It has been decoded numerous times throughout the years, but it has not yet been fully deciphered. Due to a lack of information and the scarcity of evidence, the mystery of the Indus signs has not yet been fully solved. Recently, there has been an increase in demand for huge datasets in order to use cutting-edge machine learning techniques. Considering the restricted availability of images of authentic Indus signs, this paper proposes creating an Indus signs dataset by asking participants to draw the Indus signs while referring to the image of the original Indus signs. A web application was developed and used to collect the 44 participants’ handwritten images of ten Indus signs. To show the availability of the constructed dataset, it is used to train convolutional neural networks. The experimental result demonstrates that the model can classify the images of original Indus script with 70% accuracy.

Unicorn of the Indus Valley Civilization in Epics and Mythologies: A Comparative Study

In this piece of research, an attempt is made to show whether there is a relation in between the unicorn, a single-horned male bovine of the Indus valley civilization and mythological characters like, the Ṛṣyaśṛṅga, Ekaśṛṅga, Isisiṅga, dīptaśṛṅga and nidhiśṛṅga which are depicted in the Vedic and Buddhist literature. There is a bundle of controversies about the scepticism of the single-horned bull of the Indus valley civilization, which may not be easy to decode completely without deciphering the Indus inscriptions. Few scholars have attempted to scout the link between the Indus valley civilization and the Vedic and Buddhist mythologies, as there may be a connection between the unicorn of the Indus Valley Civilization and the above-mentioned mythological characters.

Manufacturing technique analysis of Early Harappan painted pottery from the Jhang Bahatar Site, Pakistan, by using a multi-analytical approach

Only a limited number of scientific or technological studies regarding Harappan pottery have been conducted so far. To address the knowledge gap, this study investigates the raw materials and manufacturing techniques evidenced in the painted pottery sherds excavated from the Jhang Bahatar site, Pakistan of the late period of early Harappan culture (also identified as the Kot Diji period 2800-2600BC). This study employs a variety of integrated analytical methods including production process observation, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The investigation revealed that the raw materials in the pastes used to manufacture these painted potteries are common fusible clay characterized by minimal levels of silicon oxide and alumina and elevated levels of flux oxide. The pottery was decorated with an initial basecoat of ochre consisting of hematite (Fe2O3), mixed with pottery paste clay, while the main mineral material of black pigment was magnetite (Fe3O4) and the white pigment was created using dolomite (CaMg (CO3)2).

Civilization Collapse: Analyzing Historical Civilizations to Inform Strategies for Sustainable Adaptation in Modern Societies

This study examines the complexities and interrelated factors contributing to the collapse of ancient civilizations, including the Roman Empire, the Maya civilization, the Akkadian Empire, and the Indus Valley Civilization, to draw lessons applicable to modern societies. Through an analysis of environmental stressors, socio-political dynamics, and the decline of marginal returns on increased complexity, the research highlights the vulnerabilities inherent in complex societies. It explores how climate change serves as a global catalyst for collapse, exacerbating systemic risks within a globalized context. The findings underscore the importance of societal resilience and adaptive capacity in the face of challenges, emphasizing that historical precedents can inform contemporary strategies for sustainability. This study ultimately provides actionable recommendations for modern societies to enhance resilience, emphasizing sustainable resource management, community engagement, and innovative governance to avert potential collapse while fostering a sustainable future

Project Udbhav: Integrating Ancient Wisdom with Modern Indian Military Pedagogy

Throughout history, humanity has seen many destructive wars, especially in India. Early wars in India were fought by the people of the Indus Valley civilization, who were skilled in building forts for defense. Hindu civilization had a rich knowledge of warfare, military strategies, and martial arts. Ancient political thinkers considered War as an extension of politics, a fallout of interstate relations. Strategies were both offensive and defensive. The ancient Indian thinkers instated war as a means of increasing royal glory and outright conquest. The battles depicted in the epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata provide valuable information about the warfare mechanism of the ancient period. 'Project UDBHAV,' a collaborative effort between the Indian Army and the United Services Institution of India (USI), and the government of India, emphasized the project's significance, aiming to revisit India's ancient military thoughts. The initiative seeks to synthesize ancient knowledge, particularly from texts like Chanakya's Arthashastra and Thirukkural, with modern military practices. Examining historical campaigns, leaders, and examples like the Naval Battle of Saraighat, the paper highlights the enduring relevance of ancient Indian military strategies. The paper will also focus on contemporary military practices addressing modern challenges and the importance of Indian historical strategies in tackling diplomatic complexities.

Socio-Economic Problems and Challenges Faced by Sericulture Farmers in Karnataka: A Sociological Study

Silk production as an art and science referred to as sericulture is documented to be of very ancient origin in India. Records indicate that it is one of the oldest countries where silk farming and weaving were done. Indications are that in its first ever practice in the world, sericulture can be traced back to 2450 B.C during the Indus Valley Civilization period in India. Still, silk farmers in Karnataka deal with a bunch of social and economic problems. Growing silkworms to make silk has been a job people in Karnataka have done for ages helping many country families make a living. Even though it can bring in money, silk farmers run into several issues that make it hard for them to stay stable and do well in life. The researcher has used questionnaire method to collect data about the prevailing conditions of the sericulture farmers in Karnataka. The economic conditions are the main issue and needs to be addressed from all stakeholders.This paper shall try to bring out these challenges and gives solutions to improve the conditions of sericulture farmers.

An overview of Socio-Cultural and Political Status of Sindh Under British Colonial Rule

Sindh province is south eastern in Pakistan. The bordered of Sindh by Baluchistan and Punjab, India and south by Arabian Sea. Sindh capital is Karachi. The Indus civilization is Centre. It was connected by the Persian Achemanian Empire in 6th century BCE, captured by the Alexander Great in 325BCE, It was the part of the Maryun Empire in 3rd centuryBCE, and fell into the Arabs 711. In 16th -17th century ruled by the Mughals. Through a historical and descriptive approach, it focused on the role of British as the administrator and policy makers in Sindh after 1843AD. After the independence of Pakistan Sindh was merged of Pakistan West Provinces but in 1970 reestablished seprete provinces. It is irrigated the Indus river valley where the cotton wheat and rice grown where the population is concentrated.