Haptoglobin Types Research Articles

The distribution of haptoglobin and transferrin types in northeast New Guinea.

AbstractThis paper reports haptoglobin testing of 2,029 serum specimens and transferrin typing of 1,911 specimens obtained from villages representing a wide range of environments and cultures in the Markham River Valley region of northeast New Guinea. The haptoglobin gene frequencies ranged from 90.0% to 61.4% for Hp1 and the frequency of the transferring gene Tfc ranged from 94.9% to 71.5%. Other transferrin genes present were TfD1 and, in low frequency, TfB Lae. Overall, no apparent correlations were found between the frequencies of these genes and altitudes, languages or distances of the villages studied up the valley. It was felt that the arguments put forward earlier emphasizing the role of genetic drift in determining gene distribution in New Guinea could be also applied to explain the distribution of the haptoglobin and transferrin genes in the Markham River Valley.

Studies on the Oxidation-Reduction Potentials of Heme Proteins: VII. Oxidation-Reduction Equilibrium Of Hemoglobin Bound To Haptoglobin

Abstract The oxidation-reduction equilibrium of human hemoglobin bound to haptoglobin has been investigated. The genetic type of haptoglobin (whether 1-1 or 2-2) has no effect on the oxidation-reduction properties of bound hemoglobin. The shape of the equilibrium curve changes with the molar ratio between haptoglobin and hemoglobin, being clearly asymmetrical when Hp:Hb = 1:1 and symmetrical when Hp:Hb = 2:1. The average value of n near 50% oxidation is less than 1 in either case. When Hp:Hb = 2:1, the oxidation-reduction equilibrium curve can be accounted for quantitatively on the hypothesis that there are two oxidation-reduction systems present in equimolar amounts, and each is characterized by n = 1 but different midpoint potentials (E1 and E2). The interpretation of these results is that when hemoglobin is bound to haptoglobin the stabilizing heme-heme interactions are suppressed with the result that the hemes of each type of chain (α and β) display their intrinsic oxidation-reduction properties. The proposition that the oxidation-reduction potentials of α and β chains are different (by 56 mv at pH 7) is in good agreement with independent experimental results on human hemoglobin and the isolated hemoglobin chains. The oxidation-reduction results taken alone indicate that when Hp:Hb = 2:1 only one type of complex is present. On the other hand, when Hp:Hb = 1:1 the equilibrium data suggest that more than one type of complex is formed, and that the two hemoglobin chains of either type (α or β) are not bound in the same way to the haptoglobin molecule.

Haptoglobin–Haemoglobin Complexes studied by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

HAPTOGLOBIN, one of the α 2 globulins of human serum, is thought to combine irreversibly with haemoglobin in a molecular ratio of one to one1,2. Two bands are therefore expected after gel electrophoresis of haptoglobin to which haemoglobin has been added in non-saturating proportions, a rapidly migrating band of free haptoglobin and a slower one for the haptoglobin–haemoglobin complex. Reported results are different. In agar gel electrophoresis, a single zone occurs with a mobility that decreases with increasing haemoglobin concentration. Two possible explanations are offered by Wieme3. Complex formation may be reversible, making it possible for a few haemoglobin molecules to interact with all of the haptoglobin molecules, resulting in a migration rate intermediate between free and fully saturated haptoglobin. More probably, the haptoglobin–haemoglobiri complex has residual binding capacity for other haptoglobin molecules. In this way the influence of one haemoglobin molecule extends over several molecules of haptoglobin. Both explanations are incompatible with the commonly held ideas about the character of the haptoglobin–haemoglobin complex. In starch gel, undersaturated haptoglobin type 1-1 (ref. 4) shows a complex with a mobility intermediate between that of the uncombined and the fully saturated protein. Laurell5 suggests that haptoglobin may pick up a half molecule of haemoglobin in these conditions.

1) MOLECULAR BASIS OF MORBIDITY

The authors presented the serum haptoglobin, a hereditary glycoprotein in the α2 globulin fraction, as an example of a polymorphic system where different types react differently when subjected to unusual conditions. Naito, our collaborator, conducted an experiment in which various amounts of hemoglobin were administered intravascularly to young men of three different haptoglobin types, and demonstrated that when administration of an excess amount of hemolysate was given the patterns of production and clearance of Hb-Hp complex in individuals of Hp 2-2 were significantly different from those in individuals of Hp 2-1 or 1-1 (Naito, 1968). Such delicate individual differences in the gene-environment interaction have been more fundamentally demonstrated in normal and abnormal hemoglobins. The principal material in the subsequent discussion is 21 kindreds with structural and synthetic abnormalities of the hemoglobin involving the α, β, γ and δ polypeptide chains, which have been studied by the First Department of Medicine, Kyushu University, since 1960. Among 18 structural abnormalities, 8 are hitherto undescribed ones.

Haptoglobin types in the population of Asturias (Spain).

Haptoglobin types in the population of Asturias (Spain).

Haptoglobin types in the population of the Gran Canaria.

Haptoglobin types in the population of the Gran Canaria.

Haptoglobin levels in serum of various strains of mice.

Only a single type of haptoglobin was found in the serum of 11 strains of mice, but there were wide variations between strains with respect to the amount of haptoglobin found. In the AKR and C3H strains, in which haptoglobin was low or absent, various agents stimulated production of high levels of haptoglobin. Serum haptoglobin rose in association with the development of leukemia in AKR mice, but remained low when C3H mice developed mammary tumors.

Serum Haptoglobin Type and Cancer

The distribution of haptoglobin types in 526 cancerous and 430 noncancerous subjects is presented. The frequency of haptoglobin 1 gene, in females, ranged sequentially from 0.264 in patients with cancer of the cervix, uterus, and ovary, through melanoma, breast cancer, cancer of the colon, to 0.467 in reticuloses. This was supported by statistically significant differences observed between some groups of cancer patients and normal controls. A different haptoglobin 1 gene frequency was found for male cancer patients.

Haptoglobin and Gc Types in the Haida Indians

Haptoglobin and Gc Types in the Haida Indians

Population Studies of Serum Protein Variations in Japanese

The distributions of group-specific component, haptoglobin and transf errin phenntypes were researched in the blood donors living in Chiba Prefecture (in the suburbs of Tokyo). Blood materials were classfied into several populations according to habitants of individual donors, and the regional differences of each frequency were examined.The results are shown in Table 1, 2 and 3a. No regional differences were observed in the frequencies of group specific component and haptoglobin types and no rare types of those serum proteins were detected. The obtained results were compared with the frequencies on Japanese reported by other investigators, which were presented in Table 3b, 4 and 5.

Haptoglobin and Gc Types in the Haida Indians

Haptoglobin and Gc Types in the Haida Indians

Thyroid dysgenesis in two pairs of monozygotic twins and in a mother and child.

Cretinism due to thyroid dysgenesis was observed in 2 sets of monozygotic twin girls. Identical zygosity was established by physical examination, determination of 6 blood group antigens and, in one pair, fingerprint analysis and haptoglobin typing. The diagnosis of cretinism was based originally on the clinical features, the response to thyroid medication and on ancillary investigations. One pair were considered to be athyreotic and the other pair had residual thyroid and ectopic tissue, respectively. Thyroid dysgenesis is not a common congenital disorder and only 1 in 250 births is of monozygotic twins. The occurrence of this condition in 2 pairs of monozygotic twins, of healthy mothers, and in another pair, a mother and daughter, may therefore indicate that one etiological factor is sometimes genetically determined, but further evidence is required to substantiate or refute this possibility.

Haptoglobin Types in Patients with Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

Haptoglobin Types in Patients with Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

Atypical segregation of haptoglobin types

Atypical segregation of haptoglobin types

Elevation of Serum Protein-Bound Carbohydrates and Haptoglobin in Schizophrenia

Abstract The mean concentration of each of the serum protein-bound carbohydrates (hexose, hexosamine, fucose, and sialic acid) was significantly elevated in a group of 60 male schizophrenic patients. The total serum protein was elevated, ceruloplasmin was normal, and C-reactive protein was absent. Serum haptoglobin was significantly elevated. The distribution of haptoglobin types was normal. Haptoglobin concentration variation was significantly correlated with each of the carbohydrates and, to a lesser degree, with ceruloplasmin. In a group of 13 patients with normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate, the fibrinogen and haptoglobin concentrations were significantly elevated. There was no correlation between haptoglobin and fibrinogen concentrations in this group.

Electrophoretic patterns of normal human serums by disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel

The zonal fractionation of serum proteins by the disc electrophoresis technique in polyacrylamide gel reproducibly resolves 200 μg of serum proteins into 20 to 30 discrete bands. Gel patterns were made of 200 normal adult human serums, as the first phase of a study of the use of this technique for the detection of genetic variants of proteins and for the diagnostic significance of qualitative and quantitative changes in the protein gel patterns. The serums could readily be characterized by haptoglobin type and the serums of each group had many qualitative features in common, with quantitative differences.

Haptoglobin Types in Dried Bloodstains

THE determination of haptoglobin types in dried bloodstains has until recently met with very limited success. The method for determining haptoglobin types using starch gel1–4 is the most satisfactory technique available for serum samples. Direct transposition of this technique to bloodstains has been tried by many research workers5–7 both in starch and acrylamide gels. The patterns obtained from stain material differ considerably from those shown by fresh serum samples. It is extremely difficult to interpret the results as they can be obscured by the excess haemoglobin present and it can only be done if the stain is very fresh (that is, not more than about 3 days old). The problem of excess haemoglobin can be overcome by subjecting the sample to a short preliminary electrophoresis in starch gel at pH 6.5 (tank buffer: 0.04 M disodium hydrogen phosphate adjusted to pH 6.5 with ortho-phosphoric acid; gel buffer: 20 ml. tank buffer diluted to 150 ml.). At this pH, haemoglobin moves towards the cathode while the haptoglobin/haemoglobin complex moves towards the anode. After 30 min electrophoresis at 6 V/cm, a block of gel about 1 cm2 is removed on the anodic side of the origin and inserted into a gel at pH 8.6 with a buffer system according to Poulik4. However, we required a method which was accurate and would allow the determination of haptoglobin types in stains at least one month old. These conditions have been met by using an immuno-electrophoresis method.

Blood group, serum genetic factors, and hemoglobins in Cook Islanders. I. Atiu Island.

The blood groups, the haptoglobin and transferrin types, together with the Gm2 groups and hemoglobins of 100 unrelated Cook Islanders in Atiu Island are recorded.The absence of the B gene, the low frequency of S, the high frequency of non‐secretors, the absence of K and the high Hpl level together with the absence of hemoglobin variants are features of the peoples of the South West Pacific, particularly Eastern Polynesia.

Blood group, serum genetic factors, and hemoglobins in Cook Islanders. II. Rarotonga.

The ABO, MN, Lewis and Rh types, together with the Gm3 groups, haptoglobin, transferrin and hemoglobin types of 323 Rarotongans are recorded.

A new type of human haptoglobin Hp 2-1D.

A new type of human haptoglobin Hp 2-1D.