Hanwoo Steers Research Articles

Comparison of Beef Palatability Characteristics between Longissimus Thoracis and Vastus Lateralis Muscles from Different Grades during Postmortem Aging.

The objectives of this study was to compare palatability changes of the longissimus thoracis (LT) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles of Hanwoo steers from different beef quality grades (1+ and 1) during 28 d of wet-aging in order to improve the utilization of the VL muscle as a steak. The VL muscle showed a higher collagen content and a lower intramuscular fat content than the LT muscle (p<0.05). As expected, the Warner-Bratzler shear force value was greater in the LT 1 grade (LT-1) muscle than the LT-1+ muscle (p<0.05); whereas no difference was observed between the grades in the VL muscle at 24 h postmortem. Compared to 0 d of aging, tenderness scores significantly increased after 14 and 21 d of aging in the LT and VL muscles, respectively (p<0.05). Additionally, there was no difference in tenderness score between the VL-1+ aged for 21 d and the LT-1 at 24 h postmortem, although tenderness score was greater in the LT than the VL at each period (p<0.05). Moreover, the VL-1+ steak exhibited a higher tenderness score than the VL-1 steak at 21 and 28 d of aging (p<0.05). On the other hand, the effect of aging time on juiciness and flavor in the VL muscle was somewhat limited unlike the LT muscle. Taken together, the VL muscle requires a longer aging time than the LT muscle to improve consumer preference. Considering the tenderness, using a higher quality grade for aging is more useful in the VL muscle.

Comparison of Growth Performance, Carcass and Meat Characteristics According to the Feeding Method of Concentrate and Total Mixed Fermentation in Hanwoo Steers

Comparison of Growth Performance, Carcass and Meat Characteristics According to the Feeding Method of Concentrate and Total Mixed Fermentation in Hanwoo Steers

Effect of Mountain Grazing on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Hanwoo Steers

Effect of Mountain Grazing on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Hanwoo Steers

Feeding Effect of Whole Crop Rice based TMR on Meat Quality of Hanwoo Steers

Feeding Effect of Whole Crop Rice based TMR on Meat Quality of Hanwoo Steers

Effects of Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics by Fermented Barley Grain Feeding in Post-fattening Hanwoo Steers

Effects of Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics by Fermented Barley Grain Feeding in Post-fattening Hanwoo Steers

Nutritional value and in situ degradability of oak wood roughage and its feeding effects on growth performance and behavior of Hanwoo steers during the early fattening period.

ObjectiveThis study was conducted to evaluate changes in nutritional value and in situ dry matter (DM) degradability of oak and pine wood before and after steam-digestion process (60 min/160°C/6 atm) and feeding effect of the oak roughage on performance and behavior of Hanwoo steers.MethodsChemical composition and tannin concentration were analyzed for oak and pine trees before and after the pretreatment. In situ DM and effective degradability of these samples were assessed using a nylon bag method. In vivo trial was performed to estimate animal performance and behavior, using steers fed total mixed ration (TMR) diets containing 0% (control), 25% (OR-25), and 50% (OR-50) of the oak roughage. Eighteen steers were allocated into nine pens (2 steers/pen, 3 pens/treatment) for 52 days according to body weight (BW) and age.ResultsBy the steam-digestion treatment, the neutral detergent-insoluble fiber was decreased from 86.5% to 71.5% for oak and from 92.4% to 80.5% for pine, thereby increasing non-fiber carbohydrate. In situ DM degradability of treated oak reached 38% at 72 h, whereas that of untreated oak was only 11.9%. The 0 h degradability of the treated pine increased from 5.9% to 12.1%, but the degradability was unchanged thereafter. Animal performance including BW, average daily gain, DM intake, and feed conversion ratio was not different among control and oak treatments. No differences were detected in animal behavior such as lying, standing, rumination, drinking, and eating, except walking. Walking was higher in control than oak treatments with numerically higher eating and lower lying times, probably due to bulkier characteristics of rice straw in the diet.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that the oak roughage can be substituted for 50% of total forage or 100% of rice straw in TMR diets at early fattening stage of Hanwoo steers.

Replacement of corn with rice grains did not alter growth performance and rumen fermentation in growing Hanwoo steers.

ObjectiveThis study was realized to evaluate the nutritional value of rice grains as a replacement for corn grains in the diet of growing Hanwoo steers.MethodsTwo experimental diets were prepared: i) Corn total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of 20% corn grains and ii) Rice TMR consisting of 20% rice grains, in a dry matter (DM) basis. These treatments were used for in vitro rumen fermentation and in vivo growth trials. In the rumen fermentation experiment, the in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD), in vitro crude protein digestibility (IVCPD), in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility, pH, ammonia nitrogen, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were estimated at 48 h, and the gas production was measured at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Twenty four growing Hanwoo steers (9 months old; body weight [BW]: 259±13 kg) were randomly divided into two treatment groups and the BW, dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured.ResultsThe in vitro experiment showed that the IVDMD, IVCPD, and VFA production of the Rice TMR were higher than those of the Corn TMR (p<0.05). The growth trial showed no differences (p>0.05) in the final BW, ADG, DMI, and FCR between the two TMRs.ConclusionThe use of rice grains instead of corn grains did not exhibit any negative effects on the rumen fermentation or growth performance, thereby rice grains with a DM of less than 20% could be used as a starch source in the diet of growing steers.

PSIV-5 Effects of feeding fruit-vegetable byproducts on performance of growing Hanwoo steers

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding fruit-vegetable byproducts on the growth of Hanwoo (Korean native beef cattle) steers. The treatments were Control (byproduct 0%), T1 (fruit-vegetable byproduct 20%), and T2 (cabbage peel 15% plus Chinese cabbage peel 15%, total byproduct 30%). The fruit-vegetable byproduct for T1 was produced from a hypermarket, containing various types of fruits and vegetables (orange, apple, tomatoes, onion, etc.). These byproducts were milled and treated with 6 g/kg of sodium metabisulfite for long term storage. The cabbage and Chinese cabbage byproduct for T2 produced from a traditional wholesale market was added as a raw material without pretreatment. Thirty-six steers (initial BW. 287 ± 89kg, 9.1 ± 2.7 months) were allocated into 12 pens (3 steers/pen) for 12 weeks according to BW and age. TMR diets were formulated by the Korean Feeding Standard for Hanwoo (2017) to supply the same nutrient contents (CP 16 % and TDN 73 %). The DMI was not different among treatments because the amount of feed was kept constant according to the BW of growing steers to prevent overweight during the growing period. For ADG, Control (1.03 kg/d) and T2 (0.82 kg/d) were lower (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than T1 (1.41 kg/d) in the 2nd period. On the other hand, ADG of T2 (1.72 kg/d) was higher (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than Control (0.82 kg/d) and T1 (1.16 kg/d) in the 3rd period. Overall, ADG for the whole experimental period was not different among treatments (1.20 kg/d for Control, 1.25 kg/d for T1, 1.16 kg/d for T2). FCR showed no significant difference during the whole period (18.36 for Control, 18.82 for T1, 19.75 for T2). Therefore, this study demonstrated that fruit-vegetable and cabbage byproducts in TMR diets for beef cattle can be replaced by 20 % and 30 %, respectively.

96 Development of genomics-based precision management model for Hanwoo steers; response to the divergent selection for marbling tested under different dietary energy levels

Abstract Focusing high marble deposition, Hanwoo feedlot system uses high-energy diet over the prolonged fattening period. However, due to the individual genetic variation, around 40% of them are graded into inferior quality grades (QG), despite they utilized the same resources. Therefore, focusing to develop a genomic-based precision management model, this study was to evaluate the response to the divergent selection on genetic merit for marbling score (MS), under different dietary TDN (total digestible nutrient) levels. Total of 112 calves were genotyped and initially grouped for estimated breeding value (high and low) for marbling score (MS-EBV). Subsequently, managed under two levels of feed TDN%, over the growing period, early, middle, and final fattening periods following 2X2 factorial arrangement (figure 1). Carcasses were evaluated for MS, Backfat thickness (BFT) and Korean beef quality grading standard. As the direct response to the selection was significant, the results confirmed the importance of initial genetic grouping of Hanwoo steers for MS-EBV. However, dietary TDN level did not show an effect (P &amp;gt; 0.05) on the MS. Further, no genetic-by-nutrition interaction for MS (P &amp;gt; 0.05) was also observed. The present results showed no correlation response on BFT (P &amp;gt; 0.05), indicating that the selection based on MS-EBV can be used to enhance the MS without undesirable effect on BFT. Ultimate turnover of the Hanwoo feedlot operation is primarily determined by the QGs. The present model shows that the initial grouping for MS-EBV increased the proportion of carcasses graded for higher QGs (QG1++ and QG1+) by approximately 20%. Moreover, there appears to be a potential to increase the proportion of QG 1++ animals among the high-genetic group by further increasing the dietary energy content. Overall, this precision management strategy suggests the importance of adopting an MS based initial genetic grouping system for Hanwoo steers with a subsequent divergent management based on dietary energy level.

PSXI-12 Comparative metabolomics of blood plasma from Hanwoo beef cattle at different ages and fed diets with different nutritional levels, by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Abstract Blood metabolome can be used to estimate the growth, nutrition, and health status of livestock. The objective of this study is to find the differently expressed metabolome according to ages and nutritional levels in feeds to predict and control cattle performances. We used Hanwoo cattle at different ages that were fed diets with different nutritional levels. One hundred thirty two blood samples were collected from 22 Hanwoo steers at 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 months and compared their blood metabolomes by using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The results of our comparative analysis showed clear discriminations in blood metabolomic profiles among the ages but not between nutritional levels. Based on the results of t-test, fold changes, and partial least square discriminant analysis, 19 metabolites showed high sensitivity for ages. Alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, betaine, carnitine, choline, citrulline, creatine, cysteine, glutamine, glycine, histidine, lactate, leucine, proline, pyruvate, serine, tryptophan, and valine could be directly linked to ages. In particular, three metabolic pathways, ammonia recycling; urea cycle; and glycine and serine metabolism were shown to be enriched with the ages (FDR &amp;lt; 0.05, P &amp;lt; 0.05). Thus, the differently expressed metabolites and their related metabolic pathways in the blood plasma may contribute to the biomarkers which indicate the potential for early growing and fattening of indiviual beef cattle. Our findings may allow for better understanding of the mechanism of cattle growth physiology and metabolism, which is necessary for selecting appropriate feeding strategies to improve beef quality and productivity.

Associations of Heat-Shock Protein Expression with Meat Quality and Sensory Quality Characteristics in Highly Marbled Longissimus Thoracis Muscle from Hanwoo Steers Categorized by Warner-Bratzler Shear Force Value.

The influence of heat-shock protein (HSP) concentrations at 45 min and 24 h postmortem on meat quality and sensory quality characteristics of longissimus thoracis muscle from highly marbled Hanwoo steers (beef marbling standard grade 6–8) was investigated. Muscle samples were segregated into three groups based on Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF) value. The low group exhibited a lower WBSF value compared to the medium and high groups (37.8 vs. 48.9 and 64.3 N, p < 0.001). Muscle pH at 45 min and 24 h postmortem was not different (p > 0.05), and all groups exhibited low ultimate pH value (pH < 5.8). Beef steaks from the low group were significantly easier to pierce and chew, and they left less perceptible residue than the high group (p < 0.05). These differences in tenderness attributes were associated with differences in small HSPs at 45 min postmortem, with the low group exhibiting a lower level of αβ-crystallin and higher levels of HSP20 and HSP27 compared with the high group (p < 0.05). No differences were observed for small HSPs, HSP70, and HSP90 at 24 h postmortem (p > 0.05). Therefore, the expression levels of small HSPs at 45 min postmortem seems to have the potential to be an indicator of tenderness in highly marbled Hanwoo beef with low ultimate pH.

A combination of postmortem ageing and sous vide cooking following by blowtorching and oven roasting for improving the eating quality and acceptance of low quality grade Hanwoo striploin.

ObjectiveIt is well recognized that beef cuts from a low quality grade are usually associated with tougher, drier and less flavorful. Thus, the present study aimed at investigating the combined effects of postmortem ageing and sous vide (SV) cooking followed by oven roasting or blowtorching on the eating quality of low quality grade Hanwoo beef striploins.MethodsHanwoo beef striploins (quality grade 3) obtained from 36 month-old Hanwoo steers were used, and the samples were chiller aged for 0 and 14 d at 4°C. After ageing, the samples were prepared into 2.5-cm steaks which were then SV cooked at 55°C for 5 h and then raised to 60°C for 1 h, and thereafter the SV-cooked the steaks were further roasted in oven for 20 min (SV+OV) or blowtorched (SV+TC) for 2 min. The cooked samples were analyzed for microbiological quality, browning index, Wanrner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), aroma flavor compounds and sensory properties.ResultsThe SV cooking significantly reduced the WBSF values in beef samples (p<0.05). Blowtorching after SV cooking led to a browner surface of the beef steaks (p<0.05). The samples treated with SV+OV or SV+TC exhibited higher levels of Maillard reaction-derived aroma flavor compounds such as; pyrazines and sulfur-containing compounds compared to those just SV cooked. More especially, the SV+OV− or SV+TC− treated samples presented significantly higher flavor and overall acceptability scores compared to those just SV cooked (p<0.05). Ageing beef for 14 d significantly improved the tenderness by reducing the WBSF and increasing the tenderness scores.ConclusionThus, the combination of postmortem ageing and SV cooking followed by additional treatments (blowtorching or oven roasting) could be used to improve the eating quality especially tenderness and flavor as well as overall acceptability of low grade Hanwoo beef.

Reduction of slaughter age of Hanwoo steers by early genotyping based on meat yield index.

ObjectiveThis study was conducted to determine early hereditary endowment to establish a short-term feeding program.MethodsHanwoo steers (n = 140) were equally distributed into four groups (35/group) based on genetic meat yield index (MYI) viz. the greatest, great, low, and the lowest at Jukam Hanwoo farm, Goheung. All animals were fed in group pens (5 animals/pen) with similar feed depending on the growth stage. Rice straw was provided ad libitum, whereas concentrate was fed at 5.71 kg during the growing period (6 to 13 mo) and 9.4 kg during the fattening period (13 to 28 mo). Body weight (BW) was measured at two-month intervals, whereas carcass weight was determined at slaughtering at about 31 months of age. The Affymetrix Bovine Axiom Array 640K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip was used to determine the meat quantity-related gene in the blood.ResultsAfter 6 months, the highest (p<0.05) BW was observed in the greatest MYI group (190.77 kg) and the lowest (p<0.05) in the lowest MYI group (173.51 kg). The great MYI group also showed significantly (p<0.05) higher BW than the lowest MYI group. After 16 and 24 months, the greatest MYI group had the highest BW gain (p<0.05) and were therefore slaughtered the earliest. Carcass weight was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the greatest and the great MYI groups followed by the low and the lowest MYI groups. Back-fat thickness in the greatest MYI group was highly correlated to carcass weight and marbling score. The SNP array analysis identified the carcass-weight related gene BTB-01280026 with an additive effect. The steers with the allele increasing carcass weight had heavier slaughter weight of about 12 kg.ConclusionGenetic MYI is a potential tool for calf selection, which will reduce the slaughter age while simultaneously increasing carcass weight, back-fat thickness, and marbling score.

비육기의 점토광물질 및 부추생균제 첨가급여가 거세한우에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 한우 계량을 통한 고급육 생산기술 방법의 일환으로 비육시기 점토광물질과 부추생균제를 거세한우에게 첨가급여시 비육능력과 도체특성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 비육단계별 연구결과로 총 증체량에서는 육성기는 Con구, 비육전기와 비육중기는 T2구, 비육후기는 T3구가 각각 상대적으로 더 높은 증체량을 달성하였다. 출하체중은 753.7~811.43 ㎏ (평균 772.74 ㎏)이었고, 도체중은 434.38~488.43 ㎏ (평균 454.39 ㎏) 정도로 T3가 처리구중에서 유의적으로 높았다. (p＜0.05). 또한 등지방 두께는 평균 15.21 ㎜이었고, 등심단면적은 평균 96.84 ㎠로서 T3구에서 등지방두께는 가장 두꺼웠으나, 등심단면적은 가장 크게 나타났다. (p＜0.05). 육질등급의 경우 1++등급 : 5점, 1+등급 : 점, 1등급 : 3점, 2등급 : 2점, 3등급 : 1점으로 환산시 T3구가 3.86점으로 다른 처리구보다 유의적으로 매우 높게 나타났다 (p＜0.05).

A Test for Complementarities among Expected Progeny Difference Traits of Hanwoo Steers

A Test for Complementarities among Expected Progeny Difference Traits of Hanwoo Steers

Identifying Optimal Rearing Period of Hanwoo Steers Using Real Option Value

The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal cutoff price of Hanwoo steers to maximize farmers’ income using real option values. To determine the optimal cutoff price, this study first estimates the carcass weight of Hanwoo steer to reflect the change of weight by time period to the price process. Then, the mean reverting price process, which not only reflects change in weight but also change in grade, is estimated. Finally, this study determines the cutoff price using the universal lattice option pricing model. The results show that the maximum cutoff price of Hanwoo steer is 8,215,284 won at the 4th week of 27 months. Therefore, we can conclude that the optimal selling point of Hanwoo steers is the 4th week of 27 months to maximize income of Hanwoo steers fattening farms.

Assessment of carcass and meat quality of longissimus thoracis and semimembranosus muscles of Hanwoo with Korean beef grading standards

The carcass traits, meat quality traits, and fatty acid profile of two muscles, longissimus thoracis (LT) and semimembranosus (SM), in Hanwoo steers were investigated against the Korean beef quality grade (QG) and yield grade (YG) standards. Back fat thickness and carcass weight most affect the YGs, while the marbling score is the primary determinant of the QGs. The muscle type greatly influenced the meat qualities, sensory properties, and fatty acid profiles of Hanwoo meat. In terms of sensory aspects, the muscle type affected the QG for tenderness and juiciness, with the LT being more desirable than the SM for all the sensory attributes. SM meat is potentially beneficial for human health because it has a lower amount of unhealthy saturated fatty acids and a greater amount of healthier polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially essential fatty acids, than the LT. The present study indicates that carcass based common grading system does not reflect the real value of SM meat.

Contribution analysis of carcass traits and seasonal effect on auction price for Hanwoo steers

Contribution analysis of carcass traits and seasonal effect on auction price for Hanwoo steers

Effect of supplementation of acetaminophen on the intake and growth of Hanwoo steers in summer

Effect of supplementation of acetaminophen on the intake and growth of Hanwoo steers in summer

Discrimination study between carcass yield and meat quality by gender in Korean native cattle (Hanwoo).

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify a distribution pattern of meat quality grade (MQG) as a function of carcass yield index (CYI) and the gender of Hanwoo (bull, cow, and steer) to determine the optimum point between both yield and quality. We also attempted to identify how pre- and post-deboning variables affect the gender-specific beef quality of Hanwoo.MethodsA total of 31 deboning variables, consisting of 7 pre-deboning and 24 post-deboning variables from bulls (n = 139), cows (n = 69), and steers (n = 153), were obtained from the National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS) in South Korea. The database was reconstructed to be suitable for a statistical significance test between the CYI and the MQG as well as classification of meat quality. Discriminant function analysis was used for classifying MQG using the deboning parameters of Hanwoo by gender.ResultsThe means of CYI according to 1+, 1, 2, and 3 of MQG were 68.64±2.02, 68.85± 1.94, 68.62±5.88, and 70.99±3.32, respectively. High carcass yield correlated with low-quality grade, while high-quality meat most frequently was obtained from steers. The classification ability of pre-deboning parameters was higher than that of post-deboning parameters. Moisture and the shear force were the common significant parameters in all discriminant functions having a classification accuracy of 80.6%, 71%, and 56.9% for the bull, cow, and steer, respectively.ConclusionThis study provides basic information for predicting the meat quality by gender using pre-deboning variables consistent with the actual grading index.