Hand Washing Methods Research Articles

Impact of In-Home Handwashing Stations on Hand Hygiene During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Unpiped Rural Alaska Native Homes.

More than 3300 rural Alaska Native homes lack piped water, impeding hand hygiene. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention partnered with 10 Tribal communities and regional Tribal health organizations to install a low-cost, intermediate-technology water and sanitation system, the Miniature Portable Alternative Sanitation System (Mini-PASS). We assessed the impact of the Mini-PASS handwashing station on handwashing, other water-related uses, and problems encountered over time. In this pre-postintervention study, we conducted semi-structured interviews by telephone seasonally with representatives of 71 households with the Mini-PASS from February 2021 through November 2022 to assess the impact of the units on water use and health. Before Mini-PASS installation, all participating households primarily used washbasins for handwashing. Postintervention, more than 70% of households reported using the Mini-PASS as their primary handwashing method in all 3 follow-up intervals (3, 6-9, and 12 months postintervention). The proportion of households using the handwashing station for other household tasks increased during 12 months, from 51.4% (19 of 37) at 3 months postintervention to 77.8% (21 of 27) at 12 months postintervention. Although approximately 20% to 40% of households reported problems with their handwashing station during the 12 months postintervention, a large proportion of interviewees (47% to 60%) said they were able to conduct repairs themselves. Households in rural Alaska quickly adopted the Mini-PASS for hand hygiene and other needs and were largely able to troubleshoot problems themselves. Further research evaluating the impact of improved handwashing behaviors facilitated by the Mini-PASS should be conducted.

Fog Hand Wash Machine to Save Water

The global challenge of water scarcity calls for innovative solutions to conserve this precious resource. In response, the fog hand wash machine emerges as a promising technology aimed at revolutionizing hand hygiene practices while minimizing water consumption. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the fog hand wash machine, detailing its design, functionality, and potential impact on water conservation efforts. By utilizing a fine mist of water droplets, this machine effectively cleans hands with significantly less water compared to conventional hand washing methods. Moreover, its compact size and user-friendly interface make it suitable for various settings, including homes, public facilities, and healthcare environments. The fog hand wash machine not only addresses water scarcity concerns but also contributes to promoting hygiene practices, thereby enhancing public health outcomes. This abstract highlights the significance of integrating innovative technologies like the fog hand wash machine into sustainable water management strategies for a more resilient and water-efficient future. Keywords: Fog hand wash machine, Water-saving technology, Hand hygiene, Water conservation, Sustainability, Public health, Innovation, Environmental impact, Hygiene practices, Water scarcity.

Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory profile of patients presenting with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) in Ethiopia.

Data regarding patients presenting with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) illness have not adequately been documented which provides distinct insights into low-resource settings like Ethiopia. Thus, the study aimed to compare epidemiological, clinical and laboratory profiles of patients presenting with acute respiratory syndrome illness in Addis Ababa Ethiopia. We used a comparative cross-sectional study design among patients with SARS-CoV-2 illness at St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from October 2020 to September 2021. Using a structured questionnaire a consecutive sampling technique was applied to collect socio-demographic data. Additionally, nasal swabs were collected to confirm SARS-CoV-2 infection using a Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Blood samples were also collected from the participants for laboratory profiles (hematological tests like; white blood cell count, hematocrit, and platelet count; and biochemical and enzymatic tests like; aspartate transaminase (AST), creatinine, etc) analysis. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 and p-values ≤0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Of the total 413 participants presenting with SARS-CoV-2 illness, 250 (60.5%) participants tested positive for COVID-19 disease. COVID-19 patients were less likely to use an alcohol-based method of hand washing (12.5% vs 87.5%; p = 0.048). The COVID-19 patients had a higher proportion of headache (67.3% vs 32.7%, p = 0.001), sore throat (72.5% vs 27.5%, p = 0.001), and loss of sense of taste (74.4% vs 25.6%, p = 0.002). Patients with COVID-19 have significantly higher neutrophil than their counterparts (68.2% vs 31.8%; p = 0.001). Similarly, creatinine (64.9% vs 35.1%, p = 0.001) from renal function and alkaline phosphatase (66.8% vs 33.2%, p = 0.046) in the liver function tests were significantly higher in the COVID-19 patients. Our findings suggest the need to substantially consider headache, sore throat, and loss of taste as potential clinical diagnostic symptoms for early screening and testing. Elevation of neutrophil, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase profiles are also used for potential diagnostic biomarkers in screening and testing suspected patients.

Handwashing Training for Hotel Employees to Reduce the Incidence f Traveler Diarrhea Disease in Tourists

Traveler diarrhea is known as Bali's belly and is often suffered by foreign tourists who visit Bali Island. These activities aimed to see the diarrhea status and knowledge level of hotel employees of the hand washing method. We held this community devotion at a hotel in the Kalibukbuk District, Buleleng – Bali Province, in April 2023. The objective of these activities was for all the hotel employees, a number 44 people. The subjects were chosen by the total sampling method. The inclusion criteria are the hotel employees were registered and willing to participate. The inclusion criteria are sick and on duty. The data collected are the results of a complete fecal laboratory and the level of knowledge about excellent and correct hand washing. Complete fecal data was collected by observation, while knowledge level data was collected by the self-administered questionnaire method. Furthermore, the data were analyzed in a univariate descriptive. Of the forty-four service participants, twenty-one were willing to collect fecal samples. The results of laboratory tests were obtained 100% of the hotel staff had complete fecal results within normal limits based on indicators of color, texture, fecal consistency, the appearance of bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, blood, lenders, pus, meat fiber, sugar and fat in feces and potential fecal, hydrogen (pH). The staff's knowledge level score about handwashing increased from 75.7 before counseling to 99.2 after counseling. Hotel employees are free from traveler's diarrheal disease and their level of knowledge increases after being given a campaign on proper and correct handwashing methods. So, it is advisable to routinely conduct fecal examinations once every one year and keep. Updating the knowledge and skills of staff in washing hands appropriately and correctly as an effort to prevent disease, especially travelers' diarrhea.

Comparative Recovery of Serratia marcescens Using Bags versus Gloves as Described in ASTM E1174-21 Health Care Personnel Handwash Method.

The ASTM E1174-21 Health Care Personnel Handwash method is prescribed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to demonstrate the efficacy of antiseptic handwashing products. The standardized method allows for marker bacteria to be collected from the hands by using either a bag or a glove. Two recent studies utilizing the different collection methods testing the same product showed substantial differences in results. We sponsored two independent studies to compare the bag and glove collection methods following contamination with Serratia marcescens. Overall, there was no difference between collection methods for bacteria recovered (P = 0.603). The distribution of recovery for the bag method was slightly less variable than for the glove method. Statistical differences were observed within each lab based on the collection day. The day-to-day variability is critical to consider for future multiple-day studies. Additionally, hand size appears to impact recovery, especially for the glove method, with both small and medium hand sizes resulting in higher recovery than large and extralarge hand sizes (P = 0.015), whereas hand size did not impact recovery with the bag method (P = 0.315). While it appears that both the bag and glove methods can be used, our findings suggest that gloves may not be the best option for subjects with large to extra-large hands. Additional work looking at bacterial recovery following product treatment is warranted to understand the impact of large hands in the bag versus glove recovery method. IMPORTANCE Antiseptic hand wash products are evaluated using the standard ASTM E1174-21 to demonstrate their antibacterial efficacy. Often products are tested at multiple labs, and the need to understand variables that may play a role in the outcome of the study is important. This work allows us to evaluate the impact that the two collection methods, bags and gloves, have on bacteria recovery. If differences are observed, standardization to one method may be critical to ensure similar test results when planning studies at multiple labs.

COVID-19 Vaccine Evolution and Beyond.

In December 2019, a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) was first reported in China. It would quickly spread and emerge as a COVID-19 pandemic. The illness caused by SARS CoV-2 would fall on a clinical spectrum ranging from asymptomatic, mild to severe respiratory symptoms, ARDS, and death. This led to significant morbidity and mortality further impacting at-risk populations with severe complications. Thus, a concerted worldwide effort to meet the challenges of diagnosing, treating, and preventing COVID-19 led to rapid advances in medicine. Some mitigating methods of masking, social distancing, and frequent handwashing, helped to slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Effective therapeutics consisting of antivirals and monoclonal antibodies, plus their use for prophylaxis, contributed to the management of COVID-19. The vaccines from various platforms (mRNA, viral vectors, protein base, and inactivated) contributed to decreased incidence, severity, and overall decreased hospitalizations and mortality. This article aims to review the novel mRNA vaccines (Moderna + Pfizer/BioNTech), viral vector (Janssen& Johnson), and protein base (Novavax), their side effects, and their use as boosters.

Dermal measurement of exposure to plant protection products: Actual hand exposure from hand washing vs. wearing cotton gloves.

For the authorization of plant protection products, a quantitative non-dietary exposure risk assessment relies on established dermal exposure models, measured mainly using passive dosimetry. Exposure to the hands is determined via hand washing or using cotton gloves as a surrogate for skin. This study compared both methods using operator exposure data available from the Agricultural Operator Exposure Model (AOEM) project report. These data indicate that hand exposure determined using cotton gloves resulted in markedly higher exposure values for all exposure scenarios compared to those determined by hand washes. One explanation for this is that dermal uptake of the residues reduces the amount of residue that can be recovered by hand washing. Uncertainty due to dermal uptake can be addressed by either default assumptions or by specific dermal absorption data. However, this cannot solely account for the large difference observed between the values and is mainly likely to be due to the higher capacity of the cotton gloves vs. human skin to retain residues. The results further indicate that the variability between hand wash samples and cotton glove samples differs between the exposure scenarios. Hence, the level of conservatism related to the use of cotton gloves as surrogate skin remains unknown. In conclusion, this evaluation of the AOEM data indicates that the cotton glove method results in much higher levels of measured hand exposure than the hand wash method. It cannot be excluded that dermal uptake has contributed to that result. However, the findings suggest the higher retention capacity of cotton gloves vs. human skin to be the main impact parameter. The cotton glove method does not provide the results with regards to the protection level that can be expected from the use of protective gloves. Therefore, we believe that the application of the hand wash method is a more accurate measure of exposure levels, if either specific dermal absorption data or, in its absence, default assumptions are applied as adjustment factor.

Education On Female Student Of Ar-Rohmah Islamic Boarding Junior High School To Improving Healthy Live Behavior During Pandemic Covid-19

Background:Learning in schools has been carried out face-to-face, but the COVID-19 pandemic is not over yet. Implementation of health protocols properly and correctly is needed to prevent transmission of the virus in the school environment. However, many students still do not understand how to wash their hands in 6 steps and use protective equipment properly. Objective: To improve a healthy lifestyle for students at SMP Ar-Rohmah Islamic Boarding School during the pandemic Covid-19. Methods: The dedication is carried out with an educational method in the form of hands-on practice on the 6 steps of hand washing and how to use protective equipment correctly. Results: After receiving education, students can apply the 6-step hand washing method and use protective equipment properly and independently. Conclusion: The education that has been carried out has enabled the female students at SMP Ar-Rohmah Islamic Boarding School to apply 6 steps of hand washing and use PPE properly and independently.

Assessment of dermal exposure to pesticides among farmers using dosimeter and hand washing methods.

Inappropriate use of pesticides followed by unsafe handling practices to control the insect infestation among the farming groups in developing countries has resulted in a high exposure risk. The use of personal protective equipment is also negligible among Indian farmers due to their affordability to access the same. Very little research has been conducted to establish an exposure assessment procedure through dermal penetration of pesticide residues. Therefore, to quantify the contamination of pesticide residues through dermal exposure along with detailed field observations and pesticide management practices, a field study was conducted in Rangareddy district, Telangana, Southern India, to assess the dermal exposure based on dosimeter and hand washing methods. The analytical method was modified and validated in-house for performance parameters such as limit of detection, quantification, linear range, recovery, and precision. The potential dermal exposure values ranged from 0.15 to 13.45 μg, while a reduction was found in exposure levels as actual dermal exposure values ranged from 0 to 0.629 μg. Contamination through hand washing was the major contributor to overall dermal exposure. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in the exposed dermal regions of the leg and torso after the use of PPE. Penetration factor for each anatomical region and risk evaluation in terms of the Margin of Safety implies unsafe handling of pesticides. The findings of the present study confirm the increased exposure to organophosphate pesticides among operators and highlight the importance of the use of protective measures, especially among those that focus on dermal exposure mitigation.

A modified hand washing method for resource limited settings.

The Good Microbiological Practices & Procedures (GMPP) is the most significant risk control measure as per the fourth edition of the WHO laboratory biosafety manual. Among GMPP, one of the best practices is hand washing. WHO and other public health agencies have published several guidance documents on hand washing, that describe closing the tap using a disposable paper towel/tissue paper at the end of hand washing as one of the critical steps. In resource-limited settings, where disposable paper towels cannot be provided at all times, the staff is left with ambiguous instructions on how to close the tap. In this paper, a modified hand washing method is documented that doesn't necessitate the use of disposable paper towels. In this method, both hands and faucets remain in contact with soap for at least 40–60 s. The method was validated by the use of Glo Germ. A survey questionnaire was also designed and conducted for the lab staff (n = 12) of the two laboratories, where this method was implemented, to assess whether this hand washing method brought any improvement in their hand washing practices and implementation. All (100%) of the survey respondents reported that this method of hand washing is more applicable and implementable than the WHO-recommended hand washing technique. Eighty three percentage reported that this modified method of hand washing raised their hand washing compliance. The authors suggest that this hand washing method can be used in resource-limited laboratory settings as an effective GMPP to ensure infection control.

Comparison of Improved Surgical Eight-Step Handwashing Combined with ATP Fluorescence in Detecting the Infection Rate at the Site of Seven-Step Surgical Handwashing and 30-Day Orthopaedic Surgery: A Randomized Study.

Objectives To compare the effects of two hand cleaning schemes on the prevention of surgical site infection in routine orthopaedic surgery. Compared with the standard surgical seven-step washing technique and detected by ATP fluorescence method, the handwashing effects of the improved surgical eight-step washing technique and the standard surgical seven-step washing technique were compared, so as to provide a basis for eliminating the handwashing blind area of the surgical seven step washing technique and improving the surgical handwashing method. Methods A total of 800 consecutive patients who underwent clean and clean-contaminated orthopaedic surgery between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2020. Twenty orthopaedic doctors in the operating room of our research team were randomly divided into the improved eight-step washing technique group (improved group) and the traditional seven-step washing technique group (traditional group), with 10 people in each group. Each person was randomly sampled 40 times, 400 people in each group, a total of 800 people, and completed by stages in 12 months. Main Outcome Measures. The infection rate of surgical site 30 days after operation was the primary end point. The qualified rate of fingertip culture was combined with ATP fluorescence in the two groups and three new culture areas in the two groups: the lateral edge of the palm, the medial edge of the palm, and the nail groove of the middle finger and the nail root were secondary end points. Results The 2 protocols were comparable in regard to surgical site infection risk factors. The infection rate of surgical site in the traditional group was 10 cases (2.50%) in 400 cases and 0 cases (0%) in the improved group. Three culture areas were added: the qualified rate of lateral edge of palm, medial edge of palm, and nail groove and nail root of middle finger, and the nosocomial infection rate of surgical incision between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the qualified rate of fingertip culture (P > 0.05). The handwashing scheme in this study meets the recommended duration of hand disinfection and has good tolerance, and the skin dryness and skin irritation after using aqueous solution are similar. Conclusions The improved surgical eight-step washing technique combined with ATP fluorescence detection is helpful to eliminate the “blind area” of handwashing. It is also necessary to add three training areas. Handwashing and training are more scientific, rigorous, and effective. They are effective in reducing orthopaedic surgical infection and have application value. They can safely replace the traditional surgical seven-step washing technique, which is worthy of clinical promotion.

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) Among Food Handlers regarding Hand Hygiene in Galkayo District Somalia.

BACKGROUNDGlobally there is an estimated 1.7 billion cases of diarrheal disease caused by lack of proper hand hygiene annually (13). The highest proportions of the burden of infectious diseases related the lack of proper hand hygiene occurs in the middle- and low-income countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, In developing countries (Including Somalia) diarrhea (due to poor Hand hygiene) ranks as the second leading cause of death among children below the age of 5 years accounting for about 18 % of all the deaths. Africa and South East Asia accounts for about 78% of all the diarrhea related deaths among children below 5 years (16).&#x0D; OBJECTIVETo assess the level of the knowledge, Attitude and Practice among Food handlers regarding the hand hygiene in Galkayo District, Somalia.&#x0D; METHODOLOGYThe study employed a descriptive cross-sectional study design where data was collected using semi structured questionnaires. Simple random sampling was employed to identify respondents of the study. The data analysis was done using Excel.RESULTS&#x0D; The study presented using by tables and graphs. Ethical clearance was sought from Puntland Ministry of Health, the administration of Galkayo district and respondents respectively.Respondents in this study showed low knowledge about the hand hygiene where 75.4% of them have not enough knowledge about the hygienic methods of hand washing. Also this study shows that 59% of the respondents have negative attitude toward the hand hygiene practice.CONCLUSIONIn this study provides evidence that there are low rates of knowledge and negative attitude about the proper hand hygiene practice in Galkayo city, Somalia. Additionally the data suggests that hand washing before handling the food has significant influence on the rate of many infectious diseases in the city.

Formulations and Antibacterial Activity of Moringa oleifera Extract in Hand Sanitizer Gel against Staphylococcus aureus

Background: Recent studies have demonstrated that the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is possible in the form of aerosol and fomite. Thus, hand hygiene is of utmost significance. Hand sanitizer is often used as a practical hand washing method. Purpose: This study aims to study the effectiveness of Moringa leaves extract as an antibacterial ingredient in hand sanitizer gel. Methods: Moringa leaves extract was obtained by maceration in 70% alcohol solution. The hand sanitizer formula consists of carbomer, propylene glycol, glycerin, methylparaben, and triethanolamine. The hand sanitizer gel was prepared using three formulas with different extract concentrations. The quality of the hand sanitizer gel was analyzed, including the gel acidity (pH), organoleptic, the inhibitory ability of bacterial growth against Staphylococcus aureus, and the gel dispersion.Results: This study showed that Formula III has the highest inhibitory area against S. aureus. The gel acidity (pH) was found at around 4 for all the formulas, safe for use on the skin. The organoleptic test showed no irritation to the skin for all three formulas. However, they demonstrated low dispersity. Conclusion: Moringa leaves extract is effective as an antibacterial in hand sanitizer gel.

Praktik Pembuatan Hand sanitizer Sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Penyakit yang Diakibatkan oleh Virus

Using of hand sanitizers is an important step in preventing the spread of the virus, but the proliferation of new hand sanitizers that do not meet standards demands that people choose wisely. The existence of a policy that the community may make their own hand sanitizers also needs to be balanced with an increase in people's understanding of how to make them correctly. Activity starting with coordination, preparation, implementation and evaluation through question and answer. This service was preceded by counseling about infectious diseases how to prevent them. One way to prevent it is washing hands properly. Firstly, choose soap, but if difficult to get water, a hand sanitizer is a solution. Furthermore, counseling about hand sanitizers in the form of selecting hand sanitizers according to standards, making hand sanitizers through video presentation and proper hand washing methods. Team makes hand sanitizers at the Biotechnology and Engineering Laboratory for the implementation of sterilization to labeling. The video shows the preparation stages in the form of sterilizing the equipment, measuring, mixing, filling, packaging and labeling. The community is given hand sanitizer samples as well so that people can see examples of hand sanitizer labels and important components that should be there. During the question and answer session, most of them answered correctly, were able to choose and understand hand sanitizer formulas meet standards requirement and knew how to wash their hands properly so that it was hoped that they could prevent diseases caused by viruses.

Occupation-Related Biological Health Hazards and Infection Control Practices among Indian Veterinarians

Veterinarians experience different types of health hazards from their occupation. Studies on the prevalence and occurrence of biological health hazards in veterinary medicine in India are scant and probably underreported. Thus, we sought to assess the biological health hazards and infection control practices (ICPs) among veterinarians from the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra, India. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among veterinarians (n = 562) from Gujarat and Maharashtra states in India to identify biological health hazards and ICPs for the prevention of occupational health hazards during 2016–2017 by personally contacting them. Responses regarding a biological hazard and ICPs were recorded. Descriptive analysis was attempted, and continuous variables are presented as the mean ± SD. Categorical variables are reported as counts and percentages (%). Most of the veterinarians (49.3%) worked in the field and were continuously exposed to different types of biological health hazards, especially zoonoses, ranging from mild and self-limiting to fatal diseases (e.g., brucellosis (subclinical and clinical form) and rabies (fatal)) without common prophylactic vaccinations, such as rabies and tetanus. While inquiring medical health status of the veterinarians, only 35.8% of the total respondents underwent a routine medical health checkup within the past year, and 56.9% did not receive a routine dose of an anthelmintic for deworming. Forty-nine percent of the respondents took all necessary precautions, including wearing an apron, facemask, and gloves. In contrast, 10.2% of the respondents wore only an apron, and 8.4% of respondents did not take any precautions while performing their day-to-day work. In total, 40.2% of the respondents followed the proper method of handwashing, that is, washing hands between patient examinations. In contrast, 27.9% of the respondents washed their hands once after completing the work. The majority of the respondents (87.7%) reported an urgent need for occupational hazards and safety (OHS) training in continued veterinary education (CVE) programs. The present study demonstrates that veterinarians in the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra in India pay less attention to their own health that may increase the risk of occupation-related biological health hazards. These results suggest that safety and ICPs are not prioritized, which are serious concerns. These findings may be useful for developing policies to prevent occupationally related biological health hazards among veterinarians in India.

Edukasi Pencegahan Corona Virus Disease (Covid19) dalam Menghadapi New Normal melalui Whatsapp Group di Desa Pematang Lumut Kecamatan Betara

The rise of the spread of covid-19 in the world, including Indonesia, especially in Pematang Lumut Village, Tangung Jabung Barat Regency, Jambi Province, worries all parties. Corona virus is a pandemic disease in 2019, where one of the handling and prevention can be done by complying with health protocols. Community service activities were carried out in November-December 2020 with a discussion method and conveying material and pictorial posters related to the corana virus sent via Whatsapp Group. In this pictorial poster there are 4 things, namely (1) Education about Covid-19, (2) Good and Correct Hand Washing Methods, (3) Social Distancing, (4) How to Use Masks. This community service activity begins with a pre-test and ends with a post-test online survey regarding the level of compliance with health protocols during the new normal. This Community Service (PKM) aims to be used as a source of knowledge for the people of Pematang Lumut Village, Betara District, Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, and can help pay more attention to and comply with health protocols in undergoing New Normal. The results of this activity which were evaluated both through Google Form and the question and answer via Whatsapp Group, were that the average community was satisfied and experienced an increase in understanding of COVID-19 prevention by complying with health protocols.

Correct Handwashing Education According to WHO Guidelines at MI Muhammadiyah Needs Magelang District

At the beginning of 2020, the world was shocked by the emergence of a new disease outbreak, Covid-19, which was caused by the SARS COV-2 virus. The school environment is one of the places that is vulnerable to the spread of this virus. An effective preventive measure against the spread of Covid-19 is the application of clean and healthy living habits (PHBS) in the school environment, one of which is the habit of washing hands. However, not all residents in the school understand how to wash their hands properly. The purpose of this service activity is to provide education about proper hands washing according to WHO for MI Muhammadiyah Need in Magelang Regency. The material needed for the implementation of the activity is a hand sanitizer liquid made from 70% active alcohol as a hand disinfectant. Implementation of community service activities using demonstration methods and hands-on practice of hands washing according to WHO. Based on this service activity, not all members of the MI Muhammadiyah Need was known the steps for hands washing properly according to WHO. Through this service, school residents are given knowledge and practice the 8 steps of hand washing according to WHO using a handsanitizer. Thus, school residents are expected to be able to apply proper hand washing methods in their daily life and socialize it to other individuals school residents are given knowledge and practice the 8 steps of hand washing according to WHO using a handsanitizer. Thus, school residents are expected to be able to apply proper hand washing methods in their daily life and socialize it to other individuals school residents are given knowledge and practice the 8 steps of hand washing according to WHO using a handsanitizer. Thus, school residents are expected to be able to apply proper hand washing methods in their daily life and socialize it to other individuals

Risk Factors of the Occurrence of Diarrhea in Children Under Five Years Old In Indonesia (Riskesdas 2013 and 2018 Data Analysis)

Diarrhea is one of the main causes of under-five mortality in the world, including Indonesia. Indonesia’s Infant Mortality Rate is 32 per 1000 births with diarrhea as the largest contributor at the age of 12-59 months. This study aims to identify the risk factors of diarrhea in children under five in Indonesia. The research design was a cross-sectional study using secondary data from Riskesdas 2013 and 2018. The sample is 176,275 toddlers. Bivariate and multivariate analysis used STATA. The final model of multivariate analysis showed that the risk factors were male (AOR=1.12, 95%CI=1.06-1.17) in 2013; (AOR=1.12, 95%CI=1.07-1.17) in 2018, poor nutritional status (AOR=1.27, 95%CI=1.18-1.36) in 2013; (AOR=1.18, 95%CI=1.05-1.33) in 2018, maternal age:10-24 years old (AOR=1.19, 95%CI=1.14-1.23) in 2013; (AOR= 1.19, 95%CI=1.14-1.23) in 2018, maternal education level:graduated from elementary school/equivalent (AOR=1.21, 95%CI=1.16-1.27) in 2013; (AOR=1.21, 95%CI=1.17-1.26) in 2018, mother’s hand washing without soap (AOR= 1.21, 95%CI=1.15-1.28) in 2013; (AOR=1.12, 95%CI=1.07-1.18) in 2018, did not use a latrine (AOR=1.25, 95%CI=1.17-1.33) in 2013; (AOR=1.24, 95%CI=1.16-1.33) in 2018. It can be concluded that the risk factors of diarrhea in children under five were gender, nutritional status, mother’s education, mother’s age, mother’s hand washing method and use of latrines.

Mutfak Departmanı Personelinin Kişisel Hijyen Bilgi ve Uygulamaları: Şanlıurfa İli Konaklama İşletmelerinde Bir Uygulama

One of the important perceptions in evaluating the competitiveness of tourism enterprises is hygiene. Hygiene includes elements that prevent diseases and eliminate existing dangers for body integrity and health. Food-borne diseases become a common health problem in the event that personnel working in the kitchen departments of accommodation businesses lack personal hygiene knowledge and practices. In this study, it was aimed to determine the hygiene knowledge and practices of the personnel working in the kitchen departments of the accommodation establishments of different statuses, including hotels, hostels, apart hotels and boutique hotels, operating in Sanliurfa City Center. Within the scope of the research, 17 accommodation establishments were reached and a questionnaire form was applied to 207 kitchen personnel. The questionnaire form consists of three parts and a total of 40 questions. As a result of the analysis made; Although the personnel participating in the research know the effects of body bath in terms of cleanliness, the method of hand washing in accordance with the hygiene rules, dental health, and the correct application for nasal cleaning; It was concluded that she did not know the way of cutting her finger and toenails and the best application for cleaning her hair and feet.

A Cross-sectional Survey of Chinese Secondary School Students on Infectious Disease Prevention during the COVID-19 Outbreak

Objective: Improving secondary school students’ knowledge and behaviors toward infectious disease prevention is key to promoting their health. In this study, we evaluated secondary school students’ infectious disease prevention literacy, determined the sources of knowledge acquisition, and identified deficiencies in education programs. Methods: A questionnaire was disseminated through social media from February 1-5, 2020, starting from selected class group chats of students in Shaanxi, Gansu, and Jiangsu provinces. A total of 1761 responses were collected. The male-to-female ratio was 1.08:1. The chi-square test was employed to analyze data. Results: Most respondents reported that they were familiar with the standard 7-step handwashing method. Most respondents reported that their knowledge and behaviors of infectious disease prevention were mainly acquired through the Internet. The vast majority of respondents believed that more education programs are needed in secondary schools. Conclusions: Secondary school students’ knowledge and behaviors toward infectious disease prevention need to be improved. Infectious disease prevention programs on campuses should be increased in quantity, enriched in scope, refined in form, and improved in coherence and continuity.