Handover Management Scheme Research Articles

Rate-stabilized and load-balanced handover management for subway hybrid LiFi and WiFi networks

In this paper, a subway interchange mobility (SIM) model is first proposed to simulate the interchange behavior of users in the subway scenario. Then, an event-triggered distributed network architecture is presented and employed in the subway hybrid light-fidelity (LiFi) and wireless-fidelity (WiFi) networks (HLWNets). Next, a rate-stabilized and load-balanced handover management scheme for subway HLWNets is developed. By using the event triggering mechanism, the proposed architecture can significantly reduce the measurement reports uploaded by users. By the proposed handover method, not only the network load can be balanced with very low complexity, but also the data rate of users is stabilized without compromising network throughput. Finally, by simulation, the effectiveness of the proposed method has been demonstrated. Simulation results show that the proposed architecture reduces up to 92.67% in the number of measurement reports compared to the conventional periodical structure. Moreover, the proposed handover method decreases the fluctuation index by 13.5% and 25%, respectively, compared to the standard and separate optimization algorithm (SOA)-based handover methods. Besides, the proposed method also has significant advantages in terms of Jain's fairness index and user satisfaction.

MILIMETER-WAVE MASSIVE MIMO: A PROMISING TECHNOLOGY FOR NEW AND EMERGING NETWORKS

This paper presents a review of the mm Wave technology and the massive MIMO technology first as individual technologies detailing their potentials and challenges. It also presents a review of the combined technologies, their channel models, various spectrum, interference and handover management schemes as a promising technology for new and emerging networks.

Three-Phase Handover Management and Access Point Transition Scheme for Dynamic Load Balancing in Hybrid LiFi/WiFi Networks.

Since LiFi and WiFi do not interfere with one another, a LiFi/WiFi hybrid network may provide superior performance to existing wireless options. With a large number of users and constant changes, a network can easily become overloaded, leading to slowdowns and fluctuations in data transfer speeds. Handover (HO) increases significantly with an increase in users, which can negatively impact system performance and quality of service (QoS) due to connection loss and/or delay. Innovative three-phase handover management and AP transition (TPHM-APT) is proposed with the goals of maintaining a steady link with reduced HOs for all connected users, meeting high per-user data rates, and having low outage performance. The proposed scheme primarily focuses on reducing the total number of HOs, which improves reliability and keeps user densities low on individual LiFi APs, which conserves bandwidth and energy. Conventional methods of HO management and user assignment, such as those based on signal strength strategy (SSS), involve reallocating users to a different AP the moment they encounter a HO. Our technique consists of three stages that focus on the optical gain, the incidence angle of the receiver FOV, and user mobility speed for decision-making. Specifically, a data rate threshold (DRT), which is equivalent to the data rate gained from the optical gain, is used to determine whether users must be served by a LiFi or a WiFi AP. In addition, an incidence angle threshold (IAT) is identified to manage the handover process and user AP transition with the consideration of the user mobility threshold (UMT). The proposed method considers load balancing (LB) among all connected users as well. This approach is evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations with MATLAB. Mathematical expressions are derived to analyze the performance of the proposed method. Different aspects, for example, Outage Probability, HO Overhead, User density, System Average Throughput (SAT), and Average Data Rate Requirement (ADRR), are studied. Analysis shows performance gains in overall system performance in terms of system data rates, fairness, and HO rates. Simulation results show that against the standard HO scheme and traditional HO skipping and APA methods, the proposed scheme can effectively decrease HO rates, save LiFi resources, and increase user throughput. It also shows good correspondence to the analysis and reveals the associated trade-offs that occur when moving between the span of narrow to wide FOVs and vice versa (HO rates and APS). The proposed scheme achieves almost identical results for low-density and high-density systems as well, with different ADRR and HO overhead values.

Handover Management for D2D Communication in 5G Networks

This study addresses the handover management issue for Device-to-Device communication in fifth-generation (5G) networks. The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) drafted a standard for proximity services (ProSe), also named device-to-device (D2D) communication, which is a promising technology in offering higher throughput and lower latency services to end users. Handover is an essential issue in wireless mobile networks due to the mobility of user equipment (UE). Specifically, we need to transfer an ongoing connection from an old E-UTRAN Node B (eNB) to a new one, so that the UE can retain its connectivity. In the data plane, both parties of a D2D pair can communicate directly with each other without the involvement of the base station. However, in the control plane, devices must be connected to the eNB for tasks such as power control and resource allocation. In the current standard of handover scheme, the number of unnecessary handovers would be increased by the effect of shadowing fading on two devices. More important, the handover mechanism for D2D pairs is not standardized yet. LTE-A only considers the handover procedure of a single user. Therefore, when a D2D pair moves across cell boundaries, the control channels of the two UEs may connect to different base stations and result in increased latency due to the exchange of D2D related control messages. Hence, we propose a handover management scheme for D2D communication to let both parties of a D2D pair handover to the same destination eNB at the same time. By doing so, the number of unnecessary handovers, as well as the handover latency, can be reduced. In the proposed method, we predict the destination eNB of D2D users based on their movements and the received signal characteristics. Subsequently, we make a handover decision for each D2D pair by jointly factoring in the signal quality and connection stability. Expected improvement can be attained, as revealed in the simulation. Unnecessary handover can be avoided. Consequently, both UEs of a D2D pair reside in the same cell and, therefore, result in increased throughput and decreased delay.

A two-tier machine learning-based handover management scheme for intelligent vehicular networks

With the increasing demand for real-time road safety services and infotainment applications on vehicles, the development of an efficient wireless mobile communication became crucial for the content delivery of such services in Intelligent Vehicular Networks (IVN). Mobility management enables mobile hosts to communicate over the Internet from foreign networks. However, vehicles' high mobility and the rapid shifts in network topology affect the performance of traditional mobility management protocols. Hence, raising the challenge for seamless wireless communications over IVN. In this paper, we propose a two-tier Machine Learning-based scheme for handover management in intelligent vehicular networks. In the first tier, we use a recurrent neural network model to predict the receiving signal strength of Access Points (APs), to derive a handover trigger decision. In the second tier, a stochastic Markov model is used to select the next access point by utilizing the vehicle flow projections. The performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated using NS-2 simulator and generated vehicles mobility. Simulation results show that the proposed ML-based model outperformed related work in term of prediction accuracy, while the integration of the handover trigger scheme and the access point selection method improved network performance.

Mobility management on 5G Vehicular Cloud Computing systems

Fifth generation (5G) Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) systems use heterogeneous network access technologies to fulfill the requirements of modern services. Multiple services with different Quality of Service (QoS) constraints could be available in each vehicle, while at the same time, user requirements and provider policies must be addressed. Therefore, the design of efficient Vertical Handover (VHO) management schemes for 5G-VCC infrastructures is needed. In this paper, a novel VHO management scheme for 5G-VCC systems is proposed. Whenever the user satisfaction grade becomes less than a predefined threshold, VHO is initiated and network selection is performed, considering the velocity of the vehicle, network characteristic criteria such as throughput, delay, jitter and packet loss, as well as provider policy criteria such as service reliability, security and price. The proposed scheme uses linguistic values for VHO criteria attributes represented by Interval Valued Pentagonal Fuzzy Numbers (IVPFNs) to express the information using membership intervals. The VHO scheme is applied to a 5G-VCC system which includes 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and IEEE 802.16 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) Macrocells and Femtocells, as well as IEEE 802.11p Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE) Road Side Units (RSUs). Performance evaluation shows that the suggested method ensures the Always Best Connection (ABC) principle, while at the same time outperforms existing VHO management schemes.

QoS Aware Predictive Radio Resource Management Approach Based on MIH Protocol

The vision of next-generation wireless networks is based on the heterogeneity of different types of radio access technologies such as LTE/LTE-Advanced, WiMax, and Wi-Fi to achieve the demand of high data rate and good quality of service (QoS) to support multimedia streaming at accuracy levels. As a significant key toward achieving this objective, vertical handover management schemes have been broadly treated in the literature. This later mechanism could be redefined as a process of reallocating resources as result of roaming user from one technology to another. Therefore, the addressed issue is not only how to ensure a seamless mobility and end-to-end QoS guarantee but also how to reassign resource when requested and use all offered capacity without underuse it or overuse it. In this context, we propose a new scheme that involves vertical handover process and resource control mechanism by explicitly using multiple challenges to achieve a load balancing among available radio access technologies in order to improve average system utilization. From the radio resource management point of view, our optimized vertical handover procedure has the three following phases: 1) resource allocation estimation; 2) radio resource allocation decision; and 3) radio resources allocation and allocation notification. Detailed simulation analysis illustrates that our scheme is not complex as well as its ability to provide good performance in terms of overall QoS satisfaction in the system.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Optimization of QoS parameters using scheduling techniques in heterogeneous network

Multimedia applications in wireless communication have been increased in recent years. A variety of wireless access technologies is introduced for various needs. The abundant increase in mobile computing devices and different networking systems leads to the support of user's mobility on heterogeneous network. In general, the roaming users migrate between two different wireless technologies and their service must be supported by vertical handover (HO). Since the roaming users expect a rapid handover experience while switching from one wireless network to another, the handover operation must be enhanced by the networks. Various wireless technologies such as wireless LAN, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), and the 3G Partnership Project (3GPP) are interlaced to support many wireless services in rural, urban, and global scenarios. Moreover, quality of service (QoS) has become more significant in many applications where wireless network resources are utilized. In this paper, a handover management scheme is proposed for QoS enhancement in roaming users between WiMAX and WLAN by subscribers of networks belonging to the 3GPP standards. The proposed algorithms genetic queuing, proportionally fair queuing, and WiMAX aware load balancing are analyzed in the scheduling process during handover. The simulation is implemented using NS---2 and the experimental results are obtained for the proposed algorithms and compared with the standard scheme.

Enabling multimedia aware vertical handover Management in Internet of Things based heterogeneous wireless networks

Enabling seamless connectivity in Internet of Things (IoT) based heterogeneous wireless networks and pervasive use of smartphones in daily life require high data speed and always-best-connected services. However, providing vertical handover management in heterogeneous wireless networks is a difficult and challenging task. Moreover, various issues are present in the current vertical handover management schemes such as inappropriate handover triggering, high handover delay, wrong network selection, etc. In order to address the aforementioned issues, we propose a generic vertical handover management scheme. Our research is twofold; firstly, the Mobile Node (MN) dynamically checks the data rate required by the applications running on the MN’s device. If the data rate drops below a predefined threshold, the MN initiates the handover. Secondly, the network selection is performed by considering various parameters such as end-to-end delay, jitter, Bit Error Rate, and packet loss. The Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) optimization algorithm uses the above parameters to select the target network with minimum handover delay and time. The proposed scheme is compared with the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW), Weighted Product Method (WPM), Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), and Fuzzy TOPSIS in context of energy consumption, throughput, average MN’s stay time in a network, handover delay, and handover time. The experimental results show that the proposed vertical handover management scheme outperforms the existing schemes used for similar purpose.

Fuzzy based multi-criteria vertical handover decision modeling in heterogeneous wireless networks

Vertical handover gain significant importance due to the enhancements in mobility models by the Fourth Generation (4G) technologies. However, these enhancements are limited to specific scenarios and hence do not provide support for generic mobility. Similarly, various schemes are proposed based on these mobility models but most of them are suffered from the high packet loss, frequent handovers, too early and late handovers, inappropriate network selection, etc. To address these challenges, a generic vertical handover management scheme for heterogeneous wireless networks is proposed in this article. The proposed scheme works in three phases. In the first phase, a handover triggering approach is designed to identify the appropriate place for initiating handover based on the estimated coverage area of a WLAN access point or cellular base station. In the second phase, fuzzy rule based system is designed to eliminate the inappropriate networks before deciding an optimal network for handover. In the third phase, a network selection scheme is developed based on the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) decision mechanism. Various parameters such as delay, jitter, Bit Error Rate (BER), packet loss, communication cost, response time, and network load are considered for selecting an optimal network. The proposed scheme is tested in a mobility scenario with different speeds of a mobile node ranging from very low to very high. The simulation results are compared with the existing decision models used for network selection and handover triggering approaches. The proposed scheme outperforms these schemes in terms of energy consumption, handover delay and time, packet loss, good put, etc.

Handover Management Scheme in SDN-based Wireless LAN

Handover Management Scheme in SDN-based Wireless LAN

A Survey of Context Aware Vertical Handover Management Schemes in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

Modern smartphones and wireless-enabled devices are equipped with a number of interfaces to access multiple networks in heterogeneous wireless networks. Seamless mobility between these networks can be achieved by optimizing parameters related with vertical handover management . This paper presents a detailed review of the recent schemes used for context-aware vertical handover management in heterogeneous wireless networks. In particular, we reviewed user-centric, network centric, and hybrid schemes, and compare them in context of throughput, packet loss ratio, and other advantages such as handover delay, cost, energy, and bandwidth optimization.

Cooperative interference mitigation and handover management for heterogeneous cloud small cell networks

Heterogeneous small cell network has attracted much attention to satisfy users' explosive data traffic requirements. Heterogeneous cloud small cell network (HCSNet), which combines cloud computing and heterogeneous small cell network, will likely play an important role in 5G mobile communication networks. However, with massive deployment of small cells, co-channel interference and handover management are two important problems in HCSNet, especially for cell edge users. In this article, we examine the problems of cooperative interference mitigation and handover management in HCSNet. A network architecture is described to combine cloud radio access network with small cells. An effective coordinated multi-point (CoMP) clustering scheme using affinity propagation is adopted to mitigate cell edge users' interference. A low complexity handover management scheme is presented, and its signaling procedure is analyzed in HCSNet. Numerical results show that the proposed network architecture, CoMP clustering scheme and handover management scheme can significantly increase the capacity of HCSNet while maintaining users' quality of service.

A Vertical Handover Management Scheme based on Decision Modelling in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

ABSTRACTProviding a continuous connection in heterogeneous wireless networks is a challenging job. Traditional approaches are mainly concerned to specific scenarios. These approaches are also suffering from different problems like ping-pong effect, inappropriate handover triggering, etc. Therefore, to provide a generic connectivity in heterogeneous wireless networks, we proposed a vertical handover decision scheme. The proposed scheme performs handover triggering using simple additive weighting on the data rate of a point of attachment (PoA). The user calculates the data rate required by different applications and then compares it with a predefined threshold. Similarly, the network selection is performed using Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) decision model on different parameters such as delay, jitter, bit error rate, packet loss ratio, communication cost, response time, and network load. The PoA of a network calculates its rank using TOPSIS and sends it to the user. The user then selects the network with the highest rank. The proposed vertical handover decision scheme is compared with grey relational analysis and analytical hierarchy process in the context of handover rate, failed handovers, packet loss ratio, and throughput. The proposed scheme is tested in different mobility scenarios, and it is shown that our scheme provides superior performance over the existing schemes.

A Handover Management Scheme Based on User-Preferences and Network-Centric Approach

With the increase in a number of access technologies and data rates, a continuous connection among different networks is demand of the future wireless networks. In the last decade, user connectivity among different access networks remained a challenging job. Therefore, in this article, we proposed a user-centric and user-perspective based network selection mechanism for fast handover management in heterogeneous wireless networks. The proposed scheme selects the most appropriate network among available networks on the basis of resources i.e. cost, data rate, and link quality. Initially, we load the Media Independent Information Service (MIIS) with the information of cost and data rate provided by different network operators. Similarly, Mobile Node (MN) is also loaded with the user preferred cost and data rate for different applications. The MN obtains the information of cost and data rate from MIIS server upon a predefined threshold, and make a decision for handover according to its current cost and data rate. Furthermore, we employ an optimal threshold mechanism for initiation of the handover execution phase to minimize false handover indications. The proposed scheme is based on a survey for network selection and its implementation in C programming language to validate its performance and accuracy. The simulation result shows that the proposed scheme performs superior then the schemes present in the current literature.

Context Aware Handover Management: Sustaining QoS and QoE in a Public IEEE 802.11e Hotspot

IEEE 802.11 Community wireless hotspots are widely used to provide ubiquitous Internet connections to the end-users in public areas such as airports and restaurants. The recent analysis of the traffic pattern in a wireless hotspot shows more APs are deployed in a public area than required, though the users visit only a few APs. As a consequence, severe load imbalance is observed in a hotspot local area network (LAN), that results in performance degradation in terms of quality of service (QoS) for the network and quality of experience (QoE) for the end-users. This paper proposes a set of bandwidth management policies to achieve this goal, and the effectiveness of these policies is analyzed theoretically. According to the theoretical foundation, a context aware handover management scheme for proper load distribution in a public IEEE 802.11 network, supporting the class-aware bandwidth management policies, is designed in this paper. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated using an IEEE 802.11g+e wireless LAN testbed, and compared with other schemes proposed in the literature.

A Zone-Based Self-Organized Handover Scheme for Heterogeneous Mobile and Ad Hoc Networks

Uninterrupted internet services are need of the day and their demand will increase in future by manifold. However, providing uninterrupted services under heterogeneous networks environment is a challenging task. One of the major challenges in this regard is the management of handover system between various networks. This paper proposes a handover management scheme by dividing the total coverage area of the base station (BS) or access point (AP) into three different zones (strong, average, and weak zones), respectively, on the basis of receive signal strength indication (RSSI) to provide fast vertical handover support in heterogeneous wireless networks. Furthermore, a new event is proposed and added to the IEEE 802.21: media independent handover (MIH) standard to integrate the functionality of multithreshold. The proposed scheme is implemented in NS2 and it is shown that our scheme provides a superior performance over the previous methods used for similar purposes.

A seamless soft handover management scheme in NGEO satellite networks

SUMMARYSatellite networks can provide extensive geographic coverage to diverse user population, but handovers of active communications should be controlled considering the satellites' high speed. Mobile IP and many other handover algorithms have been proposed for terrestrial wireless networks. However, the satellite network exhibits several unique features compared with the terrestrial wireless networks, such as the long delay. This paper proposes a seamless soft handover scheme (S2H) for satellite networks. S2H designs an identity locator split addressing to solve the multihoming problem and applies the network coding scheme during handover. This manner is able to reduce the interference opportunity, save transmissions, and achieve low handover delay, short queue length, and high throughput. Relying on the simulation results, S2H is able to achieve better performance compared with the proposed handover algorithms in the satellite environment when there are multiple traffic flows. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Efficient Handover with Load Balancing: A Quality Perspective Approach

The heterogeneous wireless networking environment determined by the latest developments in wireless access technologies promises a high level of communication resources for mobile computational devices. Although the communication resources provided, especially referring to bandwidth, enable multimedia streaming to mobile users, maintaining a high user perceived quality is still a challenging task. The main factors which affect quality in multimedia streaming over wireless networks are mainly the error-prone nature of the wireless channels and the user mobility. These factors determine a high level of dynamics of wireless communication resources, namely variations in throughput and packet loss as well as network availability and delays in delivering the data packets. Under these conditions maintaining a high level of quality, as perceived by the user, requires a quality oriented mobility management scheme. Consequently a proposed smooth adaptive soft-handover algorithm, a novel quality oriented handover management scheme which unlike other similar solutions, smoothly transfer the data traffic from one network to another using multiple simultaneous connections.

A DHT-based fast handover management scheme for mobile identifier/locator separation networks

Several researches propose the identifier/locator separation architecture to tackle the scaling problems of today’s Internet routing and addressing system. And scalable and seamless mobility support is an important task in mobile identifier/locator separation networks. In this paper, by analyzing the features, such as direct separation, flexible mapping and identifier replacement, we show that the new architecture delivers data packets more efficiently and protects location privacy better than traditional mobile IP networks, and is able to implement soft handover conveniently. Then we present a distributed Hash table (DHT) based fast handover management (DFHM) scheme for the new architecture, which improves the reactive handover mode of FMIPv6 and eliminates the duplicate address detection (DAD) and return routability (RR) processes in MIPv6. And we propose a generic analysis framework for handover management. Further, we demonstrate the validity of our framework by simulation and quantificationally study the effects of network scale and movement velocity. The results show that DFHM has good scalability and low handover latency, and has great advantages in the signaling cost and fast mobility support.