Handoff Management Research Articles

Survey of different Solutions for Simultaneous Mobility Problem using mSCTP Protocol

generation wireless network need the support of all the advances on new architectures, standards, protocols. Mobility management is an important issue in the area of mobile communication. Mobility management is divided into two parts, first one is Location management and second one is Handoff Management. Again Handoff management is divided into two parts, Horizontal handoff and Vertical handoff. In today's mobile communication era, in case of simultaneous mobility, achieving seamless handoff is very important task. In this article we surveyed different simultaneous mobility issues using mSCTP protocol with different solutions. KeywordsMobility, mSCTP, Handoff Management, Location Management, Seamless handoff, Binding updates.

Proxy Mobile IPv6 Handover Management in Vehicular Networks: State of the Art, Taxonomy and Directions for Future Research

In vehicular communication networks, to facilitate the variety of intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications, handover management is considered as the one of the most challenging research issues. The most compatible and interoperable handover management solutions are designed based on IP mobility protocols. However, due to the unique characteristics of vehicles such as high velocity, IP mobility management protocols are still unacceptable for ITS real-time applications that are sensitive to network latencies. Thus, whenever the vehicle roams between two domains, which is most likely to occur in vehicular networks, its reachability status will be broken-down causing high handover latency and inevitable traffic loss. Recently, proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) has been proposed to support the mobility management without any intervention of the mobile user in the mobility-related signaling. As PMIPv6 will be deployed in the wireless technologies for next generation networks (i.e., LTE/LTE-advanced, WiFi and WiMAX), vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are expected to employ PMIPv6 protocol in vehicle to infrastructure connection as well. In this paper, we introduce a comprehensive review of the state of the art of PMIPv6 handover management in VANET. We present a new taxonomy and classify the existing schemes according to different considerations. Finally, we outline several open issues and handoff management design considerations as a direction for future research.

Group vertical handoff management in heterogeneous networks

AbstractTraditional vertical handover schemes postulate that vertical handovers (VHOs) of users come on an individual basis. This enables users to know previously the decision already made by other users, and then the choice will be accordingly made. However, in case of group mobility, almost all VHO decisions of all users, in a given group (e.g., passengers on board a bus or a train equipped with smart phones or laptops), will be made at the same time. This concept is called group vertical handover (GVHO). When all VHO decisions of a large number of users are made at the same time, the system performance may degrade and network congestion may occur. In this paper, we propose two fully decentralized algorithms for network access selection, and that is based on the concept of congestion game to resolve the problem of network congestion in group mobility scenarios. Two learning algorithms, dubbed Sastry Algorithm and Q‐Learning Algorithm, are envisioned. Each one of these algorithms helps mobile users in a group to reach the nash equilibrium in a stochastic environment. The nash equilibrium represents a fair and efficient solution according to which each mobile user is connected to a single network and has no intention to change his decision to improve his throughput. This shall help resolve the problem of network congestion caused by GVHO. Simulation results validate the proposed algorithms and show their efficiency in achieving convergence, even at a slower pace. To achieve fast convergence, we also propose a heuristic method inspired from simulated annealing and incorporated in a hybrid learning algorithm to speed up convergence time and maintain efficient solutions. The simulation results also show the adaptability of our hybrid algorithm with decreasing step size‐simulated annealing (DSS‐SA) for high mobility group scenario. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Channel Time Allocations and Handoff Management for Fair Throughput in Wireless Mesh Networks

In this paper, we study a wireless mesh network (WMN), where a number of access points (APs) form a wireless infrastructure and provide communications to the mobile stations (MSs). Different APs share the same frequency channel. We study how to provide fair long-term throughput for the MSs while efficiently utilizing the channel resources through effective handoff management and channel timeline allocations, where the channel time is allocated at two levels: first among the APs and then among the MSs. An optimization problem is first formulated and solved. The optimum solution is based on the assumption of having global information about the channel conditions of all the MSs and cannot be easily implemented in a practical WMN. Two distributed schemes are proposed by decoupling the handoff management and channel time allocations. The HO-CA scheme performs heuristic handoff decisions for the MSs based on their link gains to nearby APs and then optimizes the channel time allocations through an iterative process. The CA-HO scheme allocates the channel time to individual APs based on interfering relationship of the APs and then allows the MSs to make handoff decisions based on possible utilities from nearby APs. In both schemes, individual APs solve a local optimization problem to allocate channel time for their associated MSs. Numerical results indicate that both the proposed schemes can achieve very good fairness and that the HO-CA scheme achieves higher throughput.

Mitigating Handoff Call Dropping in Wireless Cellular Networks: A Call Admission Control Technique

Handoff management has been an important but challenging issue in the field of wireless communication. It seeks to maintain seamless connectivity of mobile users changing their points of attachment from one base station to another. This paper derives a call admission control model and establishes an optimal step-size coefficient (k) that regulates the admission probability of handoff calls. An operational CDMA network carrier was investigated through the analysis of empirical data collected over a period of 1 month, to verify the performance of the network. Our findings revealed that approximately 23 % of calls in the existing system were lost, while 40 % of the calls (on the average) were successfully admitted. A simulation of the proposed model was then carried out under ideal network conditions to study the relationship between the various network parameters and validate our claim. Simulation results showed that increasing the step-size coefficient degrades the network performance. Even at optimum step-size (k), the network could still be compromised in the presence of severe network crises, but our model was able to recover from these problems and still functions normally.

Modelling of routing and spectrum handoff in CR-MANETs

There is an extensive research interest in cognitive radio mobile ad hoc networks (CR-MANETs) to improve the spectrum efficiency by developing innovative design techniques through various layers of the protocol stacks. This paper presents the optimisation of CR-MANETs by exploiting the efficient usage of the available wireless spectrum through a framework for spectrum-aware handoff. In this paper, the concept of integrated handoff management in CR-MANETs is considered. An analytical model for a spectrum handoff scheme is introduced based on spectrum mobility in which secondary users (SUs) will move to another unused spectrum band, giving priority to a Primary User (PU), while satisfying its communication quality of service (QoS). The main contribution is using the Markov chain to model the evolution of the network (node position, node speed, channel quality, etc.) and to propose the combined spectrum handoff and routing. The performance of the network is analyzed based on the Markov chain. The comparison results from both analytical modelling and simulation clearly show an improvement in the performance of the SU network in terms of the route maintenance probability and the SU throughput. It is also proved that not only the PU activity affects the performance of the handoff management scheme but also the channel transmission range and the node mobility have a significant effect on the performance of the management scheme.

Performance Analysis and Evaluation of an Analytical Model for Vertical Handoffs in Heterogeneous Networks

Heterogeneous networks are consisted of the networks with different Radio Access Technologies (RAT). Vertical handoffs would be triggered while mobile users moving across two cells implemented different RATs during the session. Thus, some serious problems will be caused due to characteristics of different RATs. Numerous solutions have been proposed to solve these problems. However, most of existing solutions only take into account single traffic, e.g. vertical handoffs (VHO). In this paper, an analytical model is proposed, with which VHO is taken into account, but also new services (NS). Simulation results illustrate that the performance could be significantly improved with the algorithms in the proposed model. Compared with existing strategies, i.e. Signal to Interference and Noise (SINR) and Vertical Handoff Management (VHOM), for NS, the blocking probability could be improved by 33% and 40%, respectively; for VHO, the blocking probability could be improved by 17% and 19%, respectively; and the resource utilization could be improved by approximately 8% and 11%, respectively.

Mobility Prediction Algorithms Using User Traces in Wireless Networks

Mobility prediction is one of hot topics using location history information. It is useful for not only user-level applications such as people finder and recommendation sharing service but also for system-level applications such as hand-off management, resource allocation, and quality of service of wireless services. Most of current prediction techniques often use a set of significant locations without taking into account possible location information changes for prediction. Markov-based, LZ-based and Prediction by Pattern Matching techniques consider interesting locations to enhance the prediction accuracy, but they do not consider interesting location changes. In our paper, we propose an algorithm which integrates the changing or emerging new location information. This approach is based on Active LeZi algorithm, but both of new location and all possible location contexts will be updated in the tree with the fixed depth. Furthermore, the tree will also be updated even when there is no new location detected but the expected route is changed. We find that our algorithm is adaptive to predict next location. We evaluate our proposed system on a part of Dartmouth dataset consisting of 1026 users. An accuracy rate of more than 84% is achieved.

Distributed multi-agent scheme support for service continuity in IMS-4G-Cloud networks

In this study, the Quality of Service (QoS) needed to support service continuity in heterogeneous networks is achieved by a Distributed Multi-Agent Scheme (DMAS) based on cooperation concepts and an awareness algorithm. A set of problem solving agents autonomously process local tasks and cooperatively interoperate via an in-cloud blackboard system to provide QoS and mobility information. A Q-Learning awareness algorithm calculates the exceptive rewards of a handoff to all access networks. These rewards are then used by problem solving agents to determine what actions must be performed. Agents located in the integrated IMS-4G-Cloud networks handle service continuity by using a handoff mechanism. Through operations and cooperation among active agents, these phases select a policy for predictive and anticipated IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) handoff management. Compared with conventional IMS handoff management, the proposed DMAS scheme achieves shorter handoff delay and better QoS for real-time service applications.

An Adaptive Load Balance and Handoff Management Strategy for Hierarchical Infrastructure Networks

Hierarchical cellular networks that employ microcells with overlaying macrocells have been proposed to increase the traffic-carrying capacity and circuit quality. Variations in the traffic loads among cells will lessen the traffic-carrying capacity. Moreover, the handoff procedure usually takes place when the call crosses the cell boundary. An ineffective management will increase the system overheads, such as channel switch, data switch, and even network switch. The invetigation proposes an effective load balance and handoff management strategy. This strategy are implemented to solve traffic-adaption problem that can enhance the traffic-carrying capacity for variations in traffic. For the management of handoff procedure, our strategy considers the mobility of mobile hosts and the bandwidth utilization in macrocells. It can descrease the number of handoffs and, accordingly, lessen the system overhead. Furthermore, the simulation results are presented to confirm the efficiency of the proposed strategy.

Performance Analysis And Optimization Of Hmipv6 And Fmipv6 Handoff Management Protocols

Seamless communication is becoming the main aspect for the next generation of the mobile and wireless networks. Roaming among multiple wireless access networks connected together through one IP core makes the mobility support for the internet is very critical and more important research topics nowadays. Mobile IP is one of the most successful solutions for the mobility support in the IP based networks, but it has poor performance in term of handover delay. Many improvements have been done to reduce the handover delay, which result in two new standards: the Hierarchical MIP (HMIPv6) and the Fast MIP (FMIPv6). In this paper we present an analysis of handoff management protocols HMIPv6 and FMIPv6 in supporting mobility and latency reduction.

Adaptive delivery and handoff management framework for multimedia session mobility

With the increasing use of small portable devices and wireless networks, a trend to support computing on the move has emerged. This trend is referred to as ‘anytime/anywhere computing’ for mobility support. In particular, multimedia service with heterogeneous devices, location-free access and user-context awareness is still a very active and evolving field of research in broad areas. In this paper, a movable multimedia framework, namely UMOST (Ubiquitous Middleware Of Streaming Technology), is proposed for multimedia session mobility.It provides various levels of quality of service management, as well as seamless user-level handoffs using MPEG-21 Digital Item Adaptation (DIA).

Localized handoff architectures for seamless access in wireless networks

Localized handoff management architectures play a major role in wireless networks to deliver quality service to users on the move. Basically, handoff mechanisms are based on the received power levels and initiated when the serving base station is not able to provide sufficient resources or power during the call in progress. Nodes in wireless networks are battery based; detecting user power level is a critical task and consumes a lot of resources. To avoid this scenario, three handoff scenarios are proposed in this work: 1. Timer-based virtual structure handoff; 2. Localized cluster handoff; and 3. Overlay handoff. These mechanisms assign new channels or base stations and are involved in the process of delivering a sufficient quality of service to every user based on demand. Evidence is provided by numerical and simulation results to analyze parameters like handoff success ratio, throughput and delay.

QoS based Vertical Handoff Algorithm for Next Generation of Wireless Network

In this paper present the different issue of vertical handoffs in heterogeneous wireless networks. The uses of wireless communications are popular and increasing its demand over worldwide. In the world every one likes to be connected seamlessly any time any where through the best network and good service. The proposed system its aim is that it provides better service to the user. In this paper consider the different parameters like available bandwidth of WLAN or WiMAX, remaining Power of node, high level security of node and cost of node. From above parameters current status of networks and detected node information is collected and based on it Vertical Handoff algorithm takes decision. Handoff decision will take place only when network cannot satisfy the QoS requirement. General Terms VHOM (Vertical Handoff Manager Algorithm)

Proactive integrated handoff management in cognitive radio mobile ad hoc networks

In cognitive radio networks, the secondary users (SUs) switch the data transmission to another empty spectrum band to give priority to primary users (PUs). In this paper, channel switching in cognitive radio mobile ad hoc networks (CR-MANETs) through an established route is modeled. The probability of channel availability in this route is calculated based on the PU's activity, SU's mobility, and channel heterogeneity. Based on the proposed model, the channel and link availability time are predicted. These predictions are used for channel assignment in the proposed channel allocation scheme. A handoff threshold as well as a life time threshold is used in order to reduce the handoff delay and the number of channel handoffs originating from the short channel usage time. When the channel handoff cannot be done due to the SU's mobility, the local flow handoff is performed to find an appropriate node in the vicinity of a potential link breakage and transfer the current data flow to it. The local flow handoff is performed to avoid possible flow disruption and also to reduce the delay caused by the link breakage. The study reveals that the channel heterogeneity and SU's mobility must be considered as important factors, which affect the performance of the handoff management in the CR-MANETs. The results emphasize on the improvement of the route maintenance probability after using the local flow handoff. It is also stated that the amounts of handoff requirement and handoff delay are decreased after using the predicted channel usage life time and handoff threshold time.

IP기반 차세대 무선 네트워크에서의 교차계층 핸드오프 기법의 성능 분석

무선 네트워크의 사용이 모바일 사용자로 점점 확대되고 무선 네트워크 기술의 발달로 다양한 무선 네트워크 시스템이 생겨났다. 무선 네트워크 시스템들은 중첩되어 있을 수 있으며 네트워크 간 전환을 필요로 한다. NGWN(Next Generation Wireless Networks)은 다양한 무선 네트워크를 통합하여 사용자에게 넓은 커버리지 영역과 최적화된 서비스를 제공한다. 기존의 핸드오프 관리 프로토콜은 NGWN의 응용프로그램에 핸드오프 지원을 보장하기에 충분하지 않다. CLH(Cross-Layer Handoff) 프로토콜 기법은 NGWN의 네트워크 내와 네트워크 간의 효율적인 핸드오프 관리를 위해 개발되었다. CLH은 무선 네트워크 환경에서 이동성관리를 지원하고 핸드오프 성능향상을 위해 모바일의 속도와 핸드오프 시그널링 지연 정보를 이용한다. 본 논문에서는 핸드오프 성능 분석을 위해 링크계층 및 네트워크계층의 민감도를 분석하고 이것을 기반으로 CLH 기법을 제안한다. CLH가 네트워크 내와 네트워크 간 핸드오프의 성능 향상을 높여준 다는 것을 본 논문의 다양한 이론적 분석을 통하여 평가하고 분석한다. The development of wireless network technology and the increasing use of wireless networks to mobile users with a variety of wireless network systems has arisen. Wireless sensor networks, they can be nested together, and the need to switch between the network, depending on your needs. Next Generation Wireless Networks(NGWN) gives the mobile user a wide coverage and optimized service etc. Previous hand off management protocol is not enough to secure support of the NGWN application program. Cross-layer Handoff(CLH) protocol technique has been developed to support between and inside networks of handoff management of NGWN. CLH supports mobility management in a wireless network environment and also utilizes mobility speed and handoff signaling delay information to improve the handoff performance ability. For the analysis of handoff performance ability, we analyzed sensitivity of link layer and network layer, therefore, CLH technique is suggested based on this analysis.

Inter-domain handoff management based on fast handover for hierarchical MIPv6

To improve the performance of inter-domain handoff in mobile IPv6,one kind of inter-domain handoff mobility management scheme based on edge access router was introduced in the FHMIPv6 mechanism.In this method,when Mobile Node(MN) moved to the edge access router,it did intra-domain handoff and duplicated address detection for on-link care of address both in previous Mobile Anchor Point(MAP) and new MAP.It would set the new regional care of address and had the two addresses banded in the new MAP after the handoff was finished.Finally,the NS-2 simulation and comparison results show that this scheme can effectively reduce the transmission latency and packet loss rate.

Performance Evaluation of QoS Parameters during WiMAX to WiMAX Handoff using NS2 and QualNet

Terminal mobility with Quality of Service (QoS) can be provided through efficient and seamless handoffs and handoff management procedures in 4G wireless access networks. The primary objective of this work is to analyze the handoff management procedures within a WiMAX access networks and to evaluate its impact on different QoS metrics such as Packet Loss, Throughput and End-to-End Delay. The performance analysis is done using two simulators namely Network Simulator and QualNet. Simultaneously the work also evaluates the reliability of ns2 by comparing the results with QualNet so as to ascertain its usability for vertical handoff management procedures. This type of experimentation is very useful to help students understand the handoff concept in a very simple and lucid manner

A Comparison Study on Selective Traffic Models with Handoff Management Scheme for Wireless Mobile Network Infrastructure

Wireless and Mobile Network Infrastructure services generally examine how different infrastructure providers are positioning themselves to compete in wireless services. These services analyze the opportunities and challenges facing by the infrastructure providers selling to wireless and mobile network operators worldwide. The opportunities and challenges are the review of strategies, market positioning, and future direction in the market for wireless and mobile network infrastructure. The service covers all generations of wireless and mobile network infrastructure: 2G, 2.5G, 3G, and 4G so on global in scope. Majority of the users are mobile while availing these services. Mobility is the most important feature of any wireless and mobile network. Usually, continuous service is achieved by supporting handoff from one cell to another. Poorly designed handoff schemes tend to generate very heavy signaling traffic and, thereby, lead to a dramatic decrease in quality of service. In this paper we make a comparison study on some selective traffic models with priority handoff scheme. The study shows how a handoff procedure has a significant impact on wireless mobile network performance on the basis of two primary criteria - Blocking probability of originating calls and the forced termination probability of ongoing calls. In addition to this the study shows arrival rate of handoff calls, and approximate number of mobile users that get serviced by underlying base station.

Handoff Management protocols MIPV6 and HMIPV6 Comparative analysis in 4G wireless networks

With the increasing demands for new data and real-time services, wireless networks should support calls with different traffic characteristics and different Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees. Instead of developing a new uniform standard for all wireless communications systems, 4G communication networks strive to seamlessly integrate various existing wireless communication technologies. IP has been recognized to be the de facto protocol for next-generation integrated wireless. In this paper we discuss different types of protocol for handoff management in 4G. Mobile IPv6, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 and their comparative study and analysis. Keywords: 4G networks, Handoff management, Handoff latency, HMIPV6, MIPV6