Handmade Ceramics Research Articles

ARCHITECTURAL DECORATION ON KHUMS FROM THE MEDIEVAL KAVAT-KALA

Abstract. The article is devoted to the study of ceramic production in the Middle Ages. However, at this stage, attention is focused on the architectural decoration of individual finds from Estate № 2 at Kavat-kala. Khums, as materials for household purposes, have various decorative elements, but the materials available in our case cannot be classified as widespread in terms of ornament and decoration. Some similarities in decoration are found among ceramic (the kashin) products of the Golden Horde period, and are only characteristic of glazed ceramics of the 13th-14th centuries. However, the available information from archaeological excavations at Kavat- kala allows us to judge the most developed forms of pottery production in the 9th-12th centuries. The article also examines the common features of cultural ties in agriculture of the ancient and medieval periods, identifies the cultures of the peoples inhabiting this settlement, and craft production on the basis of unique collected materials from research carried out on the caravan routes of the south of the Right Bank of Khorezm, including the southern and western foothills. Among them, it was established that in one of the medieval estates of Kavat-Kala, near the ancient Russian canal Gavkhor, vessels with richly decorated images of animals of hand-made ceramics have been preserved, dating from the era of the Khorezmshahs (11th-12th centuries) to the era of the Golden Horde (13th - 16th centuries). Today, no less interesting is the arched ornament located along the rims of the hums, which is almost traditional for the Kashin ceramics of the Golden Horde period, on the outside of the vessels.

The earliest evidence of the Phoenician presence in Lisbon: the Sommer Warehouses interventions (Rua Cais de Santarém, Lisbon)

Archaeological excavations carried out at the ancient Sommer Warehouses, in Lisbon (Portugal), have allowed the identification of a complex phasing related to the Iron Age occupation, incorporating distinct construction phases. In this study, architectural, stratigraphic, and material data from the earliest moments of this occupation (phases II to IV) are analysed. Their chronology seems to span from the second half of the 8th century BC to the beginning of the following century. Elements of both defensive and port-related character were identified. The associated archaeological material is significant, including handmade ceramics and wheel-thrown vessels, with possibly an exogenous origin for the latter. This constitutes a body of evidence of great importance in the context of urban archaeology in Lisbon, allowing for a characterization of the early moments of Iron Age occupation.

Exploring handmade pottery traditions and Early Iron Age Iberian networks through the site of La Fonteta (Alicante, Spain)

The Phoenician colony of La Fonteta in southeastern Iberia holds significant importance for understanding Phoenician settlement patterns in the region. While previous research has primarily focused on wheel-thrown ceramics indicative of the new technological advancements and trade networks implemented after the Phoenician arrival, handmade ceramics have been somewhat overlooked despite their prevalence in the Early Iron Age (EIA) contexts. Our study, based on the analysis of 36 individuals from recent excavations at La Fonteta, sheds light on the technological aspects (temper choice and estimated firing temperature) and mobility patterns associated with handmade ceramics in this context. Contrary to previous assumptions, our findings indicate that handmade ceramics played a crucial role in regional and broader exchange systems, possibly with limited ties to wheel-thrown ceramics. Moreover, regional mobility seems to have been prominent, likely stemming from local networks and technological frameworks established during the preceding Late Bronze Age (LBA) period.

Expanding current understanding of the function, style and chronology of Grooved Ware from the A9 Dualling

In 2018 on behalf of Transport Scotland AOC Archaeology Group undertook archaeological investigations in advance of the construction of the 9.5km A9 Dualling: Luncarty to Pass of Birnam. Six archaeological sites were excavated, revealing evidence of activity spanning the Early Neolithic to the early medieval period. Neolithic activity was confined to four sites, consisting of a palimpsest of pits, post holes and vestigial structures, some of which were associated with assemblages of handmade ceramics, struck lithics and a small but revealing ecofact record. This paper focuses on the ceramic assemblages and, in particular, the comprehensive group of Late Neolithic Grooved Ware vessel sherds. It considers the form and function of the vessels, investigating aspects of decorative style alongside lipid analysis of surviving organic residues on the surfaces of the sherds and a suite of radiocarbon dates with a view to expanding our current understanding of the function, style and chronology of the later phases of Grooved Ware in the region and eastern mainland Scotland more broadly.

Study of ceramics from Brazilian slave quarters of the XVIII and XIX centuries by EDXRF and multivariate analysis

This study refers to the archaeometric analysis of ceramic fragments found in archaeological excavations around slave quarters of Colégio dos Jesuítas and São Bento plantations, both located in Campos dos Goytacazes – RJ. The question whether handmade ceramics were produced by the slaves themselves or acquired through local trade networks is an open and important question in the African diaspora. Samples of clay sources and the ceramic fragments, were analyzed using the EDXRF technique with the aid of multivariate statistical analysis.

A simplified approach for the design and implementation of Handmade ceramic product with a distinctive historical identity

This research can be summarized as a serious attempt to a strategy for obtaining handmade ceramics with distinctive features of historical ceramics in different historical eras, which in turn confirmed the identity. Research problem: The research problem is the following: 1- Are handmade products with a distinctive character for identity available? 2- How to obtain handmade ceramic products of a historical nature.

Different Shades of Grey Minyan: Dissecting an “Iconic” Ceramic Class of Middle Bronze Age, Mainland Greece

The Middle Helladic Grey Minyan ware is usually assigned with archetypical features, including the systematic use of the potter’s wheel. However, because of the significant variation observed, terms such as “True Grey Minyan” and “Imitations of Grey Minyan” were commonly applied in order to emphasise the differences, which, nonetheless were never systematically analysed. The main subject of the present paper is to highlight the differences existing in the potting traditions of Grey Minyan in two nearby regions, namely the Argolid and Attica, which seem to belong to different cultural spheres, given the divergence observed especially in the shape repertoire. The identification of different production and consumption practices is obviously related to different cultural phenomena, as evidenced through (a) the production of similar wheel-fashioned and hand-built Grey Minyan shapes in Attica, and (b) the introduction of foreign potting traditions, namely wheel-fashioned Grey Minyan pots, which are completely alien to the local, handmade ceramics of the Argolid.

A field study of ceramics bearing pan-Black Sea decorative motifs from Sinop, Turkey, using pXRF

Though established in the 7th century BCE as an Ionian colony, Sinop (classical Sinope) served as a hub of maritime activity since at least the Early Bronze Age (3rd-2nd millennium BCE). Located in a protected natural harbor on the southern Black Sea coast, Sinop has throughout its history been better integrated into spheres of interaction with the larger Black Sea world rather than the Anatolian interior. Recent excavations at the Sinop Kale site uncovered a stylistically diverse assemblage of handmade ceramics which raises questions about interregional interaction around the Black Sea during the pre-Greek colonial period that may be addressed through ceramic sourcing methods. This paper presents a compositional analysis of handmade ceramics from Sinop bearing a rope-like pan-Black Sea decorative technique using portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) that answers specific questions of production and interaction at the site. In particular, it seeks to distinguish between non-local production and non-local technological styles produced locally, employing pXRF as a field technique. Results demonstrated that despite the visible diversity of the assemblage, handmade ceramics were primarily produced locally, as communities with distinct ceramic traditions moved through the Sinop Kale site.

Characterization of Archaeological Artefacts Using Methods Specific to Materials Science: The Case Study of Dacian Ceramics from 2nd c. BC to 1st c. AD.

Combined analysis methods such as optical microscopy (OM), cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM–EDX) have made it possible to obtain the first physico-chemical data of Dacian potsherds, exhumed at the archeological site of Ocnița-Buridava, Romania; the samples were provided by the “Aurelian Sacerdoțeanu” County Museum Vâlcea, dating from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century AD. The mineralogical and petrographic analyses revealed two types of ceramic pastes, taking into account the granulometry of the inclusions and highlighting the choice of the potter for fabricating the ceramic either by wheel or by hand. All samples showed an abundance in quartz, mica (muscovite and biotite), and feldspars. These observations were confirmed by cathodoluminescence imagery, revealing heterogeneous pastes with varied granulometric distributions. The XRD patterns indicated the presence of the mineral phases, indicating a firing temperature below 900 °C. The wheel-made ceramics have a fine, compact matrix with very fine inclusions (<40 µm). On the other hand, the hand-made ceramics present a coarse matrix, with inclusions whose granulometry reaches approximately 2 mm. The difference between these two types of ceramics is also confirmed by the mineralogical and chemical analysis. The wheel-made potsherds are more abundant in MgO, Al2O3, and CaO contents.

Ivkivtsi — a New Late Zarubyntsi Culture Type of Sites at the Middle Dnieper

In the article, the problem of the Late Zarubyntsi monuments origin and the development of their interpretation are considered. The evolution of views on the Zarubyntsi culture from its identification to the defining the Late Zarubyntsi as a distinct stage is examined. The authors also study the newly discovered complex that consists of a settlement and a burial ground of the 1st—2nd centuries AD found near Ivkivtsi village (at Troianka tract), Chyhyryn district, Cherkasy Region. The monument was discovered at 2016. Permanent excavations have been started since 2017. Nowadays, the case when the settlement with a connected burial ground are studied at the same time is unique for the Middle Dnieper area. Previously, a similar complex was explored in 1960-ies in the Southern Bug region (Rakhny). In the article a brief overview of the settlement and the burial ground ceramics collection is provided. The comparison with the materials of the Classical Zarubyntsi culture and the Late Zarubyntsi in the Middle Dnieper region is made. Particular attention is paid to the comparison of ceramics. It is concluded that the materials from the settlement and the burial ground of Ivkivtsi have features of both the Classical Zarubyntsi culture and its late variant. The main complexes of the settlement and the burial ground are described. Imported finds are of special importance. There were quite close contacts of local tribes with neighboring Sarmatians according to the finds of fragments of Sarmatian mirrors and handmade ceramics. The possible trade relations with the Roman provinces are traced by the finds of a decent number of amphorae fragments of various types, terra sigillata and Roman type fibulae. The chronological boundaries of the monument have been revealed. The finds of fibulae of the Aucissa type, fragments of amphorae, Sarmatian mirrors, and a faience bead in the shape of a scarab are dated within the second half of the 1st century AD — the first half of the 2nd century AD On the basis of the data obtained from the excavations and the analysis of the known monuments of this period, it is concluded that Ivkivtsi complex differs from the known Liutizh type. To the authors opinion the Ivkivtsi type should be separated as a group of monuments of the Roman period on the studied territory.

THE SETTLEMENT OF VYSHENKY 1 ON DESNA RIVER

In 2013, the Livoberezhna Archaeological Expedition made the rescue excavations at the Vyshenky 1 settlement near the Vyshenky village Korop district of Chernihiv region. The settlement is located on the edge of the high right bank of the Desna River. In the excavation area of 120 m2 more than 20 ancient household pits, a number of post-holes and the part of building 1. In addition to some finds of the Bronze Age and Kyiv Rus the main materials date to the 1st millennium AD.&#x0D; The lower horizon (building 1, pits 4, 12, 20, 21, 23) belongs to the Kyiv culture of the Late Roman period. The building was probably square semi-dwelling house with a central pillar. Pottery is represented mainly by pots of weakly profiled and ribbed forms. The flattened biconical spindle whorls with a large hole, as well as single fragments of pottery were occurred in the objects. In addition to fragments of typical Chernyakhiv pottery, the fragment of a red slip bowl of the second half of the 4th and the beginning of the 5th centuries, unique for Desna basin region, was found. Obviously, this is t the possible final date for the layer of Kyiv culture.&#x0D; The upper horizon of the settlement belongs to the sites of the Sakhnivka-Volyntsevo circle. Pits 6, 17—19, 22 contained the fragments of convex-sided pots with bent rims, usually ornamented with finger impressions on the edge, and frying pans. The flattened-rounded spindle whorls and fragments of clay ovoid blocks belong to the same period.&#x0D; The hand-made pottery from sites of the Sakhnivka type is practically indistinguishable from significant part of the ceramics of the Volyntsevo culture, so the pottery of different types which often occurs in complexes with the hand-made ceramics usually becomes the diagnostic sign. In Sakhnivka sites there are sometimes pottery of the Pastyrske type, and in the Volyntsevo sites dating a little later there are so-called “pots of the Volyntsevo type”. However, in the settlement of Vyshenky 1 the household pits of this horizon contained only hand-made pottery, so it is difficult to draw a final conclusion about its cultural and chronological identification.

Pottery of the late 16th — first quarter of the 18th c. from the Sofia yard of the Tobolsk Kremlin and the Upper town: comparative morphological analysis

The article presents morphological analysis of ceramic complexes from excavations in 2006 and 2017 in the city of Tobolsk. The pottery came from two areas: the Tobolsk Kremlin and the Upper town (9 Oktyabrskaya st.). Within this research, we aimed to conduct comparative analysis of morphology of the tableware from these sites to assess its similarities. From the two areas, 2261 ceramic fragments have been analyzed, and 200 vessels (counted by rims) from the late 16th c. — first quarter of the 18th c. layers have been identified. By the production technology, the dishes are non-glazed, made mainly on the pottery wheel. Hand-made ceramics have also been found in small quantity (less than 2 %). The assemblage is dominated by pot-like dishes (94.5 %). The proportion of cupped dishes is small. Other types of dishes (large pot, washbasin pot) have been found in single numbers. Based on the appearance of rims and necks, three types of pots and five types of bowls have been identified. Comparison has been made between the diameter of the mouth and the type of pot. Further examined were the frequency of occurrence of dishes with different colors and type of surface treatment, dimensions of bottoms, frequency of adding of sand to the surface of the pottery wheel. The assemblages have been compared to the late medieval ceramics of the northern, north-western and central regions of Russia, as well as the Urals and Siberia. Comparisons have been also made with the results of other studies of the Tobolsk ceramics. Statistics show that the pottery complexes are very similar to each other, both in large groups (pot-shaped and cup-shaped ware) and by other parameters (color and type of surface treatment, rim shape, mouth and bottom size, the ratio between types and diameters of pot mouths). Differences have been identified in the proportion of higher quality light gray dishes, being 2.5 times larger in the territory of the Upper town than in the Sofia yard. The difference is also expressed in proportions of the three types of pots. Type I prevails in the territory of the Upper town, and types II and III — in the Sofia court. Bowl-shaped dishes are diverse (3 types) and are present in both parts of the town. The quality light gray and black-glazed vessels of this type have been classified as tableware, partially for the lack of traces of soot. With this classification, the proportion of bowls defined as tableware constitutes 3 %. Comparison of the assemblages with the late medieval pottery from other regions of Russia revealed close analogies. But in terms of the general range of dishes, Tobolsk stands behind the cities of the European part of the country.

THE CULT AREA (ZOLNIK) FROM A SCYTHIAN HILLFORT IN CHOTYNIEC NEAR RADYMNO (SOUTHEASTERN POLAND) IN THE CONTEXT OF RADIOCARBON DATING

ABSTRACTA zolnik excavated in 2016–2018 at the hillfort identified as the Scythian cultural circle in Chotyniec (southeastern Poland, 8 km west of the current Poland–Ukraine border) provided a very large quantity of archaeological sources and organic materials. From the latter, 17 samples coming from different horizons were selected for dating and were used to build a chronological model of functioning of the zolnik. Absolute dating is particularly important because the discovered artifacts (especially the most common handmade ceramics) do not show large chronological diversity. The use of the zolnik was estimated at 250–300 years, i.e. between 7th/6th and 4th/3rd century BC. Stratigraphic observations and good references of absolute chronology based on artifacts, including imported Greek ceramics, first in this part of Central Europe, proved to be significant. Older radiocarbon dates correspond to typological dating of Greek amphoras (7th/6th–6th century BC).

HISTORICAL TOPOGRAPHY OF LUBECH IN 10th—11th CENTURIES

The antiquities of Lubech of the 10th — the beginning 11th century are represented by cultural layer, fixed on large territory, burial assemblages and structures (residential, household, defensive) of this time, as well as finds of hoards and single coins.&#x0D; The complex of archaeological sites of Lubech 10th century consists of settlements, suburbs (posads) and burial mounds. Settlements are located along the edge of the indigenous terrace of the left bank of the Dnieper River (Lysa Gora, Zamkova Gora, Gorodische—1, settlement Monastyrische). Posads adjoining them from the east and south. Podil (down town) is located under the settlements, in the floodplain of the Dnieper river.&#x0D; From the north, east and south, the territory of the city was surrounded by burial mounds. In 1947 O. O. Popko recorded 6 mound groups which were located in the central part of the settlement (Dubret site), on Lysa Gora (Mokriivshchina site), northwest of the settlement, near the Dnieper floodplain (Chabotok site), in the northern part of Lubech, on Visokomy Poli (Kolovoroty site), east of Lubech (Duhivschina site) and in the southern part of the settlement, near the Podolnitsky Gora (settlement Monastyrische), in Kurgan site. In 2017—19, the remains of mounds near house of P. Polubotok were also archaeologically recorded.&#x0D; During the end of 19th — beginning 21st centuries in different mound groups of Lubech 39 burials 10th — early 11th centuries have been excavated. The diversity of burial rites in the mound groups of Lubech testifies of the variegated nature of the Lubech population at the initial stage of its existence.&#x0D; Residential and household buildings of this time are recorded at Zamkova Gora, Horodysche 1 and Lubechposad. Some of them contained the hand-made and wheel-made pottery of Romenska culture. At the settlement Zamkova Gora the residential buildings of the 10th century which consisted of one row of structure were found. Three dwellings with clay ovens located in the southern corners of the structures were discovered. Ovens were built either using clay rollers or stone. In all constructions the hand-made pottery of Romenska culture was dominated but some fragments of early whel-made pottery were also occurred.&#x0D; Two more residential buildings with Romenska culture hand-made ceramics were found at the posad of Lubech. The residential and utility buildings of the 10th century with the wheel-made pottery were also discovered. Some sites with the hand-made pottery of Romenska culture were partially excavated at the Horodysche 1.&#x0D; Hoards and individual finds of Arab coins and single finds of Byzantine coins of 10th — beginning of 11th century come from Lubech.&#x0D; Analyzing the archaeological material it can be concluded that Lubech probably originated at the turn of the 9th—10th centuries, and in the mid-10th century it was already the significant center of Eastern Europe.

Hand-made ceramics on the territory of Murzaly in the Eastern Aral Sea region

The article is devoted to the study of medieval hand-made ceramics of the settlement of Murzaly in the territory of the Eastern Aral sea region. The features of its manufacturing technology, forms, ornamentation are highlighted, a comparative typology is carried out. The coarse hand-made ceramics of the Murzaly settlement has a kitchen purpose. It is represented by boilers, pots, jugs, cans, bowls and lids. The studied ceramics does not find analogies in the complexes of the developed Central Asian states. It probably could have been formed on the territory of the Eastern Priaralye and was associated with the migrations of nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes. The fact of the discovery of coarse hand-made ceramics in the settlement Murzaly confirms the assumption that it could have been the wintering ground of medieval nomads of the 10th-11th centuries.

The dynamics of Early Celtic consumption practices: A case study of the pottery from the Heuneburg.

The Early Celtic site of the Heuneburg (Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany) has long been understood as a hallmark of early urbanization in Central Europe. The rich collection of Mediterranean imports recovered from the settlement, the elite burials in its surroundings and the Mediterranean-inspired mudbrick fortification wall further point to the importance of intercultural connections with the Mediterranean as a crucial factor in the transformation of Early Iron Age societies. We describe a new facet of this process by studying the transformation of consumption practices, especially drinking habits, brought about by intercultural encounters from the late 7th to the 5th century BC through the analysis of organic remains in 133 ceramic vessels found at the Heuneburg using Organic Residue Analysis (ORA). During the Ha D1 phase, fermented beverages, including Mediterranean grape wine, were identified in and appear to have been consumed from local handmade ceramics. The latter were recovered from different status-related contexts within the Heuneburg, suggesting an early and well-established trade/exchange system of this Mediterranean product. This contrasts with the results obtained for the drinking and serving vessels from the Ha D3 phase that were studied. The consumption of fermented beverages (wine and especially bacteriofermented products) appears to have been concentrated on the plateau. The ORA analyses presented here seem to indicate that during this time, grape wine was consumed primarily from imported vessels, and more rarely from local prestigious fine wheel-made vessels. In addition to imported wine, we demonstrate the consumption of a wide variety of foodstuffs, such as animal fats (especially dairy products), millet, plant oils and waxy plants, fruit and beehive products as well as one or several other fermented beverage(s) that were probably locally produced. Through this diachronic study of vessel function from different intra-site contexts, we inform on changing and status-related practices of food processing and consumption.

DESIGN IN JAPAN: FROM TRADITION TO HIGHEST MODERN CREATIONS

The Japanese archipelago confronted to cataclysms, divisions, war conflicts, and catastrophes popped up into history with some delay. The Japanese development cycle starts with the atomic bombs thrown on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Completely or partially destroyed, Japanese cities quickly recovered and the fatherland of Emperor Hirohito soon became an industrial giant. The land that has for a long time been an inspiration for European artistic adventurers and art collectors offering them it´s artistic treasures and traditions commonly and universally named “Japanism”. Japanism has been feeding for years many French, Dutch, British impressionists and collectors and made Europe discover the big secret and wealth of Japanese archaic art. During two centuries, between 1603 and 1868, the so called Edo period, Japan developed a specific political system isolating the country from the rest of the world. The Edo period was created by the shogun Tokugawa in 1603, who established the capital of his government in Edo, the old name of Tokyo. Tokugawa and his dynasty over 15 generations guaranteed peace to the citizens in spite of the fact that his regime was considered as feudal and authoritarian. Nevertheless, it was also the most important period for Japanese art, a period when most of the best artistic creations were realized. The best known artist from that period is Hokusai, followed by many others such as Yakashu, Rosetsu, Hoitsu, Utamaro, Utagawa, and Hiroshige. Through any detail, any creation, any tradition, any ceremony, one could see the overwhelming presence of art, the beauty of colours and fantasy, the presence of gods and the richness of hand-made ceramics, wooden lacquers, designed bamboo items, printed posters on paper, textile, wood, origami, calligraphies. This study is analysing the relation between art and Japanese traditional ceremonies, such as the tea ceremony, the origami tradition, the bonsai art. It might be seen as absurd at first sight, but precisely the tea ceremony or better said the tea philosophy, has been the inspiration of many artists in their interpretation of interior design, including furniture, tea cups, wardrobe, calligraphies, etc.

ЛЕПНАЯ КЕРАМИКА ИЗ ОБЪЕКТОВ И СЛОЕВ III–VI вв. н.э. БОСПОРСКОГО ГОРОДА КИТЕЯ

ЛЕПНАЯ КЕРАМИКА ИЗ ОБЪЕКТОВ И СЛОЕВ III–VI вв. н.э. БОСПОРСКОГО ГОРОДА КИТЕЯ

Ліпний посуд Книшівського городища

Knyshivka hill-fort is one of the most extensively excavated archaeological sites of the Scythian period in Ukrainian forest-steppe zone. As a result of the research at 5660 m2, a representative collection of hand-made ceramics is obtained, among which pottery is the most mass category. An analysis of hand-made ceramics from Knyshivka hill-fort is presented in this paper. It includes the description of morphology and ornamentation, the typology, the statistical data and their comparison with the materials from the excavations at synchronous sites on the neighbouring territories within the forest-steppe of the Dnipro and Donets Rivers basins. The hill-fort’s habitants used quite a wide set of vessels during the Scythian period: pots, jars, pouring vessels, bowls, dippers, mugs, cups, large pots, jugs, and small-size vessels. By its variation and morphology, this ceramic complex is fully identical to the ceramic types from the systematically excavated archaeological sites in the forest-steppe of the Dnipro and Donets region of the period from the second half of the 6th century to the 4th century BC. Based on this fact, it is possible to speak of single ceramic traditions of the population of Scythian period settling the basins of the Vorskla, Psel, Sula, and Siverskyi Donets Rivers whose appearance on this territory is related to several migration waves from the forest-steppe of the Dnipro River right bank region.

Scythian Rider’s Burial at Syniukha River

In 1978, the Expedition of Kirovohrad Local Lore Museum conducted the research at the Scythian mound 32 near Vilshanka Settlement. A Scythian rider’s burial in the pit was discovered under the mound of 1,5 m height and 30 m diameter. The warrior laid on coat of mail armour. He was put together with spears and a quiver set, offering food, and also a horse’s head in bridle. The burial is dated by the 5th century BC. Such dating is confirmed by a set of the Middle Scythian bridle and the 5th and 4th century spears. There are also parallels of the 5th century in various features of funeral customs. The analysis of funeral customs testifies that the dead belonged to the Steppe Iranian-speaking community. Such funeral structures are found in the Steppe and on its borders, in the south of Forest-Steppe, and they are close to catacombs. Burials made on laid protective armour with offering food are typical for this region. There is no handmade ceramics in the burial typical for Forest-Steppe tombs. The premises allow considering the burial discussed as the one belonging to a nomadic Steppe Scythian.