Handbuch Der Research Articles

Rudolf Virchow: Integrating Medicine and Social Reform for Public Health.

Rudolf Virchow, also known as Rudolf Carl Virchow, was a physician, pathologist, medical scientist, anthropologist, politician, social reformer, and role model. However, he is best known as the founder of the field of cellular pathology. He is known as "the father of modern pathology" and the founder of social medicine. He was born on October 13, 1821, in Prussia (now Swidwin, Poland) and died on September 5, 1902, in Berlin, Germany. He stressed that most diseases of mankind can be understood in terms of the dysfunction of cells. His study subjects were cell theory, disease, embolus, and thrombosis. He actively promoted social reforms and helped establish anthropology as a contemporary scientific field. He was also awarded and honored by the Copley Medal in 1892 for his notable work in "Cellular Pathology as Based Upon Physiological and Pathological Histology" and "Handbuch der Speziellen Pathologie und Therapie." Virchow said, "Medicine is a social science, and politics is nothing more than medicine on a grand scale." He believed that politics and social structures could have a significant positive or negative impact on public health, that medicine and public health practices used politically might change society, and that politicians and doctors had a moral duty to improve society.Knowing about Virchow helps us appreciate his ideas that laid the groundwork for many medical and scientific practices, the historical development of medical science, and the ongoing need to address social health factors. Virchow's contributions are still relevant in today's medical and public health fields. His work on cellular pathology forms the basis for many aspects of contemporary medicine, such as cancer, infectious diseases, and genetic disorders. His focus on social determinants of health remains a core principle in public health. Today, issues such as poverty, education, housing, and nutrition are acknowledged as factors affecting health outcomes. Virchow's beliefs in ethical responsibility, social transformation, and justice have affected medical ethics and the role of health professionals in society. This article highlights Rudolf Virchow's enormous contribution to pathology, medicine, and public health.

Aušros (1883–1886) kalbos pokyčiai ir redaktorių kalbinės nuostatos

The language model of Auszra (1883–1886, A) was formed on the basis of Handbuch der Litauischen Sprache by August Schleicher (1856) and Grammatik der littauischen Sprache by Friedrich Kurschat (1876). The publishers of A chose the subdialect of the southwest Highlanders as the basis for their language; its main distinctive features were maintained even when the editors changed. However, the editors’ opinions differed on some language issues. The article analyses how the language of A was changed by the editors Jonas Basanavičius (A1–A5 1883), Jurgis Mikšas (A1–A4 1883; A5/6 [7/8] 1884–A4 1886), and Jonas Šliūpas (A6 1883–A5/6 [7/8] 1884). In the first issues A1–A4 1883 the long vowel [i͘] was marked <y> (sakyti), [č] <cz> (Czekai), [š] <sz> (raszte), [v] <w> (sweczias), [ž] <ź> (źemes). The endings of the instr. sg. of ()ā,ē stem nouns and adjectives were ‑(i)a (skara), ‑e (upe); nom. pl. of (i)ŏ stem nouns and adjectives ‑ei (Totorei), instr. pl. ‑eis (paupeis). The digraph <uo> [uo], used in A1 1883, was replaced by <ů> (nůbodźei) from A2 1883; in A4 1883 <v> (Viešpatie) appeared instead of <w>. A2–A4 1883 shows the influence of Mikšas: he took the diacritical letters <ê, ô, û> from Prussian Lithuanian writing, as well as the praes. 1, 2 pl. of the verb būti with <ē> (ēsame) and praet. 3 of tapti–tapē.

Queering Gender, Race, Embodiment

The Essay presents provocative peer-reviewed scholarship that examines the field-wide implications of the latest research queries in Religious Studies. In this edition, Jessica Albrecht, a doctoral student at the University of Heidelberg, stresses the need for scholars to consider the role of the body within the critical study of religion. Albrecht argues that greater attention to material and corporeal relations is necessary for Religious Studies to advance its intellectual and pedagogical goals, goals that in the 21st century are presumably interested in decolonization. The Bulletin is pleased to publish this expanded version of this article, of which the original appeared in the German publication “Geschlecht, Sexualität, Verkörperung verqueert: Ansätze und Leitfragen in religionswissenschaftlicher Forschung und Lehre,” Handbuch der Religionen (forthcoming).

Johannes Müller (1801-1858) and his school: pioneer and giant of German physiology

Johannes Müller was indisputably the most versatile and brilliant physiologist in the mid-nineteenth century. Müller was born in Koblenz in 1801 as the eldest of five children. He received an excellent education in mathematics and the ancient languages and was thus able to read with ease the writings of Aristotle in the original.He served a year with the Pioneers after graduating from high school in 1818. In 1819 he enrolled at the University of Bonn. In 1821, while still a student, he was awarded the scientific university prize for his work on foetal respiration. Müller received his doctorate at the university of Bonn in 1822. He moved to Berlin, where he continued to attend lectures by the anatomist Karl Asmund Rudolphi.He obtained his habilitation in physiology and comparative anatomy in 1824. After his years in Bonn, he accepted a chair at the University of Berlin in 1833 as Rudolphi's successor. His famous "Handbuch der Physiologie" (1833-1840) was published in Berlin. Müller's main areas of interest were physiology, human anatomy, comparative anatomy and anatomical pathology.Müller has numerous publications in addition to his famous book on physiology. He and his distinguished students (Emil du Bois-Reymond, Ernst Haeckel, Hermann von Helmholtz, Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, Carl Ludwig, Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow amongst others) made the Berlin Physiological Institute world famous. The natural-philosophical approach to medicine that was still dominant at the beginning of the 19th century was increasingly replaced by a scientifically oriented methodology by Müller.

Bibliotheken von Frauen: Ein Lexikon

Bibliotheken von Frauen: Ein Lexikon

The Voice Divided: A Data Driven Analysis of Vocal Subcategorization

Vocal subcategorization, or the practice of creating a specific vocal subcategory by adding a descriptor, i.e., dramatic, on to a primary vocal category, i.e., soprano, is both universal and contentious within the operatic world. Many factors attribute to the field’s contentious nature: there is no universal system of subcategorization or subcategory taxonomy; despite sharing both primary vocal categories, i.e., soprano, mezzo soprano, contralto, tenor, baritone, and bass, and using many of the same descriptors, i.e., dramatic, lyric, and comedic, no two taxonomies are considered analogues; only one taxonomy has a codifying document; and there are not date-driven analyses of any taxonomy. This document presents the first data-driven analysis of a major vocal subcategorization taxonomy, specifically the German taxonomy as outlined by the Handbuch der Oper (Kloiber, Konold, and Maschka; Bärenreither Verlag, Kassel, 2016), revealing new insights into the inner workings of the Handbuch specifically, as well as operatic genre more broadly.

Imperial Patchwork “Flickenteppiche” as a Historical Metaphor for Chaos, Federalism and Diversity

With the recent research on the importance of the Estates, whose function often went far beyond questions of taxation, the Imperial Circles and the simultaneous deconstruction of European state formation as an absolutist top-down process the view of the “co-organizing intermediate levels” changed. This is how Johannes Burkhardt described these regional images in 2006 in “Gebhardt. Handbuch der Deutschen Geschichte.” The new view of the Old Empire has been well received by research in regional history, especially since differentiations on small-scale rule and organization in Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, Thuringia, Saxony and other federal states have traditionally been and still are part of the core business of this discipline. “Flickenteppiche” as colourfully woven objects of diversity are certainly still products in demand in the textile industry and consumer society, but they are just as unsuitable as an explanatory model for the coherence of the Empire and its Imperial Circles as they are for analyzing power and rule in the early modern period. In their figurative meaning of the word, patchwork carpets ignore communicative processes for decision-making just as much as they register cross-border action and design as a quantité négligeable.

A Critical Juncture: “Later” Latin Literature, the Newest Late Antiquity, and the Period of the Western Classic

With the appearance in 2020 of a long-awaited second “late antique” instalment of the Handbuch der lateinischen Literatur der Antike (Munich: C.H. Beck, 1989– ) and a new, collaborative Cambridge History of Later Latin Literature now at an advanced stage of preparation, there is an opportunity to re-evaluate the possibilities of scholarship in this field. What relation does such “literary” research bear to current, globalizing styles in late antique and first-millennial historical and cultural studies? What is likely to be the impact on it of current trends in the study of classical reception and intertextuality? This essay attempts a preliminary framing of the issues with reference to a largely discredited but still powerful model of the western literary classic, while arguing for hermeneutical continuity between the breakthrough work of Peter Brown’s half-century-old World of Late Antiquity (1971) and the critical-historical role of later ancient (Latin) literary studies.

Elsa Just’s Ständchen for Guitar Trio

This article reproduces a serenade from an early twentieth-century German guitar magazine. It is for guitar trio and of moderate difficulty. The introductory commentary attributes the piece to Elsa Just (1894–1919) and includes a translation of the entry on Just from Zuth's 1926 Handbuch der Laute und Gitarre. Notes This article is one of a series of seven celebrating the work of Matanya Ophee (1932–2017) on the ninetieth anniversary of his birth. Written between 1982 and 1991, these articles first appeared in early issues of the GFA’s magazine Soundboard. The writings in this series are really columns—short introductions to scores, which are also reproduced here as they appeared in the original magazines. Ophee’s long-form research appears in various places, but an important anthology is his Essays on Guitar History (Columbus, OH: Orphee, 2016). An introduction to the present series, surveying Ophee’s contribution to Soundboard, is provided by Stanley Yates. Below are links to each article in the series: Introduction Matanya Ophee’s Contributions to Soundboard Magazine: A Retrospective, by Stanley Yates Articles A Rondo Allegro by François Molino Carlos Pedrell’s Al atardecer en los jardines de Arlaja Rudolph Süss’s Lyrische Suite no. 1, op. 23 J.N. Bobrowicz’s Grand Polonaise, op. 24 Rudolph Süss’s Lyrische Suite no. 2, op. 24 Elsa Just’s Ständchen for Guitar Trio Athénaïs Paulian’s Airs and Variations, op. 1

НЕМЕЦКАЯ FACH-СИСТЕМА — СОВРЕМЕННАЯ КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ ГОЛОСОВ

The German Fach voice classification system is one of the most important systems in modern opera world. The author of the Fach system was a German pianist, conductor, music historian and theorist Rudolf Kloiber. Kloiber's major work "Das Handbuch der Oper" has been reprinted more than five times, translated into English, French, Italian, Spanish and followed by other musicians such as Richard Boldrey, Sandra Cotton etc. However, the problems of classification discussed in the works of these authors have not yet been published in Russia. This paper highlights the importance of vocal classifications; the ways of development; the most common points of the traditional classification and the Fach system. The reason for considering this problem is the author's interest in showing the difference between the three viewpoints of Rudolf Kloiber, Richard Boldray and Sandra Cotton. The article provides the main arguments of each opinion. The author of this article strives to present the problem from different perspectives, to compare them and to try to explain.

Karl Rahner and the practical theology

It is surprising that Karl Rahner (1904-1984), as a systematic theologian, provided essential impulses for practical theology. But he played an important role in planning and editing the "Handbuch der Pastoraltheologie" (1964-1972). The basis for this work was Rahners view of practical theology as a science of the self-fulfillment of the church in the respective current situation. However, this ecclesial conception of pastoral theology soon encountered opposition. On the other hand, his demand for a “new mystagogy” was often taken up for concepts of mystagogical pastoral care and mystagogical learning.

The method of meningostomy and its application in the study of the brain in animals

All surgical methods used in the study of the brain in animals can be combined into two groups: 1) methods of direct and indirect shutdown of a particular part of the brain and 2) methods of non-mediocre brain stimulation by electric current or by mechanical, chemical or thermal effects. In the hands of different experimenters, depending on the goals and objects of research, these basic methods varied to one degree or another. All modifications were aimed at, on the one hand, to avoid brain injuries during trepanation as much as possible, and on the other hand, to gain access to the cerebral cortex without exposing it at the time of the observation itself. As can be judged from the literature collected from E. Abderhalden in Handbuch der biolog. Arbeitsmethoden to a certain extent this has already been achieved.

The Latin name for Assam tea revisited and the further nomenclatural significance of the three editions of Julius Bosse's Vollständiges Handbuch der Blumengärtnerei – and contemporary compendia

AbstractTwo early validly published names for Assam tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica “(Choisy) Kitam.)”) are identified: Thea assamica Royle ex Hook. 1847 and T. assamica Hort. Belg. ex Bosse 1854; an amended synonymy and a neotypification (with D.‐W. Zhao) for the name of Assam tea, C. sinensis var. assamica (Hook.) Steenis, are provided. The three editions (1829–1861) of Bosse's Vollständiges Handbuch der Blumengärtnerei are also the neglected places of publication of some plant‐names (or their basionyms) in current use; Grevillea lawrenceana Bosse (neotype designated here by P.M. Olde) is an earlier name for G. curviloba McGill. (Proteaceae); Hedera algeriensis (Araliaceae), the name used by Bosse for a now much‐cultivated ivy, was first published by Morren in 1853; an early valid, available name for the florist's cineraria (Senecio hybridus Bosse) is Cineraria ×kewensis Rob. (Compositae), here neotypified (with D.J.N. Hind); the basionym for the well‐known garden plant‐name, “Erysimum ×kewense” (Cruciferae) is identified and neotypified (with D.J.N. Hind), the accepted binomial validated. The currently accepted name for commercial fustic, Maclura tinctoria (Moraceae), was first validly published in Loudon's Hortus Britannicus (1830).

A researcher and physician who gained international fame: Otfrid Foerster (1873-1941) as Nobel Prize candidate

Dieser Aufsatz befasst sich mit den Nobelpreisnominierungen für den Neurologen und Neurochirurgen Otfrid Foerster (1873–1941). Foerster wurde 17 Mal für den Nobelpreis für Physiologie oder Medizin nominiert. Aufbauend auf Akten des Stockholmer Nobelpreisarchives, Primär- und Sekundärliteratur wird auf folgende Fragen eingegangen: Welche Gründe gab es für Foersters Nominierungen? Wie sah die Beziehung zwischen ihm und seinen Nominatoren aus? Warum hat er letztlich den Nobelpreis nicht erhalten? Das Gros der Nominatoren für Foerster hob als Hauptmotiv sein gemeinsam mit Oswald Bumke herausgegebenes Handbuch der Neurologie hervor. Den Nominatoren zufolge hatte Foerster mit diesem Handbuch einen enormen Einfluss auf die Neurologie seiner Zeit. Darüber hinaus wurde sein „ehrenvoller Charakter“ in den Nominierungsbriefen unterstrichen. Für das Nobelkomitee waren diese Begründungen jedoch nicht ausreichend: Die Mitglieder stuften das Handbuch nicht als originäre Forschungsleistung ein. Foersters Ruhm reicht trotzdem bis in die Gegenwart, etwa in Form einer seit 1953 von der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie vergebenen Ehrung, die seinen Namen trägt (Otfrid-Foerster-Medaille).

A pragmatic explanation of the mei-dou co-occurrence in Mandarin.

Mandarin universal terms such as mei-NPs in preverbal positions usually require the presence of dou ‘all/even’. This motivates the widely accepted idea from Lin (Nat Lang Semant 6:201–243, 1998) that Mandarin does not have genuine distributive universal quantifiers, and mei-NPs are disguised plural definites, which thus need dou—a distributive operator (or an adverbial universal quantifier in Lee (Studies on Quantification in Chinese. Ph. D. thesis, UCLA), Pan (in: Yufa Yanjiu Yu Tansuo [Grammatical Study and Research], vol 13, pp 163-184. The Commercial Press)—to form a universal statement. This paper defends the opposite view that mei-NPs are true universal quantifiers while dou is not. Dou is truth-conditionally vacuous but carries a presupposition that its prejacent is the strongest among its alternatives (Liu in Linguist Philos 40(1):61–95, 2017b). The extra presupposition triggers Maximize Presupposition (Heim in: Semantik: Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgenssischen Forschung, pp 487-535. de Gruyter, Berlin, 1991), which requires [dou S] block [S] whenever dou’s presupposition is satisfied. This explains the mei-dou co-occurrence, if mei-NPs are universal quantifiers normally triggering individual alternatives (thus stronger than all the other alternatives). The proposal predicts a more nuanced distribution of obligatory-dou, not limited to universals and sensitive to discourse contexts.

August Schleicher as the First Publisher of Lithuanian Folktales

The article focuses on the Lithuanian cultural activities of the famous German linguist August Schleicher (1821–1868). These activities included not only accumulation of linguistic data and writing of a Lithuanian grammar, but also recording and publication of the Lithuanian folklore. Schleicher edited the particularly valuable reader of the Lithuanian language and vocabulary (Handbuch der litauischen Sprache, Bd. 2: Lesebuch und Glossar, 1857), which included the first publication of Lithuanian folktales, among other kinds of folklore.The author of the article aims at elucidating the objectives and circumstances of Schleicher’s recordings of the Lithuanian folktales, establishing of their genres and defining the typical narrative qualities. Besides, the importance of the tales that Schleicher recorded in terms of the Lithuanian folklore research is highlighted.The letters that Schleicher wrote in the course of his research trip to the Eastern Prussia in 1852 reveal the kind of difficulties that he encountered during this journey, his ways of communication and his experiences while collecting the Lithuanian folktales. The folk narratives published in his Lithuanian reader and vocabulary include fifteen tales of magic, seven joke tales, four novella tales, three animal tales, three tales of lying, two tales of the stupid ogre, one religious tale, four folk-belief legends and one local legend. The scholar was the first to record numerous examples of various Lithuanian tale types, which mostly belonged to the popular Lithuanian oral tradition.The linguist himself highly valued his work among the Lithuanian inhabitants of the Lithuania Minor, being well aware that it served to the preservation of the declining culture at least in the scientific purposes. He hoped that folklore recorded and published by himself and his assistants could support the Lithuanians resisting the intense assimilation processes. The results of his research trip in the Lithuania Minor testified to the vitality of the folk narrative tradition among the local Lithuanians in the middle of the 19th century.By researching the Lithuanian language and recording the Lithuanian folklore, Schleicher established the importance of this culture to the Indo-European studies in general and attracted numerous followers that carried on with his scholarly activities. His activities prompted Lithuanians themselves to collect their oral folk heritage as well. Thanks to Schleicher, the first Lithuanian folktales were translated into German, published and attracted notice of the foreign scholars. Their subsequent publications reached even broader social layers. Therefore, Schleicher may be regarded as the promoter of the Lithuanian folktales across other countries. Nowadays the Lithuanian folktales published by Schleicher have been included into various folklore collections as anonymous folklore pieces and have acquired literary interpretations.

The vision of Helmholtz

ABSTRACT Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821–1894) began investigating vision at a time when its study was undergoing a revolution. Laboratory experiments were augmenting the long history of naturalistic observations. Instruments of stimulus control enabled the manipulation of time and space in ways that had not been possible previously, and Helmholtz added to their tally. Vision was a central issue in his early years as an academic, and the bicentenary of his birth is here celebrated visually. Much of his research on vision was described in his Handbuch der physiologischen Optik, which was translated into English to mark the centenary of his birth. The history of his Handbuch is examined, together with illustrating highlights from it. Helmholtz’s contributions to understanding the eye as an optical instrument, the sensations of vision, and perception were expressed in the three parts of the Handbuch, which became the three volumes of his Treatise on Physiological Optics.

James Croll, celestial mechanics and climate change

ABSTRACTJames Croll was a pioneer in studies of the impact of the slowly changing orbital dynamics of the Earth on climate change. His book Climate and Time in their Geological Relations (1875) was far ahead of its time in seeking correlations between climate change, the occurrence of ice ages and perturbations to the Earth's orbit about the Sun. The astronomical cycles he discovered are now called ‘Milankovitch Cycles’ after the Serbian scientist whose research was first published in the Handbuch der Klimatologie in 1930. The celestial mechanical and astronomical background to Croll's research is the focus of this essay. The development of the understanding of the impact of perturbations of the elliptical planetary orbits by other bodies in the solar system paralleled new mathematical techniques, many of which were developed in association with celestial mechanical problems. The central contributions of many of the major mathematicians of the late 18th and 19th Centuries, including Euler, Lagrange, Laplace and Le Verrier, are highlighted. Although Croll's contributions faded from view for several generations, his pioneering insights have now been demonstrated to have been basically correct.

Presuppositions, implicatures, and contextual equivalence

Maximize Presupposition! (MP), as originally proposed in Heim (Semantik: Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgenössischen Forschung, pp. 487–535, 1991) and developed in subsequent works, offers an account of the otherwise mysterious unassertability of a variety of sentences. At the core of MP is the idea that speakers are urged to use a sentence ψ over a sentence ϕ if ψ contributes the same new information as ϕ, yet carries a stronger presupposition. While MP has been refined in many ways throughout the years, most (if not all) of its formulations have retained this characterisation of the MP-competition. Recently, however, the empirical adequacy of this characterisation has been questioned in light of certain newly discovered cases that are infelicitous, despite meeting MP-competition conditions. This has led some researchers to broaden the scope of MP, extending it to competition between sentences which are not contextually equivalent (Spector and Sudo in Linguistics and Philosophy 40(5):473–517, 2017) and whose presuppositions are not satisfied in the context (Anvari in Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory 28, pp. 711–726, 2018; Manuscript, IJN-ENS, 2019). In this paper, we present a body of evidence showing that these formulations of MP are sometimes too liberal, sometimes too restrictive: they overgenerate infelicity for a variety of felicitous cases while leaving the infelicity of minimally different cases unaccounted for. We propose an alternative, implicature-based approach stemming from Magri (PhD dissertation, MIT, 2009), Meyer (PhD dissertation, MIT, 2013), and Marty (PhD dissertation, MIT, 2017), which reintroduces contextual equivalence and presupposition satisfaction in some form through the notion of relevance. This approach is shown to account for the classical and most of the novel cases. Yet some of the latter remain problematic for this approach as well. We end the paper with a systematic comparison of the different approaches to MP and MP-like phenomena, covering both the classical and the novel cases. All in all, the issue of how to properly restrict the competition for MP-like phenomena remains an important challenge for all accounts in the literature.

Experimental plant research and the discovery of carbon dioxide-mediated global greening: a tribute to Wilhelm Pfeffer (1845–1920)

One century ago, the German chemist and botanist Wilhelm Pfeffer (1845–1920) died, shortly after finishing his last lecture at the University of Leipzig. Pfeffer was, together with Julius Sachs (1832–1897), the founder of modern plant physiology. In contrast to Sachs, Pfeffer’s work was exclusively based on the principles of physics and chemistry, so that with his publications, notably the ca. 1.600 pages-long Handbuch der Pflanzenphysiologie (2. ed., Vol. I/II; 1897/1904), experimental plant research was founded. Here we summarize Pfeffer’s life and work with special emphasis on his experiments on osmosis, plant growth in light vs. darkness, gravitropism, cell physiology, photosynthesis and leaf movements. We document that Pfeffer was the first to construct/establish constant temperature rooms (growth chambers) for seed plants. Moreover, he pioneered in outlining the carbon-cycle in the biosphere, and described the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2)-enhancement on assimilation and plant productivity. Wilhelm Pfeffer pointed out that, at ca. 0.03 vol% CO2 (in 1900), photosynthesis is sub-optimal. Accordingly, due to human activities, anthropogenic CO2 released into the atmosphere promotes plant growth and crop yield. We have reproduced Pfeffer’s classical experiments on the role of CO2 with respect to plant development, and document that exhaled air of a human (ca. 4 vol% CO2) strongly promotes growth. We conclude that Pfeffer not only acted as a key figure in the establishment of experimental plant physiology. He was also the discoverer of the phenomenon of CO2-mediated global greening and promotion of crop productivity, today known as the “CO2-fertilization-effect”. These topics are discussed with reference to climate change and the most recent findings in this area of applied plant research.