Hand-written Grammars Research Articles

Об общепермском названии болота в удмуртском языке

the article proposes to trace the history of fixation of the lexeme kud ‘swamp’ in the Udmurt language, which was first recorded in the earliest written documents (XVIII century). To present the dynamics of changes in the graphic design and semantics of a word, data from some of the most important lexicographic sources of the XIX–XXI centuries are presented. Objective: to identify the concept kud ‘swamp’ in the monuments of early Udmurt writing; to consider its semantic evolution and etymology. Research materials: written monuments of the XVIII–XIX centuries, lexicographic works on the Udmurt language, as well as data from related and contacting languages. Results and novelty of the research: our work provides for the first time the written history (from the XVIII century to the present day) of the lexeme kud ‘swamp’ in the Udmurt language. The initial fixation of Udmurt words in various kinds of handwritten and printed dictionaries and grammars dates back to the beginning of the emergence of Udmurt writing – 27 Bulletin of Ugric Studies. Vol. 14. № 1 (56). 2024. the XVIII century, while the earliest texts associated with translations of the Gospels and other Holy books appeared only in the middle of the XIX century. The author has made an attempt to consider the Udmurt word kud ‘swamp’ from the point of view of historical lexicography – the change in spelling is traced, the expansion of the semantic content of the lexeme is described. The study revealed that the first fixation of the word was made in 1780 in the handwritten grammar of the Udmurt language, and the graphic design differed slightly from the modern one – only by the presence of a hard sign in the end of the lexeme. An expansion of the semantic meaning of this notion in written sources of modern times has also been discovered. An etymological analysis of the word shows that it belongs to the common Perm vocabulary and has a correspondence in the related Komi-Zyryan language. The results of the chronological description of the word kud ‘swamp’ can be used as material for historical and etymological dictionaries of the Udmurt language.

About the unusual name “drone” in the Udmurt language of the 18th century

The relevance of the proposed topic is due to the insufficient identification and description of the vocabulary of fauna, as one of the most archaic layers in the vocabulary of almost all FinnoUgric languages. The purpose of this study is to trace the history of the written fixation of the word var-bozgo ‘drone’ in the Udmurt language, starting from its first appearance in the earliest written monuments of the 18th century and ending with the main lexicographic works of the modern period, to consider the lexical-semantic formation of a complex name and determine by possibilities of its etymology. Achieving this goal seems possible by solving problems related to identifying and describing this entomological term in comparison with data from other related and unrelated languages. The research material is handwritten and published written monuments of the 18th-19th centuries, the most important lexicographic works on the Udmurt language of the modern period, as well as possible parallels of these words from contacting related and unrelated languages. The descriptive method is mainly used, as well as some elements of semantic and comparative etymological analysis. The name var-bozgo ‘drone’ is unique - it has no typological parallels, it is recorded only in one written source - the handwritten grammar of M. Myshkin, compiled in the second half of the 18th century. To develop the question, further fixation of individual components of this complex word in the Udmurt language, which function with high and low frequency, is provided. As a result of the study, an expansion of the lexical and semantic content of the word bozgo was discovered during the development of the language. Etymological analysis made it possible to identify the origin of the constituent elements of the entomological term: var ‘servant, slave’ has parallels in many Finno-Permian languages and is an original Udmurt word of the Finno-Permian period of development of the base language; and the origin of the component bozgo ‘zhuk; dung beetle’ is associated with the expressive-figurative word boz ( boz-boz ), expressing the sound image of a buzzing or low voice, to which the unproductive nominal formant -go was added during the period of independent formation of the Udmurt language.

Nominal Morphology of the Tver Karelian Translation of “Gospel of Mark”

The article presents the results of an analysis of the nominal inflectional system of a two-centuries-old account of the Tver Karelian written language – the Gospel of Mark "Маркешта Святой Іôванӷели" translated into the Kozlovo subdialect of the Karelian language in 1820. This study is of high relevance due to the absence of papers describing the morphological system features of the language of this account, which is a key element in the study of the Karelian language history and dialectology. As part of the work, the materials from the translated text were compared to the data gathered during the linguistic expedition to the Kozlovо area of the Tver Karelian settlement in the summer of 2020, as well as to the data from the handwritten grammar of the Tver Karelian language by A. A. Belyakov (1948) and the grammar of the new scripted variant of the Tver Karelian language, based on dialectal material for the same group of subdialects as the translation of the Gospel. In addition, the revealed features are compared to the materials of other Karelian supradialects and dialects, both contemporary and presented in late 19th century descriptions. The article examines two grammatical categories of nominals: the number and the case. The analysis of the material led to the conclusion that the language of the manuscript is archaic, and also revealed a number of phenomena that were not presented in modern Tver Karelian subdialects and helped to identify the innovative features of relatively recent origin in the subdialects.

Euskal gramatika zaharren katalogo baterantz: gramatika eskuizkribatuak / Towards a catalog of ancient Basque grammars: handwritten grammars

Ekarpen honen helburua XX. mendearen aurretik eskuz idatzitako euskal gramatiken zerrenda eta deskribapena egitea da. Sarrera baten ondoren (§ 1), gaingiroki aurkeztuko ditut, batetik, gramatika eskuizkribatu galduak (§ 2) eta, bestetik, eskuizkribua gordetzeaz gain, bere garaian inprimatu zirenak edo berrikiago argitaratu direnak ere (§ 3). Ondoren, xehekiago begiratuko diet eskuizkribuetan soilik gorde zaizkigun euskal gramatika zahar osoei (§ 4).

A Statistical, Grammar-Based Approach to Microplanning

Although there has been much work in recent years on data-driven natural language generation, little attention has been paid to the fine-grained interactions that arise during microplanning between aggregation, surface realization, and sentence segmentation. In this article, we propose a hybrid symbolic/statistical approach to jointly model the constraints regulating these interactions. Our approach integrates a small handwritten grammar, a statistical hypertagger, and a surface realization algorithm. It is applied to the verbalization of knowledge base queries and tested on 13 knowledge bases to demonstrate domain independence. We evaluate our approach in several ways. A quantitative analysis shows that the hybrid approach outperforms a purely symbolic approach in terms of both speed and coverage. Results from a human study indicate that users find the output of this hybrid statistic/symbolic system more fluent than both a template-based and a purely symbolic grammar-based approach. Finally, we illustrate by means of examples that our approach can account for various factors impacting aggregation, sentence segmentation, and surface realization.

Systematic synthesis of delta modeling languages

Delta modeling is a modular, yet flexible approach to capture variability by explicitly representing differences between system variants or versions. The conceptual idea of delta modeling is language-independent. But, to apply delta modeling to a concrete language, either a generic transformation language has to be used or the corresponding delta language has to be manually developed for each considered base language. Generic languages and their tool support often lack readability and specific context condition checking, since they are unrelated to the base language. In this paper, we present a process that allows synthesizing a delta language from the grammar of a given base language. Our method relies on an automatically generated language extension that can be manually adapted to meet domain-specific needs. We illustrate our method using delta modeling on a textual variant of architecture diagrams. Furthermore, we evaluate our method using a comparative case study. This case study covers an architectural, a structural, and a behavioral language and compares the preexisting handwritten grammars to the generated grammars as well as the manually tailored grammars. This paper is an extension of Haber et al. (Proceedings of the 17th international software product line conference (SPLC'13), pp 22---31, 2013).

Ivan Ikonnik's “Church Slavonic Grammar Book” as a Synthesis of Slavonic Grammatical Tradition

The paper is devoted to Ivan Ikonnik’s hand-written grammar (1733) from the Moscow Kremlin manuscript collection, which contains a generalization and reconsideration experiences of the previous slavic grammatical tradition. The sources used by Ivan Ikonnik are revealed, principles of representation of a language material are reconstructed.

Detecting and extracting named entities from spontaneous speech in a mixed-initiative spoken dialogue context: How May I Help You? sm, tm

The understanding module of a spoken dialogue system must extract, from the speech recognizer output, the kind of request expressed by the caller (the call type) and its parameters (numerical expressions, time expressions or proper-names). Such expressions are called Named Entities and their definitions can be either generic or linked to the dialogue application domain. Detecting and extracting such Named Entities within a mixed-initiative dialogue context like How May I Help You? sm, tm (HMIHY) is the subject of this study. After reviewing standard methods based on hand-written grammars and statistical tagging, we propose a new approach, combining the advantages of both in a 2-step process. We also propose a novel architecture which exploits understanding to improve recognition accuracy: the output of the Automatic Speech Recognition module is now a word lattice and the understanding module is responsible for transcribing the word strings which are useful to the Dialogue Manager. All the methods proposed are trained and evaluated on a corpus comprising utterances from live customer traffic.