Hand Width Research Articles

Perceptual and Conceptual Distortions of Implicit Hand Maps.

Recent studies have revealed that human position sense relies on a massively distorted representation of hand size and shape. By comparing the judged location of landmarks on an occluded hand, Longo and Haggard (2010) constructed implicit perceptual maps of represented hand structure, showing large underestimation of finger length and overestimation of hand width. Here, we investigated the contribution of two potential sources of distortions to such effects: perceptual distortions reflecting spatial warping of the representation of bodily tissue itself, perhaps reflecting distortions of somatotopic cortical maps, and conceptual distortions reflecting mistaken beliefs about the locations of different landmarks within the body. In Experiment 1 we compared distorted hand maps to a task in which participants explicitly judged the location of their knuckles in a hand silhouette. The results revealed the conceptual distortions are responsible for at least part of the underestimation of finger length, but cannot explain overestimation of hand width. Experiment 2 compared distortions of the participant’s own hand based on position sense with a prosthetic hand based on visual memory. Underestimation of finger length was found for both hands, providing further evidence that it reflects a conceptual distortion. In contrast, overestimation of hand width was specific to representation of the participant’s own hand, confirming it reflects a perceptual distortion. Together, these results suggest that distorted body representations do not reflect a single underlying cause. Rather, both perceptual and conceptual distortions contribute to the overall configuration of the hand representation.

Identifying the optimal hand placement site for chest compression by measuring hand width and sternal length in young adults

ObjectiveThere are no specific guidelines regarding the exact hand placement location for effective chest compressions. This study was designed to identify the optimal hand placement site over the chest during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). MethodsThe sternal length (SL) of young Korean adults was measured as the distance from the suprasternal notch (SN) to the lower end of the sternum. In addition, the heel width of the hand (H) was measured 1 cm (H1) and 2 cm (H2) distal to the proximal end of the carpal bones. ResultsA total of 300 men and 300 women were enrolled. SL positively correlated with height (R2=14.2), weight (R2=15.3), BMI (R2=10.3), H1 (R2 =3.4), and H2 (R2 = 5.0). Mean H2 and half of the SL (SL/2) for the subgroups were M 8.4 and 10.1 cm, M′ 8.3 and 9.7 cm, W 7.6 and 10.1 cm, and W′ 7.4 and 9.5 cm, respectively (M, men taller than the mean; M′, men shorter than the mean; W, women taller than the mean; W′, women shorter than the mean). Mean H2 in men was 1.1 to 1.6 cm shorter than SL/2, whereas mean H2 in women was 2.2 to 2.9 cm shorter than SL/2. ConclusionsTo find the most optimal chest compression point, from the patients' left side, CPR providers need to palpate the SN using the right little finger and placing the left heel one heel width (H2) from the SN. From the patient's right side, CPR providers should use the left little finger to palpate the SN and place the right heel one heel width (H2) from the SN.

Ultrasound Evaluation of the Normal Ulnar Nerve in Guyon's Tunnel: Cross-sectional Area and Anthropometric Measurements

BackgroundUlnar nerve (UN) entrapment is an infrequent disorder, but is often seen in long-distance cyclists. Electrodiagnosis and imaging modalities, including ultrasound, are used for diagnosis. The goal of this study was to obtain sonographic normative data of the UN in Guyon's tunnel, to establish the diagnosis of Guyon's tunnel syndrome in future studies. Anthropometric measures were also obtained. MethodsA total of 46 healthy volunteers (30 men) were recruited (mean age, 24.7 ± 3.1 years), and a total of 83 wrists were examined. The examinations included anthropometric measurements (wrist width, wrist depth, wrist circumference, palm length, and hand width) and ultrasound measurement of the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the UN in Guyon's tunnel. B-mode sonography and power Doppler were employed. ResultsThe UN CSA in Guyon's tunnel for male volunteers was 6.0 ± 2.0 mm2, and 5.0 ± 1.0 mm2 for female volunteers. There was a significant difference between female and male volunteers in the measurements of wrist width, wrist depth, wrist circumference, palm length, hand width, and UN CSA (p < 0.001). The UN CSA was correlated with wrist width, wrist depth, wrist circumference, palm length and hand width (p < 0.01). Differences were noted within and between gender groups of UN CSA within Guyon's tunnel. ConclusionNerve CSA may differ by gender and this may be related to body size. Therefore, the contralateral side is more useful as a reference standard than the gender mean.

손기능과 손의 특성과의 관계

Purpose. This study was to investigate the relationship between hand function and characteristics of hand. Methods. Participants were 56 occupational therapy students who studied in M colleges in Gyengsangnam-do, april 20, 2015 from 1 May, and hand circumference and length (vertical, w), the width was measured. A hand grip on the measurement subject was measured by the Grip dynamometer and Pinch gauge. Results. The results was hand length, width, circumference long, broad, thick, and hand strength was a greater correlation emerged. Grip strength was showed a significant correlation to the size and grip strength was also correlated. Conclusion. This study was correlation of length of the hand, a length wide and strength of the finger circumference.

Hand anthropometry in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: a case-control study with a matched control group of healthy volunteers.

The aim of this study was to perform anthropometrical measure- ments of patients' hands with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) in order to evaluate if there is a correlation between CTS occurrence and hand features regarding sexual dimorphism, age and physical activity. Study sample consisted of 48 patients (33 females) and control group included 80 healthy volunteers (58 females) with no history of CTS. The following measurements were performed: the wrist circumference, length of the hand, the hand's width, width of the wrist, thickness of the wrist, height of the hypothenar and thenar, length of the arm and forearm, circumference of the proximal phalanges and width of the digits; as well as several indexes were calculated i.e.: body mass index (BMI), shape index, digit index, wrist index, hand length/height ratio (HLH-ratio) and hand length/upper limb length ratio (HLULL-ratio). Correlation coincidences were analysed between circumferences within the hand, palm and body weight. All parameters except fingers were correlated with body weight in either gender in both groups (p < 0.05; r = 0.40-0.80); Furthermore, width of the hand was correlated with body height (p < 0.001; r = 0.56-0.71). Mean values of wrist index for CTS patients were: males: 0.8, females: 0.74 (significantly higher than in healthy individuals and indicating square shape); shape index: males 76.5, females 75.8; digit index: males 55.7, females 56.5. The calculated HLH-ratio in CTS group was: males 10.6, females 10.9; HLULL-ratio: males 23.6, females 24.9 and they did not differ significantly from healthy volunteers. Almost 90.0% of females with diagnosed CTS have BMI > 25.0 kg/m2. There are significant differences in morphometrical features of the upper limbs between CTS patients and healthy individuals. Hands of patients with CTS are more massive and with 'plumb' fingers and square shape of the wrist. Furthermore, higher BMI values were confirmed to be predisposing factors in CTS occurrence.

The Role of Children in the Creation of Finger Flutings in Koonalda Cave, South Australia

Koonalda Cave in South Australia has long been known for having the world's largest collection of finger flutings – lines drawn with fingers in the soft surfaces of cave ceilings and walls. Until recently no research had been done to attempt to distinguish individuals or determine unique identities among the finger fluters. A preliminary study conducted in 2014 of three different panels within the ‘Art Passage’ section of the cave revealed multiple finger fluters. Among the fluters appear to be at least three individuals with hand widths corresponding to children under the age of five. This article discusses these findings as well as contextual information from anthropological records and contemporary accounts of regional Aboriginal culture to discuss the role of children in art-making and their relationship to deep caves.

Sports anthropological and somatotypical comparison between young male shotputters and javelin throwers of different performance classes and recreational athletes

This study examines anthropometric and somatotypical differences between German male junior shot putters (n = 19) and javelin throwers (n = 19). Recreational athletes (n = 11) served as the control group (age range 16 – 23 years). Overall, the shot-putters were larger and had longer legs and arms as compared to the junior javelin throwers. For the smaller javelin throwers of the higher performance category shorter legs compared to the height of the hull were observed on average. There was a notably shorter leg of the spear throwers. The powerful javelin throwers had longer arms than the less powerful. For all anthropometric widths and depths, and the circumferences and the body weight, the junior shout putters achieved higher values than the spear throwers and recreational athletes. The skinfold thicknesses, the body fat mass and the BMI were highest among the shot putters. The shot putters had the highest values for endomorphy and pyknomorphia (Knussmann), on the other hand, the lowest values for ectomorphy. For the shot putters body height, shoulder width, hand width, foot width, chest circumference, minimal forearm circumference, calf circumference, arm span, plastic index and macrosomia were positively related to performance. Some skinfolds (calf, thigh) correlated negatively with the shot put distances. For the javelin throwers radiale, stylion, dactylion and ectomorphy correlated negatively with the throw widths, but the AKS index, the BMI, the Quetelet index, the Rohrer index, the Livi index, the Pelidisi index, the Broca index, mesomorphy, the metric index and plastic index correlated positively with the performance. The higher class shot putters of the present study achieved a mean somatotype of 2.9 – 5.6 – 1.1 and the higher class javelin throwers of 2.1 – 4.9 – 1.8. As the shot putters and the javelin throwers of the present investigation were rather young, there is still a significant development potential for the mesomorphic component in comparison to Olympians.

Analysis of Age-Related Changes in Asian Facial Skeletons Using 3D Vector Mathematics on Picture Archiving and Communication System Computed Tomography.

PurposeThere are marked differences in facial skeletal characteristics between Asian and Caucasian. However, ethnic differences in age-related facial skeletal changes have not yet been fully established. The aims of this study were to evaluate age-related changes in Asian midfacial skeletons and to explore ethnic differences in facial skeletal structures with aging between Caucasian and Asian.Materials and MethodsThe study included 108 men (aged 20-79 years) and 115 women (aged 20-81 years). Axial CT images with a gantry tilt angle of 0 were analyzed. We measured three-dimensional (3D) coordinates at each point with a pixel lens cursor in a picture archiving and communication system (PACS), and angles and widths between the points were calculated using 3D vector mathematics. We analyzed angular changes in 4 bony regions, including the glabellar, orbital, maxillary, and pyriform aperture regions, and changes in the orbital aperture width (distance from the posterior lacrimal crest to the frontozygomatic suture) and the pyriform width (between both upper margins of the pyriform aperture).ResultsAll 4 midfacial angles in females and glabellar and maxillary angles in males showed statistically significant decreases with aging. On the other hand, the orbital and pyriform widths did not show statistically significant changes with aging.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that Asian midfacial skeletons may change continuously throughout life, and that there may be significant differences in the midfacial skeleton between both sexes and between ethnic groups.

Morphological and Functional Aspects of Hand in Relation to Age, Gender and Sports Playing Condition

Aim: This cross-sectional study was performed to investigate the hand anthropometric measurements and grip strength of children in three age groups. Methods: 546 children participated in the study and grouped as little (9-11years), youth (12-14years), junior (15-18years). A digital compass with a resolution of 0.01 mm was used for hand anthropometric measurements and a digital hand dynamometer was used for grip strength measurement. Hand dimensions and hand grip strength of both hands were measured. Eight parameters were evaluated for each hand. Results: Hand width values measured from little females and little males and youth males were not statistically significant in sporting and non-sporting groups. There was a statistically significant difference for both hand length of little males and junior males between sporting and non-sporting groups. When shape index values of right and left hands were compared for both groups there was a statistically significant difference for little males and females whereas there was a statistically significant difference in youth females and junior females values compared for sports playing condition. When palmar length/width ratio values were evaluated there was a statistically significant difference between sporting and non-sporting groups in little males for both hands and in junior males for right hand. When grip strength values were evaluated there was a statistically significant difference between sporting and non-sporting groups in little males for both hands and in junior males for right hand. Conclusion: These findings stress the morphological and functional differences of hand according to age, gender and sports playing condition.

Does the experience of ownership over a rubber hand change body size perception in anorexia nervosa patients?

Anorexia nervosa (AN) patients show disturbances in body size experience. Here, malleability of body representation was assessed by inducing the Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI). Specifically the impact of the illusion on body size estimation was investigated.Thirty AN patients and thirty healthy females participated. The RHI was induced synchronously (experimental condition) and asynchronously (control condition) Both before and after induction of the RHI participants were asked to estimate the size of their own and the rubber hand.The results showed that AN patients had a stronger experience of ownership over the rubber hand than healthy females in the experimental, but not the control condition. AN patients and HC did not differ on proprioceptive drift. Before induction of the illusion AN patients overestimated hand width. After induction of the illusion (experimental as well as control condition) AN patients no longer overestimated the width of their hand. Healthy females correctly estimated hand size both before and after induction of the RHI.In conclusion, stronger experience of ownership over the rubber hand in the AN group implies a more malleable body representation in AN patients compared to healthy females. Changed hand size estimation in the AN group appears to be unrelated to the RHI, as it occurred under both experimental and control conditions of the illusion. Alternative interpretations are discussed.

Distal Part of the Human Hand: Study of Form Variability and Sexual Dimorphism Using Geometric Morphometrics

Tradičně se lidská ruka studuje prostřednictvím měření a srovnávání jednotlivých segmentů (prstů, článků prstů, záprstních kostí) bez zohlednění jejich vzájemných prostorových souvislostí. Cílem této studie je výzkum vnitro-populační variability formy lidské ruky jako celku v oblasti tříčlánkových prstů se zvláštním zaměřením na sexuální dimorfismus a vztah mezi velikostí a tvarem ruky. Pravé ruce 99 žen a 70 mužů, převážně vysokoškolských studentů, byly ve standardizované poloze z palmární strany zaznamenány běžným stolním skenerem. Na každém dvourozměrném snímku bylo umístěno 16 význačných bodů a byla studována variabilita mezi těmito konfiguracemi prostřednictvím metod geometrické morfometrie. Pro lepší pochopení vnitřních vzorců variability tvaru byl tvarový prostor rozložen na afinní a neafinní podprostor, které byly dále analyzovány samostatně. Převážná část celkové variability byla spojena s afinními tvarovými rozdíly, které jsou identické v celé studované oblasti ruky. Jejich větší část představovala střižnou změnu v proximodistálním směru, menší část pak napínání odpovídající změnám v šířce ruky. Toto napínání také silně korelovalo s velikostí ruky. Mezipohlavní rozdíly představovala afinní změna, ve které byla proximodistální střižná změna neoddělitelně spojena se změnami v relativní šířce ruky. Lokální neafinní pohlavní rozdíly byly zaznamenány v určitých článcích prstů a mohou souviset s rozdíly v poměrech délek prstů. Domníváme se, že oddělení globálních a lokálních sexuálně dimorfních znaků ruky může pomoci blíže ozřejmit původ/počátek jejich dimorfismu v rané ontogenezi – čím lokálnější znak, tím později se v ontogenezi zakládá. Dimorfní znaky lokální a globální by proto mohly být ovlivněny odlišnými ontogenetickými faktory.

First-trimester hand measurements in euploid and aneuploid human fetuses using virtual reality.

Although second-trimester and third-trimester reference curves for human fetal hand growth allow for identification of several genetic syndromes, little is known about first-trimester hand growth. We investigated first-trimester hand growth in euploid and aneuploid fetuses. Between 9 and 12 weeks' gestational age (GA), wrist width, hand width, hand length, and hand index were measured in three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound datasets of 112 euploid and 65 aneuploid pregnancies. We constructed reference curves for these measurements in euploid pregnancies and calculated z-scores for measurements in aneuploid pregnancies. Reproducibility was established in a subset of 20 datasets. While wrist width, hand width, and hand length increased with gestational age, hand index decreased. Intraobserver and interobserver intraclass correlation coefficient values were >0.97. In trisomy 21 cases, wider wrists and hands were observed compared with euploid pregnancies (mean z-scores 1.06, SD 2.04, p < 0.001 and 1.16, SD 1.30, p < 0.001, respectively). Trisomy 18 cases showed narrower and shorter hands (mean z-scores -0.74, SD 1.20, p = 0.009 and -0.97, SD 0.86, p = 0.005, respectively). In trisomy 13 cases, no differences were observed. Reference values are available for first-trimester studies on human hand development. First-trimester hand measurements in trisomies 21 and 18 differ significantly from those in euploid pregnancies and may be useful for early identification of abnormal development.

Anthropometric aspects of hand morphology in relation to sex and to body mass in a Turkish population sample

The hand is not only one of the principal structures related to motor function but is also essential for tactile sensations. The genetic endowment of an individual plays an important role in the development and differentiation of the hands. Certain features of hands are known to be sexually dimorphic and body morphology may also affect hand morphology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthropometric aspects of the hand in terms of its overall morphology and shape in relation to sex.Three hundred and eighty-five healthy individuals (187 males and 198 females), aged 20–41 years, participated in the study. Hand length, hand width, third finger length and palmar length were measured using a digital caliper with a resolution of 0.01mm. The shape index, digit index, and palmar length/width ratio were also calculated. The body height and weight of the participants were measured and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Analysis of covariance was used to evaluate BMI and sex differentiation of continuous dependent variables (indices). BMI caused a significant difference between sexes with respect to the shape index, digit index, and palmar length/width ratio of the right and left hands. Also, a statistically significant difference between sexes was found with respect to the shape index, digit index, and palmar length/width ratio of the right and left hands. The hands of males are coarser than those of females and males tend to have a stronger grasping ability. Also, the hands of females are narrower than those of males.Thus it can be suggested that sexual dimorphism exists regarding hand morphology, which may be a consequence of differential prenatal exposure of males and females to testosterone and estrogen along with genetic endowment.

Ergonomic design of a computer mouse for clients with wrist splints.

We explored effects of cutaneous feedback and hump position on efficiency and comfort in mouse use with a splint. We also analyzed the relationship between anthropometric measurements (width of hand and length of hand, palm, and index) and the task performance. Thirty participants performed a computer task with two forms of mice (front hump and rear hump) and two kinds of wrist splints (dorsal and volar). Movement time and satisfaction scores were recorded. No interaction effect (Hump Position × Splint Type) was found on movement time. Movement time was shorter for rear-hump mouse users than for front-hump mouse users. Movement time was also shorter for wearers of dorsal wrist splints than for wearers of volar wrist splints. Limited differences existed in the satisfaction scores. Participants with a longer index finger had shorter movement time. Both dorsal wrist splints and rear-hump mice are recommended. Length of index finger positively correlated with task performance.

The effect of perinatal brachial plexus lesion on upper limb development

BackgroundDeficiency in upper limb development is a sequel of the perinatal brachial plexus palsy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of brachial plexus birth lesion on upper limb development.MethodsForty-four patients with unilateral obstetric brachial plexus palsy underwent measurements of both upper extremities. The average age at the time of evaluation was 6.8 years. Active motion was assessed using Gilbert-Raimondi, the modified MRC, and Al-Qattan scales. Paired t test was used for statistical analysis. Correlation between limb length / circumference discrepancy and age / time of surgery was assessed using Pearson correlation coefficient.ResultsA decrease in the circumference and length was observed in all limbs with brachial plexus lesion. We found a statistically significant difference between degree of hand length and width decrease and its useful and useless function. We observed a statistically significant difference in measurement: forearm length, hand length and width dependent on the type of surgical procedure (neurolysis, reconstruction). We observed no correlation between age and limb length / circumference discrepancy. We also observed no correlation between time of surgery and limb length / circumference discrepancy.ConclusionsThe decrease in dimensions of the affected limbs occurred predominantly during the period of early childhood. Disparities in dimensions are observed in both cases of deficiency of useful function of upper limb and cases in which functional efficiency appears.

English

BACKGROUND: Height is the major parameter of personal identification. In any kind of mishap, forensic scientists require to estimate stature from body part(s). Confidence intervals or confidence limits provide basis for such identification. OBJECTIVE: To determine 95% confidence intervals for mean heights on the basis of body segment. MATERIAL & METHODS: The study consisted of 100 males and 100 females. Their stature and hand length, hand breadth, foot length & foot breadth on the right and left side was recorded. Logistic regression analysis was carried out to know the body segment(s) identifying gender. 95% confidence intervals of mean height for identified body segment were determined. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis revealed Right Hand Width and Right Foot Length could determine correct gender. Thus 95% confidence intervals for mean heights for each observed value of Right Hand Width and Right Foot Length of male and female were generated. Validity revealed that 75% and 40% heights lie in 95% confidence interval according to Right Hand Width while 100% and 67% lie in 95% confidence interval according to Right Foot Length of males and females, respectively. CONCLUSION: 95% confidence intervals provide the range of height within which the individual may have his/her height instead of single value. This gives good approximation to actual value (height).

The effects of immediate vision on implicit hand maps

Perceiving the external spatial location of the limbs using position sense requires that immediate proprioceptive afferent signals be combined with a stored body model specifying the size and shape of the body. Longo and Haggard (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:11727-11732, 2010) developed a method to isolate and measure this body model in the case of the hand in which participants judge the perceived location in external space of several landmarks on their occluded hand. The spatial layout of judgments of different landmarks is used to construct implicit hand maps, which can then be compared with actual hand shape. Studies using this paradigm have revealed that the body model of the hand is massively distorted, in a highly stereotyped way across individuals, with large underestimation of finger length and overestimation of hand width. Previous studies using this paradigm have allowed participants to see the locations of their judgments on the occluding board. Several previous studies have demonstrated that immediate vision, even when wholly non-informative, can alter processing of somatosensory signals and alter the reference frame in which they are localised. The present study therefore investigated whether immediate vision contributes to the distortions of implicit hand maps described previously. Participants judged the external spatial location of the tips and knuckles of their occluded left hand either while being able to see where they were pointing (as in previous studies) or while blindfolded. The characteristic distortions of implicit hand maps reported previously were clearly apparent in both conditions, demonstrating that the distortions are not an artefact of immediate vision. However, there were significant differences in the magnitude of distortions in the two conditions, suggesting that vision may modulate representations of body size and shape, even when entirely non-informative.

Association Of Handgrip Strength With Body Mass Index Among Nigerian Students.

The aim of the present research was to study the relationship between handgrip strength with body mass index in 400 randomly selected Secondary School Students in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. The students were from Two Secondary Schools and were aged between 14-18 years with mean age of 16.00±1.35. Various anthropometric variables studied include, the height, weight, BMI, hand width and length, upper and lower arm length, mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) and handgrip strength were measured using standard anthropometric measurement techniques. The results show that male students had higher mean values in height (16.00±1.35kg), weight (46.34±8.30cm), hand length (19.34±0.98cm), hand width (10.45±0.90cm), forearm length (27.93±1.92cm), arm length (31.93±2.46cm) and handgrip strength (35.63±17.17), while having lower mean values in BMI (17.45±2.30) and MUAC (24.23±2.26cm). Male students had a higher mean handgrip strength which is significantly correlated (P≤0.01) with all the variables studied while female students had handgrip strength with a significant positive correlation (P≤0.01) with some of the variables. It may be concluded that handgrip strength had strong positive correlations with all the anthropometric variables associated with BMI in Nigerian Secondary School Students of Kano metropolis.

Internal maps of the hand are mislocated in space and affected by posture and vision.

Event Abstract Back to Event Internal maps of the hand are mislocated in space and affected by posture and vision. Lee D. Walsh1, 2* 1 Neuroscience Research Australia, Australia 2 University of New South Wales, Australia Aims: The brain’s internal maps of the hand are distorted (e.g. 1). The hand is perceived to be shorter and wider than it actually is. However, only measures of hand width and length have been reported, the perceived position of the hand and digits relative to actual position is unknown. This study measured the brain’s internal map of the position of the hand and its digits and the effect of hand posture and vision on these maps. Methods: Ten naïve healthy human subjects sat with their left hand resting on a table. A second table was placed over the hand removing it from view. The task was to point to the tip of each finger and each metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint of the left hand. Each landmark was pointed to 5 times in random order. I compared perceived landmark position to actual position using a 2x2x5 factorial design. Factors were vision (eyes open or closed), posture (left palm up or palm down) and digit. Results: On average subjects perceived their fingers to be 19.4 [22.3,16.5] mm (mean [95% confidence interval]) shorter and their left hand to be 15.3 [6.29, 24.3] mm wider than reality. Subjects perceived their hand to be displaced proximally (MCP joints: 27.2 [33.2,21.2] mm, finger tips: 46.6 [52.2,40.9] mm). When the hand was palm down subjects perceived it to be displaced by 16.7 [12.1, 21.3] mm toward the ulna. There was minimal displacement with the palm up. With closed eyes the perceived proximal shift of the MCP joints reduced by ~12 mm (F(1,9)=12.36, p=0.0006) and the perceived location of the hand shifted towards the midline of the body by ~30 mm (MCP joints: F(1,9) = 63.06, p<0.0001, finger tips: F(1,9)=40.45, p<0.0001). Conclusions: The internal map of the hand is not only distorted in shape, but is mislocated in space. Removing vision reduces the proximal mislocation and increases the medio-lateral mislocation showing that even uninformative vision influences the perceived location of the hand. Perception of the palmar surface of the hand shows a distorted shape similar to the hand dorsum, but is more spatially accurate. Importantly, this work shows that multiple dissociated elements of proprioception can be measured in one simple task.

Analysis of Selected Hand Anthropometric Measurements among South West Zone Inter University Male Handball Players

The purpose of this study was to analyse the selected hand anthropometric measurements among south zone inter university male handball players. The selected players right and left hand length and width were measured on 144 male handball players who had right hand as dominant hand. These players took part in south west zone inter university handball tournament for the year 2010-2011 organized by S.R.T.M University, Nanded, Maharashtra. In this study date was collected from teams who reached quarter finals and Annamalai University team. The hand length and width was selected as criterion variable and measured by vernier caliper, gulick tape and measuring scale. The collected data was analysed using ANOVA, when F is found to be significant Tukey HSD post hoc test was applied. The result of the study showed that right hand length (F = 1.61, p = 0.126) and left hand length (F = 1.19, p = 0.308) show no significant difference between the groups. However, right hand width (F = 5.450, p = 0.000) and left hand width (F = 6.302, p = 0.000). It shows that Rajasthan university handball players showed greater hand width on both hands than other team players. It can be concluded that hand width shows significant variations among the south west zone inter university handball tournament. The criterion variables which are selected in the present study show significant impact on griping the ball.