Hand Vein Research Articles

On the influence of anisotropic diffusion filter on dorsal hand authentication using eigenveins

In this paper, we present a competent approach for dorsal hand vein features extraction from near infrared images and PCA matching. Which is the anisotropic diffusion filter; we present first a review about this filter most used for the image enhancement. The physiological features characterize the dorsal venous network of the hand. These networks are single to each individual and can be used as a biometric system for person identification/authentication. An active near infrared method is used for image acquisition. The proposed approach uses an anisotropic diffusion technique for contrast enhancement and morphological filtering to extract the venous network and principal component analysis.

Fuzzy Brain Storm Optimization and Adaptive Thresholding for Multimodal Vein-Based Recognition System

Nowadays, conventional security method of using passwords can be easily forged by unauthorized person. Hence, biometric cues such as fingerprints, voice, palm print, and face are more preferable for recognition but to preserve the liveliness, another one important biometric trait is vein pattern, which is formed by the subcutaneous blood vessels that contain all the achievable recognition properties. Accordingly, in this paper, we propose a multibiometric system using palm vein, hand vein, and finger vein. Here, Holoentropy-based thresholding mechanism is newly developed for extracting the vein patterns. Also, Fuzzy Brain Storm Optimization (FBSO) method is proposed for score level fusion to achieve the better recognition performance. These two contributions are effectively included in the biometric recognition system and the performance analysis of the proposed method is carried out using the benchmark datasets of palm vein image, finger vein image, and hand vein image. The quantitative results are analyzed with the help of FAR, FRR, and accuracy. From outcome, we proved that the proposed FBSO approach attained a higher accuracy of 81.3% than the existing methods.

A Multimodal Biometric Approach for the Recognition of Finger Print, Palm Print and Hand Vein using Fuzzy Vault

For the security reasons, person identification has got primary place by means of some of the physiological features. In this paper, multimodal biometry is utilised for the person identification with the help of three physiological features such as finger print, palm print and hand vein. Initially, in the pre-processing stage, the unwanted portions, noise content and the blur effects are removed from the input finger print, palm print and hand vein images. The features from these three modalities are extracted. The combined feature vector is obtained by chaff points and extracted features. After getting the combined feature vector points, the secret key points are added with the combined feature vector points to generate the fuzzy vault. Finally, in the recognition stage, test person's combined vector is compared with the fuzzy vault database. Now we can obtain the corresponding finger print, hand vein and palm print images.

SIFT Based Vein Recognition Models: Analysis and Improvement.

Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) is being investigated more and more to realize a less-constrained hand vein recognition system. Contrast enhancement (CE), compensating for deficient dynamic range aspects, is a must for SIFT based framework to improve the performance. However, evidence of negative influence on SIFT matching brought by CE is analysed by our experiments. We bring evidence that the number of extracted keypoints resulting by gradient based detectors increases greatly with different CE methods, while on the other hand the matching result of extracted invariant descriptors is negatively influenced in terms of Precision-Recall (PR) and Equal Error Rate (EER). Rigorous experiments with state-of-the-art and other CE adopted in published SIFT based hand vein recognition system demonstrate the influence. What is more, an improved SIFT model by importing the kernel of RootSIFT and Mirror Match Strategy into a unified framework is proposed to make use of the positive keypoints change and make up for the negative influence brought by CE.

Value of graph topology in vascular biometrics

Biometrics such as retina, palm vein, wrist vein and hand vein are becoming increasingly popular because of ease of use, in-built liveness detection and a contact free capture process. Here the authors show the benefits of graph representation for all such vascular biometrics and the advantages of graph topology in matching vascular biometric graphs. The authors find that different types of small substructures dominate in the four classes of vascular graphs due to the way the vasculature is built in the human body. The authors show that simple graph structures can be used to bring down the registration time by over 50% compared with registration using edges alone, and that cost functions that include matching the local graph neighbourhood around compared node pairs improve matching performance. Distance measures based on the number of vertices or edges in the maximum common subgraph are shown to discriminate significantly better than using a simple count of matched vertices, as in the iterative closest point based point pattern matching. For graphs whose topology is close to that of proximity graphs, edge-based distance measures were found to perform best. These results are demonstrated for all four vascular modalities.

Large vein injection alleviates rocuronium-induced pain in gynaecologic patients

BackgroundRocuronium-induced pain upon injection is very common in the clinical setting. Using the antecubital rather than the hand vein can avoid pain due to propofol injection. We aimed to investigate whether the use of the antecubital vein for injection would alleviate rocuronium-induced pain in a similar fashion. MethodsSixty patients (ASA classes I and II) scheduled for gynaecologic laparoscopy were randomised into two groups. Rocuronium (0.6mg/kg) was injected either into the vein on the dorsum of the hand (group D) or a large vein in the antecubital fossa (group A). Pain was assessed and recorded using a four-point scale. ResultsCompared with group D, the incidence of pain and severe pain was lower in group A patients. The rate of no pain was also higher in group A patients. ConclusionThe incidence and severity of rocuronium-induced injection pain were significantly alleviated via use of a large vein for rocuronium injection.

Local feature approach to dorsal hand vein recognition by Centroid-based Circular Key-point Grid and fine-grained matching

Due to the great progress made by local feature matching in both performance and robustness of dorsal hand vein recognition, this paper proposes a novel and effective approach for such an issue by improving two major steps of the SIFT-like framework, i.e. key-point detection and matching. For the former, a new key-point generation pattern, namely Centroid-based Circular Key-point Grid (CCKG), is presented, which efficiently localizes a certain number of points on the dorsal hand for the following SIFT feature extraction, leading to a discriminative description. In contrast to the existing key-point detectors, CCKG comprehensively accounts for the properties of the dorsal hand, including the vein network as well as the surrounding corium region, and hence achieves both good representativeness and low complexity. For the latter, a fine-grained matching process is introduced which makes use of Multi-task Sparse Representation Classifier (MtSRC). Compared with the traditional coarse-grained one that counts the number of associated SIFT features between the gallery and probe dorsal hand images, MtSRC precisely calculates the error of each feature of the probe as reconstructed by the gallery features, and all the errors of the probe features are combined for similarity measurement, reaching a better accuracy in recognition. The proposed approach is evaluated on the NCUT Part A database and shows its effectiveness in both the identification and verification scenarios. Additionally, the experimental results achieved on the NCUT Part B dataset highlight its generality and robustness to low quality images.

Dorsal hand vein recognition via hierarchical combination of texture and shape clues

Within the domain of biometrics, the pattern of dorsal hand vein has received increasing attentions during recent years due to its properties of being universal, unique, stable, and contactless, in particular the simplicity of liveness detection and difficulty of forging. This paper presents an effective and efficient approach to dorsal hand vein recognition. In contrast to the majority of existing methods, which either make use of texture features or shape features, this method highlights that their joint use improves the distinctiveness of the dorsal hand vein image so that it can be better distinguished from the ones of other subjects. A novel shape representation method is proposed to describe the geometry structure of the venous network, by integrating both local and holistic analyses. Its similarity measurement is then hierarchically combined with that from the texture modality, generated by the well reputed texture operator, namely Local Binary Patterns (LBP), for decision making. To validate the proposed approach, extensive experiments are conducted on NCUT, one of the largest publicly available dorsal hand vein databases, and the results achieved are superior to the state of the art ones so far reported in the literature, which demonstrates its effectiveness.

Hand rejuvenation: Combining dorsal veins foam sclerotherapy and calcium hydroxylapatite filler injections.

Background The hands are an important aesthetic feature that can reveal aging through surface pigmentary changes, loss of skin thickness and ectatic dorsal hand veins. Techniques addressing these changes already exists but are not routinely combined for optimum results. Objective The combination techniques of dorsal hand veins sclerotherapy and sub-dermal filler injections are described. Methods The dorsal hand veins are treated with sclerotherapy (0.5% Sodium tetradecyl sulphate). This is then followed by subdermal injection of 0.75 mL-1.5 mL calcium hydroxylapatite (Radiesse, Merz) per hand, in conjunction with tumescent anaesthetic. The dorsal hands should be gently massaged for 2 min (per hand), twice a day for two days. If necessary, the procedure can be repeated after one month for further improvement. Results The techniques of sclerotherapy and filler injections complement each other well in hand rejuvenation. Calcium hydroxylapatite is safe and effective for hands and associated with high patient satisfaction. In suitable patients, the reduction in ectatic veins from sclerotherapy results in a longstanding improvement that complements volume restoration with fillers. Conclusion Aging hands with ectatic dorsal hand veins and skin atrophy/wrinkling not fully responsive to filler correction alone can further improve with the combination of sclerotherapy and filler injections.

Hand Vein Authentication System based on Information Sets

have been used from ages for authentication purpose but the key advantages of vein pattern that is hand vein pattern are 100 times more unique than other physiological are attracting many researchers. In this paper we have proposed an efficient authentication system using vein pattern. The concept of information sets has been used for feature extraction so as to have control over the local information. The information set based features has already been implemented on biometrics like ear and face. Till now these features have not been implemented on vein pattern based verification systems hence we have explored their suitability on veins. All the experiments have been carried out on vein database developed at IIT, DELHI .We have used Hanman classifier to check the accuracy of extracted features. Then we have optimized the Hanman classifier performance by using genetic algorithm. The optimized results shows that the proposed system in 99% efficient. We have also compared Hanman classifier accuracy with accuracy obtained from k- nearest neighbor and SVM classifier. Keywordsvein, Biometrics, Information sets, Fuzzy sets, Hanman

Hand Vein Image Enhancement Based on Multi-Scale Top-Hat Transform

Abstract Traditional image contrast enhancement methods originally cannot improve the quality of vein images and may also import some unknown noise resulting in low recognition rate. To overcome the abovementioned disadvantages, the paper proposes an enhancement method based on the morphological filtering theory including three main procedures. Firstly, the algorithm extract the vein Region Of Interest (ROI), and then adopting the improved White Top-Hat transform (WTH) and Black Top-Hat transform (BTH) methods to get the features of vein in detail in both white and black pattern (vein information and background information); Secondly, to construct the filtering function with the self-designed controlling operator, representing the gradient changes of the vein edges, which well reflects the importance of local detail in multi-scale pattern; Finally, traditional nonlinear gray-level transformation function is imported with modality to the parameters to realize the gray normalization. We perform rigorous experiments with the proposed method and other state-of-the-art enhancement methods on the self-built dorsal vein image databases, and the experimental results illustrate that the multiscale top-hat theory-based enhancement methods improve the contrast of hand vein images with restrictions on the possibility of enhancement on existing noise information.

Fusion of palm-phalanges print with palmprint and dorsal hand vein

To ensure the high performance of a biometric system, various unimodal systems are combined to evade their constraints to form a multimodal biometric system. Here, a multimodal personal authentication system using palmprint, dorsal hand vein pattern and a novel biometric modality “palm-phalanges print” is presented. Firstly, we have collected a new anterior hand database of 50 individuals with 500 images at the institute referred to as NSIT Palmprint Database 1.0 by using NSIT palmprint device. Then from these anterior hand images, database for palmprint and palm-phalanges is created. In this biometric system, the individuals do not have to undergo the distress of using two different sensors since the palmprint and palm-phalanges print features can be captured from the same image, using NSIT palmprint device, at the same time. For dorsal hand vein, Bosphorus Hand Vein Database is used because of the stability and uniqueness of hand vein patterns. We propose fusion of three different biometric modalities which includes palmprint (PP), palm-phalanges print (PPP) and dorsal hand vein (DHV) and perform score level fusion of PP-PPP, PP-DHV, PPP-DHV and PP-PPP-DHV strategies. Lastly, we use K-nearest neighbor, support vector machine and random forest to validate the matching stage. The results proved the validity of our proposed modality and show that multimodal fusion has an edge over unimodal fusion.

Routine Offered Protocol is not reliable for Thrombophlebitis Prevention

Background: This study has aimed to resolve replacement scheduling and proper cannula diameter and position for intravenous catheters which are still remained unresolved. Objective: This study aimed to resolve replacement scheduling and proper cannula diameter and position issues for intravenous catheters. Methods: In this 2015 experimental cohort study, 232 hospitalized patients receiving medication intravenously were assessed for the occurrence of thrombophlebitis (TF). Involved TF factors such as age, gender, cannula size, site of cannula in hand veins, duration of usage, and underlying disease were evaluated in patient and healthy control groups. Results: TF developed in 55 of 232 patients. The percentages of incidence were similar in men and women (30%). The patient mean age was lower than that of the control, but the difference was not significant. Average weight was significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group. The average duration of cannula in situ was significantly lower in patients than in the control group. The highest rate of TF occurred in the narrowest cannula usage and dorsal hand vein positions. The mean time of developing TF was lower than that indicated in CDC guidelines. Furthermore, 24 patients with TF (34%) had diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: In the current study, the percentage of TF occurrence was higher in patients with weight increase, use of narrower cannulae, dorsal hand vein positions, and a history of diabetes. Furthermore, TF can develop within 72 hours. It was concluded that some patients may be more susceptible to TF and require more care. Accordingly, the CDC guidelines’ offered scheduling for intravenous catheter replacement is not trustworthy.

Hand vein recognition based on PCET

A new feature extraction algorithm based on polar harmonic transforms (PHT) is presented, the accomplishment of the new algorithm involves several steps. First, we design the power-controlled multispectral vein acquisition handset to establish high-quality hand vein database. Second, we propose an improved valley-shaped enhancement operator with Niblack algorithm to realize vein segmentation. Third, we design experiments to compare the capability of the several invariant moments including Hu, Zernike, PST, PCT, PCET on the feature description of the different samples and the same samples with different geometric changes. Finally we choose PCET to do the matching experiment and we also use Hu to do the experiment so as to show the superiority of the PCET. The result is that the PCET can achieve an error equation rate of 0.861% and the Hu just achieves 14.51%.

Liveness detection for dorsal hand vein recognition

As the identification technology is developed day by day, so is the counterfeit, and any accreditation system can be tricked. Therefore, a complete biometric identification system is supposed to di...

Brain Derived Neutrophic Factor, Cerebral Activation and Memory Responses to Five Weeks of Aerobic Exercise Training

Studies have shown that the production of brain derived neutrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus increases following exercise which may be the molecular link between physical activity and the improvements reported in memory and learning. PURPOSE: To determine if moderate intensity exercise training leads to an increase in plasma [BDNF] which may be associated with improvements in cognitive function, increased brain activity and/or structure. METHODS: 11 healthy males (23 ± 7 yrs (±SD)) completed a 5 week aerobic training program (92 ± 5% compliance) at an intensity of 65% maximal heart rate, 5 days/wk on a cycle ergometer. Prior to, and following training, each subject performed a ramp exercise test to fatigue for the determination of peak VO2 (VO2pk), work rate (WRpk), and estimated lactate threshold (LT). Arterialized-venous blood samples were obtained from a dorsal hand vein at rest, exhaustion and during recovery for the determination of plasma [BDNF]. Subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a memory task before and after the training program. All exercise was performed on a cyle ergometer; pulmonary gas exchange was measured using standard techniques. RESULTS: While there was no difference in VO2pk between pre- and post-training (pre, 43.9 ± 9.2; post, 45.4 ± 8.5 ml/kg/min), the VO2 at LT was higher (p<0.05) following training (pre, 1773 ± 262; post, 2047 ± 289 ml/kg/min). Similarly, WRpk was higher (p<0.05) following training (pre, 288 ± 50; post, 313 ±56 W). Brain volume in right hippocampus and left cerebral cortex was significantly decreased following training. Compared to pre-training, fMRI showed an increase in the activation of the left hippocampus after training. There was no difference in plasma [BDNF] at rest between pre- and post-training; plasma [BDNF] increased (p<0.05) at exhaustion and was higher following training (pre, 15.4 ± 3.7; post, 17.5 ± 4.4 ng/ml: p<0.05). CONCLUSION: A moderate intensity training program resulted in small, but significant increases in exercise tolerance, brain structural and functional activation, particularly in the hippocampal region. However, there was little evidence for a relationship between changes in plasma [BDNF], brain structure and memory function.

Hand Rejuvenation Using a Combination Approach.

Hand rejuvenation has been recognized to play a key role in complementing and restoring an overall youthful look. Aging hands present specific characteristics that require a carefully designed combinational treatment for a successful clinical outcome from a practitioner's and patient's perspective. A Medline search was performed on hand rejuvenation from 1990 to 2015, and results are summarized. The authors' personal experiences with specific technologies are discussed. Review of available clinical studies revealed successful rejuvenation of the epidermis and dermis of the hands with topicals, chemical peels, intense pulsed light, and laser energy devices. Reports of sclerotherapy and laser veins ablation for dorsal hand veins were identified. Several studies on hand volume restoration with injectable volumetric fillers such as hyaluronic acid, calcium hydroxylapatite, poly-L-lactic acid, autologous fat transfer including the authors' personal experience with them are described. A plethora of noninvasive treatment options for hand rejuvenation have been thoroughly studied as monotherapy, but there is insufficient number of studies evaluating the best combination of therapies for this indication. It is likely that their strategic combination and sequence of application by a trained clinician will ensure a favorable outcome in addressing patient concerns.

Genetic variation in the alpha1B-adrenergic receptor and vascular response.

α1B- adrenergic receptors contribute to vasoconstriction in humans. We tested the hypothesis that variation in the ADRA1B gene contributes to interindividual variability and ethnic differences in adrenergic vasoconstriction. We measured dorsal hand vein responses to increasing doses of phenylephrine in 64 Caucasians and 41 African-Americans and genotyped 34 ADRA1B variants. We validated findings in another model of catecholamine-induced vasoconstriction, the increase in mean arterial pressure (ΔMAP) during a cold pressor test (CPT). One ADRA1B variant, rs10070745, present in 14 African-American heterozygotes but not in Caucasians, was associated with a lower phenylephrine ED50 (geometric mean [95% CI], 144 [69–299] ng/ml) compared to 27 African-American non-carriers (208 [130–334] ng/ml; P=0.015) and contributed to the ethnic differences in ED50. The same variant was also associated with a greater ΔMAP during CPT (P=0.008). In conclusion, ADRA1B rs10070745 was significantly associated with vasoconstrictor responses after adrenergic stimulation and contributed to the ethnic difference in phenylephrine sensitivity.

An accurate infrared hand geometry and vein pattern based authentication system

In this paper, hand dorsal images acquired under infrared light are used to design an accurate personal authentication system. Each of the image is segmented into palm dorsal and fingers which are subsequently used to extract palm dorsal veins and infrared hand geometry features respectively. A new quality estimation algorithm is proposed to estimate the quality of palm dorsal which assigns low values to the pixels containing hair or skin texture. Palm dorsal is enhanced using filtering. For vein extraction, information provided by the enhanced image and the vein quality is consolidated using a variational approach. The proposed vein extraction can handle the issues of hair, skin texture and variable width veins so as to extract the genuine veins accurately. Several post processing techniques are introduced in this paper for accurate feature extraction of infrared hand geometry features. Matching scores are obtained by matching palm dorsal veins and infrared hand geometry features. These are eventually fused for authentication. For performance evaluation, a database of 1500 hand images acquired from 300 different hands is created. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed system over existing systems.

Phlebitis associated with peripheral intravenous catheters in adults admitted to hospital in the Western Brazilian Amazon.

To identify the presence of phlebitis and the factors that influence the development of this complication in adult patients admitted to hospital in the western Brazilian Amazon. Exploratory study with a sample of 122 peripheral intravenous catheters inserted in 122 patients in a medical unit. Variables related to the patient and intravenous therapy were analyzed. For the analysis, we used chi-square tests of Pearson and Fisher exact test, with 5% significance level. Complication was the main reason for catheter removal (67.2%), phlebitis was the most frequent complication (31.1%). The mean duration of intravenous therapy use was 8.81 days in continuous and intermittent infusion (61.5%), in 20G catheter (39.3%), inserted in the dorsal hand vein arc (36.9 %), with mean time of usage of 68.4 hours. The type of infusion (p=0.044) and the presence of chronic disease (p=0.005) and infection (p=0.007) affected the development of phlebitis. There was a high frequency of phlebitis in the sample, being influenced by concomitant use of continuous and intermittent infusion of drugs and solutions, and more frequent in patients with chronic diseases and infection. Identificar a presença de flebite e os fatores que influenciam o desenvolvimento desta complicação em pacientes adultos internados em hospital da Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira. Estudo exploratório, com amostra de 122 cateteres intravenosos periféricos instalados em 122 pacientes de uma unidade de clínica médica. Foram analisadas variáveis relacionadas ao paciente e à terapia intravenosa. Para a análise utilizaram-se os testes de Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Exato de Fisher, com nível de significância de 5%. A complicação foi o principal motivo da retirada do cateter (67,2%), e a flebite a complicação mais frequente (31,1%). O tempo médio de uso de terapia intravenosa foi de 8,81 dias, em infusão contínua e intermitente (61,5%), em cateter calibre 20G (39,3%), inseridos nas veias do arco dorsal da mão (36,9%), com média de tempo de permanência de 68,4 horas. O tipo de infusão (p=0,044) e a presença de doença crônica (p=0,005) e de infecção (p=0,007) influenciaram o desenvolvimento de flebite. Houve alta frequência de flebite na amostra estudada, sendo influenciada pelo emprego concomitante de infusão contínua e intermitente de fármacos e soluções, e mais frequente em pacientes com doenças crônicas e infecção.