Hand Sketches Research Articles

EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF GEOSPATIAL VIRTUAL REALITY IN FORENSIC CSI: AN OVERVIEW

This paper presents a discussion on the applicability of geospatial data sources such as laser scanners and photogrammetry integrated with VR so that crime scene investigation (CSI) can be improved in data management, time consumption, and user experience. CSI is a part of forensic science where physical measurement and evidence consist of objects connecting to the case are recorded in the crime scene. Traditionally, the method of acquiring information on the crime scene is using hand sketching and 2D photography. Even 3D models are used, but the display on the screen does not support full information of the data, making the presentation of the data visually limited. Geospatial method has the advantage of 3D information that is able to digitally measure dimensions and volumetric properties of physical objects. The geospatial surveying such as laser scanning, and photogrammetry can be used to preserve the evidence by recording the physical crime scene in the digital world. The scanning world known as point clouds are essentially used to calculate the angle, distance and dimensions, area, volume, and speed of objects as well. The point clouds can be optimised into virtual reality (VR) with realistic textured details making the user experience more intuitive.

A Biomimetic Sketch-Based Form Finding Tool

Sketches play a fundamental role in the design disciplines, serving as crucial representations for ideation, problem-solving, and communication. In the realm of architecture, sketches encapsulate the evolution of ideas from conceptualization to construction. Hand-drawn sketches, characterized by their open-ended, ambiguous nature and rapid production, stand out as indispensable tools in bridging the gap between abstract concepts and tangible designs, guiding the progression from early design stages to final product realization. However, despite their significant potential and pivotal role in the design process, hand sketches have often been overlooked and swiftly abandoned in the ongoing discourse surrounding traditional versus digital design methodologies, particularly with the widespread integration of computer technologies. This study endeavors to unlock the wealth of information embedded within hand sketches, spanning from initial design concepts to intricate manufacturing details, through the utilization of a hybrid digital form-finding tool. By employing swarm algorithms in the quest for form, it is anticipated that the boundaries of conceptual ideas delineated by hand sketches will be expanded. This is facilitated by an algorithm developed in Processing using the Java coding language, complemented by an intuitive interface. The research journey commences with a comprehensive literature review encompassing biomimetics, sketching techniques, and tools for transitioning hand sketches into digital realms. Subsequently, a thorough elucidation of the algorithm, crafted within the Processing environment, is provided.The efficacy of the tool is assessed through experimentation involving adjustments of various parameters on identical sketches, as well as application to seven architectural sketches representing built designs, with subsequent interpretation of the outcomes. It is posited that the adaptability of the algorithm's core logic, coupled with the development-friendly environment of Processing, holds immense potential for empowering designers to steer sketches in desired directions through tailored enhancements.

Co-Created Virtual Reality (VR) Modules in Landscape Architecture Education: A Mixed Methods Study Investigating the Pedagogical Effectiveness of VR

Extended Reality (XR), an umbrella term for Augmented Reality (AR), Mixed Reality (MR), and Virtual Reality (VR) technology, has the potential to enhance experiential learning and to close educational gaps, but the implementation of XR in higher education requires the competency of instructors, as well as guidance. In the fields of design (architecture, landscape architecture, interior design, urban planning, etc.), XR brings exciting opportunities to students for design visualization and presentation. However, how the XR-based immersive experience may supplement design learning is relatively underexplored and under-researched. This study investigates the role of co-created (with learners) VR modules in landscape architecture education, with a specific focus on landscape construction through an exercise focused on the construction detail of the iconic benches in the High Line Park (NY). This study aims to delineate the pedagogical possibilities and challenges of the implementation of XR in landscape architecture (LA) curricula, thereby offering LA educators actionable insights and frameworks for utilizing the new learning tools. Implementing a mixed methods approach, this research engaged undergraduate students (n = 16) to assess the pedagogical value of XR among five types of instructional modes—lectures, hand sketching, 2D drawing, 3D modeling, and a fully immersive co-created VR experience showcasing students’ work. A focus group discussion with graduate students (n = 7) provided additional qualitative insights. The results indicate that, while all instructional materials were received positively, the 3D modeling was rated most effective in the learning process by the students, due to its versatility as a foundation and its overlap/integration with the other instructional modes e.g., hand sketching, 2D drawing, and VR creation. Although VR-aided teaching creates an immersive learning experience allowing learners to gain a clearer understanding of the learning topics, positioning it primarily as a visualization/presentation tool may limit its utility. This study concludes that repositioning VR at different stages of the educational framework may result in enhanced engagement and, by extension, improve its pedagogical effectiveness. These findings contribute to the ongoing discourse on the optimal integration of emerging XR tools and technology in LA education and other design disciplines and afford new avenues for future research.

A novel hybrid CNN-KNN ensemble voting classifier for Parkinson’s disease prediction from hand sketching images

A novel hybrid CNN-KNN ensemble voting classifier for Parkinson’s disease prediction from hand sketching images

Design and Improvement of Mobility Aid Walker By Using QFD and TRIZ Method

This research paper aims to address several challenges associated with the use of walkers, namely, the problem of incorrect posture leading to physical discomfort, increased product requirements, lack of collapsibility affecting portability, and storage issues caused by the walker's large size. To effectively overcome these challenges, a combined approach of Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) is employed. The House of Quality (HOQ) is utilized as a tool to analyze the relationship matrix within the HOQ and the characteristics of the product. The TRIZ method is applied, leveraging 39 parameters and 40 Inventive Principles, to solve the identified problems. The concept development phase encompasses various techniques such as hand sketches, a sketchbook, Solidworks, and other pertinent tools. Subsequently, a prototype is developed and subjected to a validation survey. The results of the survey demonstrate a high level of satisfaction among the respondents, indicating that the walker successfully fulfills their requirements.

Traditions and Myths of Kajang People in South Sulawesi

The research aimed to elaborate the myths following traditions in explicit connection with the Kajang indigenous people's dwellings and way of life. The existence of Kajang indigenous people was known for preserving their traditions with austerity. Clinging to their traditional belief system, Pasang ri Kajang was used to protect their sacred forest and natural environment. Some myths still seemed relevant and took part actively in their everyday lives. This was an empirical qualitative research, with the researcher directly visiting the location to experience the cultural situation and the people of Kajang. First-hand experience, photographing, hand sketching, interviews, and focus group discussions were employed to collect data. Analyzing the characteristics of the Kajang area from the maps, narrative analysis for the interview, focus group discussion, sketches, manual notes, photographs, and cross-analysis from literature studies resulted in the difference between inner and outer Kajang. It is found that eight practical conducts closely related to the myths are elaborated, such as oral communication, no electricity, no clay roof tile, no footwear, no colorful clothes, no decoration or modern material, orientation of buildings, and odd numbering and time calculation. Some limitations and suggestions are also presented.

Cognitive Comparison of design methods in the conceptual phase

The initial phases of design, known as the conceptual design phases, are often associated with hand sketching, while parametric tools are reserved for the later, more developed stages of design. This paper examines the potentials of using parametric tools in the early design phases in comparison to widely utilized hand sketching. It is intended to find out the impacts of using parametric tools on the cognitive behaviors and the satisfaction of self-assessment levels of the designers. An experimental study was conducted with a group of graduate architecture students using Grasshopper, the findings of which are analyzed through a content-oriented coding scheme, together with protocol analyses. Significant differences are found between cognitive behaviors of the participants in using hand sketching and Grasshopper. The findings show that all of the participants consider Grasshopper as a useful conceptual design tool that may be utilized in early design phases, in contrast to its wide popularity in the late stages of design.

Paradeep Port Cartography

Abstract: Paradip Port is a natural, deep-water port on the East coast of India in Paradip, just 53 km from Jagatsinghpur city in Jagatsinghpur district of Odisha, India. It is situated at confluence of the Mahanadi river and the Bay of Bengal. ‘ The project detects the origin of paradeep port and the land pattern mouza selection in various revenue areas and growth of port from exports/area increment/climate effect/population growth & socio-economic impact due to expansion.’ hereby in this project , the intial setup zone of paradeep port is to be plot in revenue map by hand drafting and sketching over mouza map and topo map using the scale factor to denote the initial geographical settlement for the site selection, as the area is marked out then as per yearly growth basis the incremental chart and plans are to be prepared depicting addition of more areas,networks & affect on near by areas to see the bad/good impact on livelihood and development of market areas. The tracing and rubber sheeting of the industrial area is to be done using pins and hand sketching on paper board manually. As on the process initial and final map are plotted hence from study the Hereby in this project , the intial setup zone of paradeep port is to be plot in revenue map by hand drafting and sketching over mouza map and topo map using the scale factor to denote the initial geographical settlement for the site selection, as the area is marked out then as per yearly growth basis the incremental chart and plans are to be prepared depicting addition of more areas,networks & affect on near by areas to see the bad/good impact on livelihood and development of market areas. The tracing and rubber sheeting of the industrial area is to be done using pins and hand sketching on paper board manually. As on the process initial and final map are plotted hence from study the growth chart is to be prepared for growth of industry, climate change, social stability and future growth prediction.

Hand-Sketchs based Parkinson's disease Screening using Lightweight Deep-Learning with Two-Fold Training and Fused Optimal Features

Older people experience different Age-Associated Diseases (AAD), and appropriate diagnosis and treatment will help them to lead a peaceful life. Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the ADD generally found in people aged >60 years. The clinical-level screening of PD is performed using different procedures, including the hand sketches, such as wave/spiral patterns. The proposed research implements Pretrained Lightweight Deep-Learning (PLDL) methods with two-fold training to detect the patterns accurately from hand sketches belonging to the healthy/PD class. The developed system consists of the following stages; (i) Image preprocessing, (ii) Data augmentation, (iii) Two-fold training to improve the detection accuracy, and (iv) Deep features selection with 50% drop-out and binary classification. This work considered the fused features of MobileNets to achieve better detection accuracy. The outcome of this research confirms that this procedure offers a satisfactory result in predicting PD from the considered test images. The K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) classifier offered a detection accuracy of 100% with the chosen database.

Relaxing Design Students’ Sketch Inhibition: Experiences with Theoretical Grounding and Impermanent Media

AbstractThis article reports about a study developed to understand the effectiveness of instructional strategies to manage sketch inhibition in design students through studio‐based pedagogy. Sketch inhibition among students and recent graduates of design programs is a prominent aspect of the prevailing digitization of the design industry and education. While traditional and digital media are ideally complementary tools to facilitate the complex process of designing, studio instructors struggle to effectively integrate both into their students’ conceptions and practices. Primary data sources were ethnographic fieldnotes, semi‐structured interviews, and students’ responses to open‐ended survey questions. Whiteboards used as an impermanent medium, requests for quantity of sketches, and gentle enforcement of time limits were incorporated into studio practices on the foundation of theoretical grounding. Students understood the purpose and advantages of using hand sketches at strategic moments during the design process. Inhibited students responded to this combination of interventions by relaxing enough to focus on engaging with the relevant design tasks rather than focusing on how best to avoid them. Production of rich records, documenting their projects’ progression, served as supporting evidence that sketching had become a more normal and accepted part of the design process than for previous studio cohorts. The authors suggest more experimentation with these strategies and propose that sketching instructors prioritize and nurture ‘thinking sketches’ over ‘persuasive sketches’ to transfer attention from the representation of design solutions toward the design process and the development of mature design solutions.

Pedagogical Potential of Dolf Schnebli’s Photobook. Learning From a Slow Journey and Its Media

This article aims to investigate the role of the photobook in architectural education and production through the case study of the publication One Year from Venice to India by the Land Route. 1956: Photosketches of a Slow Journey (2009). This engages with the formative travel overland from Venice to India (and back) undertaken in 1956 by the young Swiss architect Dolf Schnebli and his wife Clarissa Hall. The slow journey influenced the architect’s life, both in a general attitude as well as in his architectural practice. Among the different media used to collect memories from the journey – hand sketches, text, letters, photographs, objects – only black and white pictures shot by Dolf Schnebli’s Leica were included in the photobook. The architect referred to these images as photosketches, standing at the crossroads between a traditional hand-sketch and a photograph. In this essay the translation of the private memories collected in different sketchbooks into a published biographical photobook will be examined as a representation on the formative journey and as an educational tool itself.
 
 Article received: April 12, 2022; Article accepted: June 21, 2022; Published online: September 15, 2022; Original scholarly paper

Graphics Evolutionary Computations in Higher Order Parametric Bezier Curves

This work demonstrates in practical terms the evolutionary concepts and computational applications of Parametric Curves. Specific cases were drawn from higher order parametric Bezier curves of degrees 2 and above. Bezier curves find real life applications in diverse areas of Engineering and Computer Science, such as computer graphics, robotics, animations, virtual reality, among others. Some of the evolutionary issues explored in this work are in the areas of parametric equations derivations, proof of related theorems, first and second order calculus related computations, among others. A Practical case is demonstrated using a graphical design, physical hand sketching, and programmatic implementation of two opposite-faced handless cups, all evolved using quadratic Bezier curves. The actual drawing was realized using web graphics canvas programming based on HTML 5 and JavaScript. This work will no doubt find relevance in computational researches in the areas of graphics, web programming, automated theorem proofs, robotic motions, among others.

Viewpoint. Is there still a place for hand sketching in the digital design age?

Andy Veall discusses his love of sketching and makes a case for engineers to continue to value and develop this essential design skill alongside their digital tools.

Exploring 3D Modelling of Architectural Plan using Camera Tracing

With the advent of technology, architecture has also benefitted by applying tools and equipment instead of conventional manual works. Computational technology has come to the aid of the design process. There is a shift from hand drawing to computer-aided design. Drawing had become more of a tool to explore design ideas and express proposed solutions. The coordination between hand and mind will remain superior until those tools progress. The physical human conditional gesture continues with reliability and is still relevant in idea generation and presentations. But in recent years, technology has driven architectural computing into a new exploratory domain. This research aims on building a procedural 3D model using a pixel-based tracing of the sketch of an architectural plan. The proposed method blurs the line between hand sketching and CAD, thus providing a quicker solution in visualizing the design. The point generated by vectorizing the bitmap data is used to achieve the desired curve. It is all done in a fully parametric model where the user has control over the properties for modeling. Finally, we validate our result with a study in which we compare the conventional modeling tools and establish a system to build the 3D model from an architectural plan. This study helps in believing that CAD and hand drawing could perfectly coexist and finding the right balance in architectural design.

Morphology of the Larva of Sphenoptera (Tropeopeltis) servistana Obenberger, 1929 (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) from Erbil, Kurdistan region, Iraq

The stem borer Sphenoptera (Tropeopeltis) servistana Obenberger, 1929 is one of the most dangerous orchard insect pests in the Kurdistan region. The larvae create large diameter exit holes and tunnels which can significantly degrade the quality and quantity of horticultural and forest trees. In contrast to the adult stage little information known about the larval stage. During the survey, 50 larval samples were collected. Using dissecting, scanning electron microscope and hand sketching, the mature larvae of S. servistana were dissected then described and illustrated in details. The morphological structures across the larval body are discussed. The combined data set will contribute to a more reliable identification of the larval stage of this dangerous species in the future.

Drawing Canyon: Sfumato presences in drawing and landscape

Drawings are fields of multiple, hovering presences. A rapidly sketched line in an architectural drawing, of say, a landscape, describes its form but can also record its presence, evoking vastness or a dynamic material potential. Yet the sketch is itself imbued with presence; smudges, blurs and erasures record the rapid actions of pencil over paper in the draughtsperson’s pursuit of an architectural idea. The blurs of graphite are evidence of hand and mind moving over paper and, at the same time, massive atmospheric potentials of rock, mud and sea. In this way, the sketched mark continually hovers between being a smudge of graphite and an immense landscape, the presences in both inflecting one another as if sfumato lights and darks in a painting. This paper reports on Canyon, an experimental drawing project that intensifies drawing’s capacity for sfumato presences by sketching a submarine landscape using a multi-modal technique. Canyon attempts to develop an ever-emergent, nascent architecture from presences in drawing and landscape through analogue sketches, VR and soundscapes. The first stage of Canyon was exhibited at the Palazzo Bembo in the XVI Venice Biennale, 2018.
 Canyon draws presences from the dynamic undersea landscape of Kaikōura Canyon, Aotearoa/New Zealand. A series of hand sketches, soundscapes and virtual reality (VR) distils an architectural sense of the bathymetry and vast body of water of the canyon, recently jolted by huge forces in the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake. This submarine landscape is known through instrumental descriptions: sonic scans, digital models and scientific data, yet its powerful and ominous spatial presence is less easy to record. The Canyon drawings project into this unseen, imagined space, drawing its ominous presence through smudged and irresolute sketches that are intensified in a VR environment and in a series of immersive soundscapes. This hybrid, multi-sensorial drawing technique attempts to make presences in drawing and in the Kaikōura Canyon share the same space, as an inhabitable, open sketch.
 This work proposes hybrid drawing as an open medium figured by presences in drawing and in landscape. It resonates with Jean Luc Nancy’s notion of drawing as the opening of form, indicating “the traced figure’s ‘essential incompleteness, a non-closure or non-totalizing of form’” (Nancy 2013: 1). We extend the openness of gestural, analogue sketching to the digital and sensorial, and argue that VR, and sound, can be sketch-like: they too are figured by “recalcitrant, ‘meaningless’ smears and blotches” (Elkins 1995: 860). We argue these hybrid, “non-semiotic” marks draw presences, from material, scale and sense in drawing and landscape: presences that hover in sfumato relation, pointing to a sketch-like, ever-emergent architecture.

A note onPlacenticeras warthiKossmat, 1895 (Ammonoidea), the type species of the genusHypengonocerasSpath, 1922

AbstractThe type speciesPlacenticeras warthiKossmat, 1895 described from the Early Cretaceous (Albian) of South India is crucial for understanding the true affinity of the genusHypengonocerasSpath, 1922. The species description was based on a holotype and was influenced by the erroneous and misleading hand sketches of the species published in the literature. We recently inspected the type specimen archived in Geological Survey of India, Kolkata, along with one additional specimen kept in Indian Museum, Kolkata, and redescribe them in the present study.

A Missing Link: Thinking | making | presenting

Let whoever may have attained to so much as to have the power of drawing know that he holds a great treasure ... Michelangelo The tradition of architectural drawings and making as a means of design thinking in a constant feedback loop results in discoveries that facilitate creative thinking in an iterative process. In the digital age, notion of drawing and making by hand as a cognitive process of thinking is fading. This trend is increasingly evident in upper-level architecture students who depend strictly on digital tools for design thinking, missing many critical decisionmaking steps. Concepts of scale, diagramming, composition, materiality are missing − part of the challenge is the computer screen and the lack of tactical autonomy with physical materials − pen, pencil, brush, architectural scale, materiality, construction, assemblage. How can we as educators assert that drawings are not just architectural representations, but a means to architectural inquiry? Why is it critical for our students to use hand drawings, sketching and diagramming when exploring ideas? Can small gestural models provide notions of scale, materiality, and construction? Teaching pedagogy has always engaged new modes of design thinking and communications as a way of design inquiry − a trait essential to architects. Historically, since the Renaissance, drawings have been the catalyst to advance architectural discourse. In the 20th century, different movements such as De Stijl, Constructivism and Bauhaus used a multi-disciplinary approach combining art and technology through the lens of drawing and making that led to a new wave of design pedagogy to push their imaginations into new territories which the digital augmented as technology advanced. We believe that today’s students need to continue to develop both hand and digital skills in tandem to optimize design thinking, making and presentation techniques. In doing so, they can advance architectural pedagogy to new heights as those before did; critically in a material and physical sense: as an embodied spatial experience.

A multi-layer deep fusion convolutional neural network for sketch based image retrieval

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new approach for the free-hand sketch representation in the sketch based image retrieval (SBIR), where the sketches are treated as the queries to search for the natural photos in the natural image dataset. This task is known as an extremely challenging work for 3 main reasons: (i) sketches show a highly abstract visual appearance versus natural photos, fewer context can be extracted as descriptors using the existing methods, (ii) for the same object, different people provide widely different sketches, making sketch-photo matching harder, (iii) mapping the sketches and photos into a common domain is also a challenging task. In this paper, we address the cross-domain question using a strategy of mapping sketches and natural photos in multiple layers. For the first time, we introduce a multi-layer deep CNNs framework to train the multi-layer representation of free hand sketches and natural photos. We use Flickr15k dataset as benchmark for the retrieval and show that our learned representation significantly outperformances both hand-crafted features as well as deep features trained by sketches or photos.

Work Models in the Design Process for House Interior and Exterior: Physical or Virtual?

The article presents the effects of research on different types of models of single family houses and multifamily houses. Exterior layout and interior functional layout are the main drivers for the final result of a design. Models are an important medium for presentation of architectural designs and play a pivotal role in explaining the first idea to people and potential clients. Although 3D models have unlimited possibilities of representation, some people cannot understand or ‘feel’ the designed space. The authors try to test how to combine the interior and the exterior in a single synthetic model. Several models of different houses have been presented in the article. All the case studies were developed with physical models, 3D models, and 2D hand sketches. The main focus of the work with the models was to achieve a coherent vision for future feeling of open space in designed houses. The research shows how synthetic models might be helpful in the design process. The research was carried in the URBAN model research group (urbanmodel.org, Gliwice, Poland) that consists of academic researchers and architects. The models reflect architectural experience gathered by the authors during their work on theoretical models, architectural projects and by supervision on site during construction site visits. Conclusions might be helpful for developers, architects, interior designers and architecture students.