Hand Lay-up Process Research Articles

Mechanical, fracture toughness, and Dynamic Mechanical properties of twill weaved bamboo fiber‐reinforced Artocarpus heterophyllus seed husk biochar epoxy composite

AbstractThis research aimed to find the effect of Artocarpus heterophyllus fruit seed husk biochar (ASB) and twill weaved bamboo fiber (TBF) in mechanical, DMA, and fracture toughness behavior of epoxy‐based composite. The surface of both weaved bamboo fiber and biochar was treated with amino silane before composite making. In this investigation, the laminates were fabricated by hand layup process and analyzed by appropriate ASTM standards. Results of this study revealed that the incorporation of 40 vol.% twill weaved bamboo fiber (EB) into the resin improved the mechanical properties. The load distribution was uniform with twilled weaving. For composite designation EBJ3, the maximum measured tensile strength was 168 MPa, the tensile modulus is 6.24 GPa, the flexural strength is 195 MPa, and the flexural modulus is 6.85 GPa, the izod impact is 6.24 J, and the hardness is 90 shore‐D. Similarly, the maximum storage modulus and lowest loss factor for the composite designation EBJ3 were measured to be 3.8 GPa and 0.4, respectively. Moreover, the maximum measured fracture toughness and energy release rate is 39.4 MPa.√m and 0.88 MJ/m2 for composite designation EBJ3 with 5.0% biochar and 40% bamboo fibers in volume. The SEM fractography revealed that the matrix molecules are adhered to the fiber, indicating enhanced bonding. These biomass waste converted fruit seed husk biochar and industrial crop bamboo fiber epoxy composites could be used as workable material in structural, defense, automotive, and domestic product‐making applications.

A Study of Fabrication Method and Characterization of Jute fiber mat/Graphene/Multi wall carbon nanotube Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposite

Abstract: It is possible to lower the overall weight of automobiles in order to minimize waste of resources, enhance economic effectiveness, and optimize the performance of Vehicles. Currently, the utilization of composite materials rather than conventional materials is the primary significant way to reduce the weight of the automotive vehicles. Using polymer materials as a composite matrix in the industry may effectively decrease the quality of automobiles because strong moisture absorption characteristics, low impact and hardness properties than metal materials. It is well recognized that graphene is one of the strongest known materials, with exceptional toughness and electrical conductivity, and MWCNT also have exceptional mechanical properties and so in the polymer composite's mechanical and electrical characteristics may be improved significantly by dispersing graphene and MWCNT in polymer matrix. In the realm of materials, graphene/MWCNT-polymer composites are thus considered an excellent substitute of standard metal components in some applications. Current needs necessitate the use of hybrid materials of all varieties. The composites used in this research was created by hand layup process using LY556 epoxy resin and HY951 hardener, and the article examines the results of hybridization. Tests such as tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness indicate the attributes of all fabricated samples. The results of the test demonstrate that the (Jute Fibre Mat +Epoxy) composites with multi wall carbon nanotube MWCNT/Graphene in (1:5) ratio in sample 5 have considerably superior qualities than the other composites

Effect of Water Absorption on the Mechanical Properties of Alkaline Treated Bamboo and Flax Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites

Untreated and alkaline treated bamboo and flax fiber reinforced epoxy composites are processed using a hand layup process. The effect of alkaline treatment on the mechanical properties of the composites has been analysed. Alkaline treatment of the fiber has enhanced the mechanical properties of the developed composites. Composite reinforced with 5 % NaOH treated fiber show better performance when compared with untreated fiber reinforced composites. Alkaline treatment of the bamboo and flax fiber with 5 % NaOH has improved the hardness by 3.57 and 2.43 %, tensile strength by 47 and 20.72 % and flexural strength by 7.36 and 13.85 % in bamboo and flax fiber reinforced composites, respectively. The increase in the percentage NaOH in the alkaline treatment of the fibers resulted in weakening of fiber resulting in a drop in the properties of the developed composites. Water absorption tests of the developed composites were conducted as per ASTM D570 by immersion in distilled water at room temperature. The influence of water absorption on mechanical properties of developed composites is also examined. The quantity of water absorption and diffusion coefficient are reduced with alkaline treatment of fiber. Mechanical properties of the composite were found to decrease by the water absorption, which can be controlled by alkaline treatment of fiber and thereby reducing water absorption rate and improve the mechanical properties of the composites.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 Reinforcing natural fiber in polymer resin is highly beneficial because it helps to improves the strength and toughness of the polymer
 Moisture absorption rate and lack of interfacial adhesion between the polymer and natural fiber made natural fiber reinforced composites less attractive compared to synthetic fiber reinforced composites
 Alkaline treatment of the natural fiber increases the fiber surface roughness, which results in improved mechanical interlock between fiber and matrix, resulting in improved mechanical and water resistance properties of the developed composites
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Banyan/Ramie Fibers Reinforced with Nanoparticle Hybrid Polymer Composite

Natural fibers are an increasing potential alternative to synthetic fibers in recent research, due to their unique properties and weight ratio in composite materials. In this work, the banyan mat and ramie mat are used as reinforcement phase and the epoxy polymer is used as matrix material, and granite nanoparticles are used as filler for making composite laminates. The two phases of reinforcing and matrix were taken at an equal ratio of 50% in each, and the conventional hand layup process was fabricated making five different sequences of laminates. In this analysis, the dynamical mechanical properties of this hybrid composite are identified with the erratic weight ratio of banyan mat and ramie mat fabrics. The results revealed the maximum storage modulus is 1580 MPa at 93.8°C and a loss modulus of 298 MPa at 93.8°C in sample A, 12% more storage modulus, 17% more loss modulus was obtained in sample A compared to sample B, and 29% E ′ and 27% E ″ more compared to sample E and also using storage modulus, loss modulus, damping factor are the viscoelastic behavior which can reveal the glass transition temperature of hybrid composite laminates by conducting dynamic mechanical analysis, and SEM test was used to identify the failure mode of hybrid composite.

Preparation and characterization of opuntia‐cladode fiber and citron peel biochar toughened epoxy biocomposite

AbstractIn this research, citron peel biochar and opuntia‐cladode fibers (OCF) reinforced epoxy composites were fabricated and characterized for mechanical, wear, and electrical properties. The biochar was prepared from the waste peels of citron edible fruit whereas the opuntia fiber was from the cladode of the opuntia plant. The laminates were fabricated by hand layup process and evaluated in accordance with the ASTM standards. The results revealed that the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact toughness, hardness and adhesion strength were increased by 36.2%, 30.6%, 91.3%, 1.1%, and 5.3% for composite designation EC containing 30 vol% of OCF. Similarly, the addition of citron biochar of 2 vol% increased the load bearing and dielectric properties. However, the inclusion of 30 vol% of OCF on composite designation EC the sp. wear rate recorded 0.018 mm3/Nm. Similarly, the lowest coefficient of friction and sp. wear rate is observed to be 0.42 and 0.008 mm3/Nm for the composite with 2.0 vol% biochar. The ECO4 composite designation represented a maximum dielectric constant and dielectric loss of about 7.4 and 1.1, respectively. The SEM fractography demonstrates that the silane‐treatment strengthened the fiber‐matrix interface and improved the interlocking mechanism. Such mechanically robust, wear‐resistant improved and electrically conductive composites could be utilized in applications such as industrial sectors, spacecraft, automobile parts, packaging industries, and electrical appliances.

Tensile strength of reinforced laminates after oblique ballistic impact: An experimental study

The present study endeavoured to examine the tensile strength of the laminates, which were made of carbon/Kevlar hybrid reinforced fibre with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) post oblique impacts. Although a number of experimental investigations on tensile properties of CNTs have been already performed, the coupling effects of CNTs and oblique impacts on tensile strength have yet to be reported. Due to the superior elastic modulus, the advanced nano-fillers were chosen as reinforcement of the carbon/Kevlar hybrid fibre. The inter-ply woven fabric possess high strength and excellent toughness due to the carbon and Kevlar fibre respectively and therefore well suited for ballistic impact applications. In spite of the fact that the effects of direct impact is most detrimental and widely reported, the effect of nano-fillers on the tensile integrity of oblique impacted specimens are of primary interest as most impact events are random in nature. CNTs with 0.1–1.5% loading ratios are dispersed into the epoxy resin and intra-ply Carbon Kevlar hybrid fabrics composite plates are fabricated via hand layup process. A loading of minimum 0.1% to maximum 1.5% CNTs were dispersed into liquid epoxy resin. The reinforced epoxy resin was applied to carbon/Kevlar fabric composite by layup process. Inclusion of CNT revealed depreciating mechanical properties in terms of tensile toughness; however, the inclusion demonstrated a potential reinforcement in a high modulus/strength in composite laminate’s specimens. Findings indicated that 0.7% of CNT had maximum tensile toughness values; whereas, the highest values of Young modulus were followed by tensile strength at 1.5% CNT. Moreover, compared with other factors, the impact load had a great influence on its specimens’ strength, and the effects of angled targets on the impact load of the specimens as well as CNTs' value were mostly obvious. Consequently, this investigation may be considered as a practical basis for designing and optimising of CNT contents and possible angle degrees and analysing tensile behaviour after the impact events.

Effect of palmyra sprout fiber and biosilica on mechanical, wear, thermal and hydrophobic behavior of epoxy resin composite

In this study, natural fiber epoxy composites were prepared using palmyra sprout fiber and red matta rice husk ash(RHA) biosilica. This paper mainly aims to investigate the mechanical, wear resistance, thermal stability as well as water absorption behaviour of naturally obtained novel fiber with red matta biosilica in epoxy based composites. The fiber’s surface was treated by base, while the biosilica particles were treated by amino-silane. The composites were fabricated by hand lay-up process and characterized based on ASTM standards. According to the results the highest tensile and flexural strength observed for the composite is about 147 MPa and 211 MPa for 3 vol. % of biosilica with 30 vol. % of fiber. Izod impact toughness reveals the maximum impact resistance up to 5.82 J. Increment in reinforcement vol. % shows increased hardness. Wear properties represents the composite designations EPB3 retains good wear resistances for 3 vol. % of biosilica. Similarly, thermal stability improved by the addition of biosilica of 3 vol. %. Water absorption results reveal that, the addition of reinforcements marginally affects the contact angle. Such mechanically improved, wear resistible and thermally stable natural composites could be used in automotives, industrial and defense applications as well as in household appliances.

Effect of nanosilica on mechanical, thermal, fatigue, and antimicrobial properties of cardanol oil/sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composite

AbstractSisal fiber reinforced nanosilica and cardanol oil toughened epoxy composites were prepared and characterized in this present work. The main aim of this study was to understand the importance of adding cardanol oil and nanosilica to sisal‐reinforced epoxy composites in enhancing the load bearing, thermal stability, and antimicrobial properties. The composites were fabricated by the hand layup process and specimens were cut using a water jet machine. The composites were tested using the respective ASTM standards. The results found that the blending of cardanol oil makes the epoxy less brittle and the composites are environment friendly. Similarly, nanosilica with sisal fiber in cardanol oil blended epoxy composites showed improved mechanical properties. The highest tensile strength and modulus were found to be 56% and 64% than pure epoxy resin. The maximum impact resistances and hardness values observed for the composites are 6.48 J and 91 shore‐D. Moreover, improved fatigue life counts were observed for composite designation ECN2, which contains 1.0 vol% of nanosilica, but also a decrement in it if the volume percentage was increased to 2.0. The antimicrobial properties improved with the increment of nanosilica and cardanol oil content. These eco‐friendly, mechanically toughened biocomposites could be used in drug and food storage, automotives, drones, structural, and sports goods as well as in household appliances manufacturing.

Study of Effect of Carbon nanotube on Tensile, Impact and Flexural properties of Carbon fibre/epoxy reinforcement polymer

Aircraft is highly efficient man-made flying machine, despite its complexity. One of the most essential considerations in the design and development of an aircraft is the structure's weight. This work is concerned with fabrication and experimental investigations of the mechanical properties of Carbon fiber Reinforcement Polymers (CFRP) along with Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) as additives. The usage of high-performance polymeric composites is a valuable alternative to conventional materials due to their high mechanical properties, stiffness to weight ratio and damage tolerance. The present work evaluates mechanical properties of CNT added CFRP’s and compares it with the CFRP alone. Samples of carbon reinforced composites added with CNT are fabricated by hand lay-up process and their mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength are investigated by the experimental study. The CNT with 0.5wt. %, 1 wt.%, and 2 wt.% are added to the carbon fiber reinforcement polymer. The addition of CNT to CFRP resulted in improvement of tensile strength by 27.5 %, 53.25 %, and 40 % respectively. The tested specimens were observed by SEM which showcased the phenomenon of fibre breakage and pull out under loading conditions.

Fabrication and Mechanical Characterization of Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy with CFA and SiC

From early history, builders, manufacturers, and engineers continued to develop composites of wide assortments of materials. Furthermore, chemical upheaval changed the composite development of plastics such as polyvinyl, polystyrene, etc., and reinforcement was reinforced essential to provide strength and rigidity. At present composites finds many applications in every aspects of day to day life. The utilization of raw materials like coal, baggase and agricultural wastes are used in large scales in industries for power generation and food production. The utilization of these fuels causing huge environmental pollution liberating in the form of ashes. These ashes can be utilized in effective way for manufacturing and structural applications with their incorporation in polymer matrix composites. To enhance the mechanical properties and in reducing the manufacturing cost, these industrial wastes plays a major role. The present research work mainly focuses on the influence of Coal Fly Ash (CFA), Silicon Carbide (SiC) and a mixture of CFA & SiC as filler materials on the mechanical behavior of Epoxy Glass fiber composite. Various types of composites are fabricated by manual hand lay-up process with varying weight percentages of the filler materials and epoxy resin as matrix material. The filler materials weight proportions are taken as 5%, 10% and 15%. The prepared composites are cut into tests specimen as per the ASTM standards of mechanical characterization. The mechanical properties of the composites (like Tensile strength (ASTM D3039/D3039M: 2017), Flexural strength (ASTM D790: 2015), Impact strength (ASTM D 229 el: 2019), Interlaminar shear strength (ASTM D2240: 2015), Hardness (ASTM D2240: 2015)) are determined by using corresponding testing machines and it is observed that the properties exhibited by the composites are enhanced with the incorporation of CFA, SiC & mixture of CFA and SiC when compared with the unfilled composites. So, these composites are considered a multifunctional composite material where the individual fillers are used in some applications and the combined proportions are used in different applications. They replace the existing materials that are very high in cost and cause more pollution at the time of manufacturing. These composites give the ability to improve and increase the efficiency, autonomy, and life expectancy of a structure.

Effect of Nanosilica and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on the Mechanical and Impact Performance of Unidirectional Kevlar/Epoxy Based Composites

The introduction of numerous nanoparticles into nanotechnology in recent years has opened the door for the incorporation of nanoparticles into polymeric-based composite materials for mechanical improvement. Composite materials are becoming a promising substitute material in the fabrication of numerous components due to their high weight-to-strength ratio and mechanical characteristics such as tensile Strength, flexural Strength, interlaminar shear strength, and impact strength. This research aims to determine the effect of a combined mixture of silica and multiwalled carbon nanotube particles (MWCNT) on the mechanical and impact properties of unidirectional Kevlar (UD)/epoxy composites for use in defence and aerospace applications. The addition of these Nanofillers results in high-performance reinforcement and the formation of hybrid composites with improved properties due to their use. The addition of specific nanomaterials can further enhance these characteristics, dependent on the concentration at which they are introduced into the solution. The most challenging aspects of incorporating nanomaterials into matrix materials are ensuring uniform mixing of the nanomaterials with the matrix material and increasing the viscosity of the matrix material when the nanomaterials are introduced into the matrix. Using different weight percentages, it is possible to determine the optimal ratio of nanofiller for predicting the enhanced mechanical properties of nano-composites. Preparation of the composite with different weight percentages (1 percent and 3 percent) of Nano SiO2 particles mixed with 0.25 percent MWCNT and 6 layers of the UD Kevlar fibre was accomplished using an ultrasonic vibration-assisted hand layup process. Tensile tests, Charpy impact tests, and interlaminar shear strength tests evaluated the material's mechanical properties. Experimental results revealed that tensile strength and impact strength increased by up to 80 percent and 50 percent, respectively, compared to the neat specimens. The ILSS test demonstrates a 271 percent improvement in shear strength at 3 percent and 0.25 MWCNT. The overall results determined that the combination of 3 percent SiO2 and 0.25 percent MWCNT provided the most enhanced mechanical properties while also being the most optimized. This study's findings indicate that applying a nano-silica and MWCNT mixture of Nanofillers to Kevlar fabrics is a promising method for improving a Kevlar-based hybrid composite's mechanical and impact energy absorption laminate.

Manufacturing and Mechanical Properties Testing of Hybrid Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites

Abstract: A composite material is a materials system made up of two or more micro or macro elements with different forms and chemical compositions that are largely insoluble in one another. It basically comprises of two phases: matrix and fiber. Polymers, ceramics, and metals such as nylon, glass, graphite, Aluminium oxide, boron, and aluminium are examples of fibres. In the present research work epoxy is used as matrix and Bamboo, Sugarcane Bagasse and Coconut fibre are used as fibres for preparing the composites. In the preparation of specimen, the fibre as taken as a continuous fibre. The fibre is treated with NaOH solution. Hybrid natural fibre reinforced composites of bamboo, sugarcane baggase and coconut coir has been prepared using hand lay-up process of composite manufacturing. These hybrid composites were tested for determining their tensile and impact strengths. Results of mechanical testing reveals that the tensile strength of Bamboo- Bagasse hybrid composite is more compared to other composites. Taking into consideration of enhanced tensile and impact strength of bamboo-bagasse hybrid natural fibre polymer composite, we recommend the use of hybrid bamboo-bagasse composite in manufacturing of automotive bodies. Because of their unique characteristics of recyclability, waste utilization, biodegradability, good strength, and a viable alternative to plastics, these composites can be used for a variety of applications

Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Natural-Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Polymer Composites and the Effect on Matrix Material.

The impact of matrix material on the mechanical properties of natural-fiber-reinforced hybrid composites was studied by comparing their experimental, and numerical analysis results. In the present work hemp and flax fibers were used as reinforcement and epoxy resin and ecopoxy resin along with hardener were used as matrix materials. To study the influence of the matrix material, two sets of hybrid composites were fabricated by varying the matrix material. The composite samples were fabricated by using the compression-molding technique followed by a hand layup process. A total of five different composites were fabricated by varying the weight fraction of fiber material in each set based on the rule of the hybridization process. After fabrication, the mechanical properties of the composite samples were tested and morphological studies were analyzed by using SEM-EDX analysis. The flexural-test fractured specimens were analyzed by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In addition, theoretical analysis of the elastic properties of hybrid composites was carried out by using the Halpin–Tsai approach. The results showed that the hybrid composites had superior properties to individual fiber composites. Overall, epoxy resin matrix composites exhibited superior properties to ecopoxy matrix composites.

Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber Hybridized Natural Fiber Reinforced Penta-Layered Hybrid Polymer Composite

This article investigates and presents the upshots observed in the brook of hybrid composites especially, the current investigation focuses on the impact of fiber composition, sequence, and stacking pattern on composite mechanical Features. Five varied stacking sequences of hybrid composites encompassing laminates are used to create four classes of fiber with jute/bamboo/glass by utilizing a conscientious hand lay-up process with glass fiber-laced mats as their peripheral layer. For examination, fiber sequences are arranged in the combination of GJBJG, GBJBG, GJGJG, and GBGBG, where G, J, and B refer to glass fiber, jute fiber, and bamboo fiber, respectively. The position of fiber in the core layer is kept in a perpendicular direction with respect to adjacent piles which might be jute or bamboo fiber and the best position of fiber is considered due to the stacking order. Stress and strain were linear in the load versus deflection curves, and all of the samples failed quickly, it is observed that the sample containing a higher or considerable number of bamboo fiber layers exhibited increased strain and toughness. In comparison to other samples, embolism of glass fiber as the main and covering layer expressed a higher impact on the mechanical properties of the composites is observed in this investigation. The shattered sample morphology demonstrated that the matrix and reinforcements were compatible.

Mechanical Characterization of Graphene-Hexagonal Boron Nitride-Based Kevlar-Carbon Hybrid Fabric Nanocomposites.

Polymer nanocomposites have been gaining attention in recent years. The addition of a low content of nanomaterials into the matrix improves mechanical, wear, thermal, electrical, and flame-retardant properties. The present work aimed to investigate the effect of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride nanoparticles on Kevlar and hybrid fiber-reinforced composites (FRP). Composites are fabricated with different filler concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt.% by using a hand layup process. Characterizations like tensile, flexural, hardness, and impact strength were evaluated separately, heat deflection and viscosity properties of the epoxy composites. The dynamic viscosity findings indicated that a higher concentration of filler material resulted in nano-particle agglomeration. Graphene filler showed superior properties when compared to hexagonal boron nitride filler. Graphene showed optimum mechanical properties at 0.3 wt.%, whereas the hBN filler showed optimum properties at 0.5 wt.%. As compared to Kevlar composites, hybrid (carbon–Kevlar) composites significantly improved properties. As compared to graphene-filled composites, hexagonal boron nitride-filled composites increased scratch resistance. Digimat simulations were performed to validate experimental results, and it was observed that hybrid fabric composites exhibited better results when compared to Kevlar composites. The error percentage of all composites are within 10%, and it was concluded that hybrid–graphene fiber composites exhibited superior properties compared to Kevlar composites.

Mechanical and Thermal Characterization of Hemp/Rice-Husk/E-Glass Fiber Cardanol Epoxy Matrix Hybrid Composites

ABSTRACT In the present investigation, the mechanical and thermal properties of a hybrid epoxy matrix composite fabricated with natural hemp, rice husk fibers, synthetic E-glass fiber and phenolic cardanol bio-resin by hand lay-up process were studied. The composites were fabricated with varying weight concentrations of fillers and matrix. In this work, the effect of natural fiber and cardanol on the fiber-matrix bonding and the hybrid composite stability were studied. Tensile, flexural, Shore D hardness, Izod impact absorption, TGA, and DTA properties were studied. The results indicated improved thermal and dimensional stability with enhanced tensile performance of the specimens due to the superior bonding ability of cardanol leading to better fiber encapsulation. Cardanol also enhances the biodegradability of the hybrid composite.

Effect of Immersion Media for Polyester Composite Reinforced with Chicken Feathers on Creep Behavior

The use of composite materials has expanded in industrial applications around the world, reinforcing composites with waste materials like (chicken feather) is one of the effective ways to solve environmental concerns compared to traditional methods, as it is considered one of the renewable and inexpensive methods in addition to its presence in abundance. The main added features of composite materials over classic materials are the light-weight. This paper investigates the effect of immersion media for a polyester composite reinforced with chicken feather fillers to enhance the creep characteristic. The composite was manufactured using a hand-layup process. The samples were produced by varying the weight ratios of fiber loading (0 %, 0.2 %, 0.4 %, 0.6 % and 0.8 %) and immersed in three different media (KCl (salt media), NaOH (alkali media) and HNO3 (acid media)). The creep samples were tested according to ASTM standards. The results show that chicken feather–reinforced composites immersed in various media have probable applications because of their superior mechanical properties over non-reinforced composites.

Approaches of material selection, alignment and methods of fabrication for natural fiber polymer composites: A review

The recent superiority of the composite materials is cautiously focusing on environmental adoption of natural fiber composites. The major source of the natural fiber materials covered in the globe, especially natural fibers, is plant-based, animal-based and mineral-based. Eco friendly based material can save the environment and recycling of the material is possible, as well as important criteria. Hence engineers ultimately focused on natural fiber polymer matrix materials to save the environment, pollution control, plastic manipulation, etc. The literature work was studied to identify natural fiber material possession. The major goal of the present review was to identify material characterization and appropriate application, mainly offering to enhance mechanical properties, flexural strength, electrical properties, thermal properties etc. The major consequence of the natural fiber is hydrophilic treatment. There is poor interfacial adhesion between the addition/filling substances and poor mechanical characteristics. All of these shortcomings constitute a critical issue. This review presents numerous sorts of natural and synthetic polymers, natural fibres such as jute, ramie, banana, pineapple leaf fibre, and kenaf, etc.; short and long fibre loading methods, fibre fillers in micro and nanoparticle, American society of testing and materials (ASTM) standard plate dimensions, fabrication methods such as hand lay-up process, spray lay-up process, vacuumed-bag, continuous pultrusion, and pulforming process, etc.; industries and home appliances such as automotive parts, building construction, sports kits, domestic goods, and electronic devices. The review lists various material combinations, fibre loading, fillers, and matrix that can aid in the improvement of material properties and the reduction of failures during mechanical testing of composites.

Effect of black rice husk ash biosilica on mechanical, wear, and fatigue behavior of stacked aloevera/roselle and glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite

AbstractIn this present study, a high‐performance structural epoxy biocomposite has been prepared and characterized for its mechanical, wear, and fatigue behavior. The main aim of this research was to determine the effect of fiber stacking order and the biosilica addition in the epoxy hybrid composite when it is subjected to external loading. The research also focused on how the surface treatment process on fiber and particle affects the mechanical, wear, and fatigue behavior of composite. The biosilica particles were synthesized from black rice husks and then surface treated with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane. Similarly, a base treatment was applied to fiber mats and the composite laminates for this investigation were fabricated by hand layup process. It is noted that the composite designations E12 and E22 exhibited an improved tensile strength of 58, 62% and flexural strength of 45, 51% for 1.0 vol% biosilica in both staking sequence models. Similarly, in inter‐laminar shear strength the composites E2, E21 and E22 outperformed than E1, E11, and E12. In terms of Izod impact toughness and hardness, composite designation E22 provides maximum increment of about 94% and 5%. The wear resistance of composite E22 exhibited lower wear loss and COF. The highest fatigue life count of 41,782 was observed for the composite designation E22 in tension‐tension fatigue mode. Overall the stacking order R/A/G/A/R gives better results than others. These load bearing properties enhanced hybrid composites might be employed in structural, industrial, automotive, home appliance, defense, and lightweight industrial applications.

Effect of silanized stackedKevlar fiber/brass 270 wire mesh on mechanical and impact toughness of cubic boron nitride–epoxy composite

AbstractKevlar fiber and brass wire mesh reinforced with cubic boron nitride (CBN) particle‐toughened epoxy composites are investigated in this study. This study aims to determine the hybrid composite's mechanical and drop load impact behavior, as well as the effect of surface treatment on the lamina delamination resistance and load bearing phenomenon. The composite laminates were fabricated by hand layup process and characterized according to ASTM standards. The tensile, flexural, Izod impact, ILSS, and hardness testing results shows that adding 35 vol% reinforcements and 3.0 vol% CBN particles indicates the greatest research findings. However, when the stacking sequences B/K/K/B and K/B/B/K were modified from B/K/B/K, these values reduced. The EO2 composite shows improved results in mechanical and drop load impact behavior together with Kevlar fiber and brass wire mesh of alternating staking sequences with 3.0 vol% CBN particles. It is clear that B/K/B/K stacking sequence shows the highest mechanical properties and drop load impact behavior while, B/K/K/B shows lowest values. This hybrid composite with higher mechanical qualities and impact energy absorption might be used in defense armors, aerospace, structural, automobile, and household equipment manufacturing applications.