Hand Hygiene Knowledge Research Articles

Methodological approach to follow the effectiveness of a hand hygiene peer education training programme at Hungarian schools

Purpose The authors intended to develop a novel procedure and research method that follows the effectiveness of the peer-educational approach in handwashing among school children. Materials and methods To ask the children about their sociodemographic background, health behaviour, hand hygiene knowledge, and health attitudes, and questionnaires were applied. The education on proper handwashing procedures was followed by a test with a mobile UV-light detection system (Semmelweis Scanner, http://www.handinscan.com/), and the scans were evaluated through an intrinsic computer software. Results Our newly developed questionnaire-based research method and the hand-rubbing technique followed by a test with a mobile UV-light detection system may become a reliable and valid scientific measurement of the effectiveness of hand hygiene training programmes. Conclusions The Hand-in-Scan technology and questionnaire-based research method provide proper tools for evaluating the successful peer education method. It can significantly elevate the level of children’s compliance, which leads to a better hygienic consciousness.

Knowledge of final-year medical students at the University of the Free State of hand hygiene as a basic infection control measure

Background: One of the main reasons for the spread of infection in the healthcare environment is inadequate hand hygiene. Poor knowledge of hand hygiene techniques leads to poor compliance. This study aimed to determine Free State University finalyear medical students’ knowledge of hand hygiene as a basic infection control measure. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using self-administered anonymous questionnaires. The questions and memorandum were based on an extensive literature review with WHO documentation on the guidelines for hand hygiene in health care. Each participant received an envelope with an optical computer card, questionnaire and information document during a pre-arranged class. Participants recorded their answers on the card by shading in the squares corresponding to their responses.Results: The average score of the 107 participants was 46.8% (range 10.1–73.6%). Participants who felt that they had basic knowledge of hand hygiene (n = 32, 30.5%) had an average score of 47.9%. Participants with a self-reported knowledge level of more than basic but less than advanced (n = 56, 53.3%) had an average score of 44.9% while those who reported advanced knowledge (n = 17, 16.2%) had an average score of 50.8%. Three-quarters (n = 81, 77.1%) felt that their training was sufficient. Only 53.3% knew that the most important way to prevent the spread of infection is good hand hygiene. Only 10.5% of the students knew that hands should not be rinsed with water after using alcohol-based sanitisers.Conclusion: Medical students have a poor level of knowledge regarding hand hygiene as a basic measure of infection control.

Survey and analysis on the general surgery department medical staff hand hygiene compliance in a hospital

Objective To understand the hand hygiene condition and influence factors by researching, evaluating and analyzing the hand hygiene of medical personnel in the general surgery department of hospital. Methods A self-designed hand hygiene knowledge questionnaire was used to investigate 90 medical personnel of general surgery department of our hospital.Among them, there were 32 doctors and 58 nurses. Results 94.44%(85/90) of medical workers knew the seven-step method and 10.00%(9/90) believed wearing gloves can replace hand washing or hand disinfection.There were statistically significant differences in hand-washing rates between doctors and nurses before and after contact with patients and between medical and nursing operations (P<0.05). The average amount of bacteria before and after hand-washing by doctors and nurses was respectively (46.033±4.673)cfu/cm2, (36.281±3.029)cfu/cm2, (8.392±1.065)cfu/cm2 and(5.368±0.573)cfu/cm2. Conclusions By hand washing can effectively remove general surgery medical staff hand most of the bacteria, managers should strengthen the hand hygiene knowledge training and supervision, improve the quality of medical staff hand hygiene consciousness and prevention and control the occurrence of hospital infection. Key words: General surgery; Medical staff; Hand hygiene; Compliance

Study of Hand Hygiene Awareness among Doctors and Nurses in King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital

Background: hand hygiene is now regarded as one of the most important element of infection control activities. It is an effective strategy to prevent health care-associated infections (HCAIs). It is a required practice for all health care providers. It is done by using manually antibiotics jelly or washing hands by soap and tap water. Hand hygiene before and after examination of the patient is the first line of protection against infection as hand is considered the primary carrier of infections. Aim of the Work: was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practice of doctors and nurses in King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital. Patients and Methods: this descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on the 110 of doctors and nurses in King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital, who were interviewed between 3rd March 2017 and 9thApril 2017. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results: out of 110 respondents, 57.3% were female and the nurses constituted the highest cadre (61.8%). Hand hygiene knowledge was highest in the Emergency Room (29.1%) and lowest among diabetes center staff (3.6%). Conclusion: hand hygiene is crucial for doctors and nurses and hence the need to improve their attitude, practice and knowledge. The presence of significant differences between doctors and nurses in our study indicated the need for qualified doctors who have enough information and knowledge about the importance of hand hygiene to assure control of infections as well as all hygienic affairs during working with patients enrolled in hospitals.

Study of Hand Hygiene Awareness among Doctors and Nurses in King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital

Background: hand hygiene is now regarded as one of the most important element of infection control activities. It is an effective strategy to prevent health care-associated infections (HCAIs). It is a required practice for all health care providers. It is done by using manually antibiotics jelly or washing hands by soap and tap water. Hand hygiene before and after examination of the patient is the first line of protection against infection as hand is considered the primary carrier of infections. Aim of the Work: was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practice of doctors and nurses in King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital. Patients and Methods: this descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on the 110 of doctors and nurses in King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital, who were interviewed between 3rd March 2017 and 9thApril 2017. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results: out of 110 respondents, 57.3% were female and the nurses constituted the highest cadre (61.8%). Hand hygiene knowledge was highest in the Emergency Room (29.1%) and lowest among diabetes center staff (3.6%). Conclusion: hand hygiene is crucial for doctors and nurses and hence the need to improve their attitude, practice and knowledge. The presence of significant differences between doctors and nurses in our study indicated the need for qualified doctors who have enough information and knowledge about the importance of hand hygiene to assure control of infections as well as all hygienic affairs during working with patients enrolled in hospitals.

Hand hygiene practices among nurses in health facility in a semi-urban setting

INTRODUCTION: Hand is an important medium of infection transmission. This is further worsened in the hospital setting where sources of contamination are abundant. Nurses play a vital role in patient care, and while doing so, they are often exposed to health hazards. Therefore, they may act as conduits for transmitting infectious diseases to themselves, family members, and other patients. Good hand hygiene is a prerequisite for infection control; therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the knowledge and practices of hand hygiene among nurses in our institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving 113 nurses and it was conducted over 12 weeks; it was questionnaire based, which was pretested and self-administered. Convenience sampling was adopted. RESULTS: Data from 96 (85%) respondents consisting of 41 (42.7%) males and 55 (57.3%) females with male:female ratio of 0.7:1 were analyzed. All respondents reported using water and soap for hand-washing. Furthermore, majority (59%) of the respondents were not aware of the five moments of hand hygiene. Although majority (76%) reported adhering to the principles of good hand hygiene, 54.2% of the respondents could not correctly mention the steps of hand-washing technique. Sixty-six (68.8%) respondents wash their hands before attending to patients; however, almost all (99%) of the respondents wash their hands after attending to patients and after removing hand gloves. Similarly, all respondents wash their hands after using the restroom. CONCLUSION: The act of hand-washing is common among respondents in this study; however, the major challenge is with practicing the correct technique involved in hand-washing. Furthermore, knowledge of the critical moments of hand-washing was also deficient among most of the respondents.

The application of failure mode and effect analysis to improve the hand hygiene compliance of medical staff in eye hospital

Objective: To discuss the application of failure mode and effect analysis to improve the hand hygiene compliance of medical staff in eye hospital. Methods: To form failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) quality control team. By using FMEA method of risk management, to analyze the risk factors of hand hygiene compliance of medical staff in eye hospital. By performing analysis, to determine the high risk factors, develop and implement the improvement measures to reduce the risk of these factors. Results: the awareness rate of hand hygiene knowledge was increased significantly after the implementation of failure mode and effect analysis (P<0.01) , the correct rate of hand-washing method, and the implementing rate of 5 hand hygiene were increased significantly (P<0.05) . After the implementation of FMEA, the usage amount of hand washing liquid and quick hand disinfectant was increased from 13 292 ml to 28 390 ml, and difference of the hand hygiene qualification rate was statistically significant (P<0.05) . Conclusion: The application of FMEA contributes to analyze the causes of hand hygiene failure, and guide the development of improvement measures, which can effectively improve the hand hygiene compliance of medical staff, thereby reducing nosocomial infection.

Knowledge, attitude, practice of hand hygiene among nursing staff in medicine ICU in a tertiary health care centre in Western India

Background: Hospital infection is one of the leading cause of public health related issue throughout the world. Hand hygiene is one of the leading measure used to prevent cross-transmission and thus to reduce health care associated infections.Aims &amp; Objectives: To assess knowledge, attitude and practice about hand hygiene in nursing staff in medicine ICU in a tertiary health care centre.Methodology: Total 48 medicine ICU nursing staff were given open ended questionnaire on knowledge, attitude and practice of hand hygiene. Score were given for correct option and data was filled and analyzed in MS Excel softwareResults: Compliance in knowledge (62 %) and attitude (81 %) for hand hygiene was good. Performance in practice of hand hygiene was 54 % which was comparatively lower.Conclusion: Compliance of hand hygiene practice was lower compared to knowledge and attitude and needs to be addressed in the form of continued medical education.

Knowledge, Perceptions, and Self-reported Performance of Hand Hygiene Among Registered Nurses at Community-based Hospitals in the Republic of Korea: A Cross-sectional Multi-center Study.

ObjectivesTo assess the nurses’ hand hygiene (HH) knowledge, perception, attitude, and self-reported performance in small- and medium-sized hospitals after Middle East Respiratory Syndrome outbreak.MethodsThe structured questionnaire was adapted from the World Health Organization’s survey. Data were collected between June 26 and July 14, 2017.ResultsNurses showed scores on knowledge (17.6±2.5), perception (69.3±0.8), self-reported HH performance of non-self (86.0±11.0), self-reported performance of self (88.2±11.0), and attitude (50.5±5.5). HH performance rate of non-self was Y1=36.678+ 0.555X1 (HH performance rate of self) (adjusted R2=0.280, p<0.001). The regression model for performance was Y4=18.302+0.247X41 (peception)+0.232X42 (attitude)+0.875X42 (role model); coefficients were significant statistically except attitude, and this model significant statistically (adjusted R2=0.191, p<0.001).ConclusionsAdvanced HH education program would be developed and operated continuously. Perception, attitude, role model was found to be a significant predictors of HH performance of self. So these findings could be used in future HH promotion strategies for nurses.

The effect of quality control circle on the hygienic performance of nurses in the digestive system

Objective To explore the application effects of quality control circle(QCC) to improve the executive condition of hand hygiene among nurses in digestive system department. Methods QCC group was set up and the activity theme was established as Improve the execution rate of hand hygiene among nurses in digestive system . Afterwards, the inventory survey of hand hygiene executive condition among nurses in digestive system department was implemented.The defective condition was defined as hand hygiene was not carried out when there were hand hygiene indications.Problems and reasons due to the unsatisfied hand hygiene executive condition were analyzed according to the previous investigation results.The main reasons were established as weakness of hand hygiene knowledge and consciousness, insecure command of hand hygiene indications, lack of supervision and assessment, as well as absence of rewards and punishment system.Then corresponding countermeasures were drawn to carry out.Survey of hand hygiene execution rate was done again at the end of activity to evaluate the effects. Results The hand hygiene execution rate among nurses in digestive system department was significantly elevated from 49.17% to 80.83%, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01). After QCC, the executive rates of hand hygiene at the moments including before touching patients, after touching patients and touching the surrounding of patients were significantly higher than those before QCC. Conclusions Application of QCC management method is beneficial to improve hand hygiene execution rate among nurses in digestive system department. Key words: Quality control circle; Digestive system department; Nurses; Hand hygiene; Execution rate

Hand hygiene: A self reported practice among health care workers in tertiary health institutions in Plateau State, Nige

Background: Effective hand hygiene is the simplest proven and most cost effective means of reducing hospital acquired infections both among the health care providers and the receipts of health care services. Hospital acquired infections have currently been identified as one of the challenges of health care delivery worldwide in view of its contribution to morbidity and mortality. Hence, it became imperative to assess the knowledge and practices of hand hygiene as well as its determinant among frontline health care workers in tertiary health institutions in Jos Plateau state Nigeria.Methodology: This was a cross sectional study conducted among 236 health care workers in two tertiary health institutions using quantitative method of data collection. Epi info version 7 was used for data analysis, Chi square test was used with odds ratio as point estimates and 95% confidence interval as the interval estimate. A probability value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The mean age of the respondents was 37.1 ± 7.2 years while 121 (51.3%) of the respondents had good knowledge of hand hygiene and self reported good hand hygiene practice found among 134 (56.8%) of the health care workers.Conclusion: This study has brought to light the unsatisfactory level of practice of hand hygiene among health workers and the need to urgently provide interventions to addressing it.

Educational sessions may not be enough to improve knowledge about hand hygiene: Assessing the knowledge about hand hygiene of health workers before and after an educational workshop in Sudan

Background: In an attempt to defeat the high prevalence of health care associated infections, by raising the awareness about hand hygiene, we implemented a quasi-experimental study as part of a quality improvement project to evaluate the efficacy of focused educational workshop on knowledge about hand hygiene among health care workers in Sudan. Methods: Seventy-three participants were recruited from two public hospitals and one private hospital in Khartoum, Sudan in September 2017. The knowledge before and after the educational workshop was assessed for each participant using the World Health Organization hygiene associated infection questionnaire. We analyzed data using SPSS v22 and used McNemar’s test to compare knowledge before and after the workshop. Results: Around 40% of participants worked in general ward and 85% of them were women. Almost 70% were midwives or nurses. The mean age of participants was 28.4 years. We compared the knowledge of hand hygiene between nurses and doctors before the workshop, and the results showed that nurses had better knowledge in almost all aspects of hand hygiene. When we compared the knowledge before and immediately after the workshop for all participants, we found that there was no significant improvement in almost all aspects of knowledge about hand hygiene (P&gt;0.05). Conclusion: Comparing the knowledge before and after the workshop, we found no significant improvement in almost all aspects of hand hygiene. Of note, nurses’ knowledge about hand hygiene was consistently higher than doctors. Additional studies are needed to identify the optimal design of educational sessions.

Guiding hand hygiene interventions among future healthcare workers: implications of knowledge, attitudes, and social influences

Medical students in their clinical years play an important role in healthcare delivery, yet poor levels of hand hygiene (HH) compliance in this population raise the risk for propagating nosocomial infections. To date, there has been a lack of dedicated interventions showing sustainable improvements in HH in this population. A multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted among 450 medical students in their clinical years (third to fifth years). A self-administered, pre-validated questionnaire based on the World Health Organization's "Knowledge" and "Perception" questionnaires was used to explore HH knowledge, attitudes, practices, and desired interventions. Self-reported HH compliance was found to be low (56.8%), and moderate HH knowledge (61.8%) was observed among all study respondents. Public university students expressed greater knowledge than students in private and semi-private universities. Superior HH practices were associated with better individual HH attitudes, positive perceived HH attitudes in other healthcare workers (HCWs), and higher HH knowledge scores. The highest-rated interventions for improving HH compliance included role-modeling by HCWs, display of "clear HH instructions," and "ensuring availability of hand sanitizers." Our results call for a multifaceted approach to improve HH compliance among medical students, by ensuring adequate HH supplies/hand sanitizers, providing HH training in curricula, and effecting a cultural change mediated by professional modeling and open communication.

CONHECIMENTO DA PRÁTICA DE HIGIENIZAÇÃO DAS MÃOS NA PERSPECTIVA DE PROFISSIONAIS DE ENFERMAGEM

Objetivo: Analisar o conhecimento de profissionais de enfermagem, em unidades, no âmbito hospitalar quanto à higienização das mãos. Método: Estudo transversal, desenvolvido em um hospital, com 159 profissionais de enfermagem. Coleta de dados realizada com questionário “Teste de Conhecimento a Respeito da Higienização das Mãos para profissionais da saúde”. Resultados: Prevaleceram profissionais de nível técnico, sexo feminino. Os profissionais reconheceram a rota de transmissão cruzada de micro-organismo. Evidencia-se diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as unidades quanto ao tempo mínimo para preparação alcoólica: nas ações antes do contato com o paciente (p=0,018), ao chegar na unidade após o almoço (p=0,014), antes da aplicação de injeção (p=0,077), antes de esvaziar o urinol (p=0,020) e ao deixar o paciente (p=0,002). Conclusão: O estudo demonstrou que os trabalhadores tinham conhecimento sobre a temática, no entanto faz-se necessário que sejam produzidas tecnologias que permitam ao profissional de saúde repensar suas práticas desde seu ingresso na instituição.

An educational intervention to improve hand hygiene compliance in Vietnam

BackgroundHand hygiene compliance is the basis of infection control programs. In developing countries models to improve hand hygiene compliance to reduce healthcare acquired infections are required. The aim of this study was to determine hand hygiene compliance following an educational program in an obstetric and gynecological hospital in Vietnam.MethodsHealth care workers from neonatal intensive care, delivery suite and a surgical ward from Hung Vuong Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam undertook a 4-h educational program targeting hand hygiene. Compliance was monitored monthly for six months following the intervention. Hand hygiene knowledge was assessed at baseline and after six months of the study.ResultsThere were 7124 opportunities over 370 hand hygiene recording sessions with 1531 opportunities at baseline and 1620 at 6 months following the intervention. Hand hygiene compliance increased significantly from baseline across all sites (43.6% [95% Confidence interval CI: 41.1–46.1] to 63% [95% CI: 60.6–65.3]; p < 0.0001). Health care worker hand hygiene compliance increased significantly after intervention (p < 0.0001). There were significant improvements in knowledge scores from baseline to 2 months post educational intervention with mean difference standard deviations (SD): 1.5 (2.5); p < 0.001).ConclusionsA simple educational model was implemented in a Vietnamese hospital that revealed good hand hygiene compliance for an extended period of time. Hand hygiene knowledge increased during the intervention. This hand hygiene model could be used in developing countries were resources are limited.

Direct effect of contemporary health education programmes on the knowledge about hand hygiene and technique of hand washing in primary school age children

In the case of primary school children in Budapest (n = 165), data on their social status and their previous knowledge on hand hygiene were elicited with the help of pre-knowledge questionnaires issued by students of higher education. The aim of the research was introducing a novel pedagogical procedure - application and optimization of peer education in the development of proper hand hygiene among primary school students. The knowledge-based survey was conducted after four (n = 85) and eight hours of teaching (n = 36). In addition, the effectiveness of hand washing was tested immediately before (n = 166) and after the four (n = 74) and eight hours of teaching (n = 35) with Semmelweis Scanner after rubbing the hand with fluorescent cream. Prior knowledge of hand hygiene significantly increased after the four-hour and eight-hour trainings. In the case of smaller children, the effect of the eight-hour training was more pronounced. Similar results were obtained with regards to the changes in the number of areas missed while rubbing the surface of the hand as a result of the teaching. Sociological surveys on hand hygiene knowledge and direct physical measurements indicate that training with appropriate pedagogical procedures is effective and contributes to the environmentally conscious hygiene culture of children aged 6 to 10. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(12): 485-490.

Assessment of hand hygiene knowledge among medical and nursing students of Mysore medical college and research institute, Mysore

Background: Improper hand hygiene among health care workers is the main cause for many nosocomial infections. Lack of knowledge and lack of recognition of hand hygiene opportunities during patient care are mainly responsible for poor hand hygiene among health care workers.Methods: Knowledge on hand hygiene was assessed using WHO hand hygiene questionnaire among medical and nursing students of Mysore medical college and research institute.Results: Among 276 medical and 225 nursing students who participated in the study, 26% of medical and 33% of nursing students had received formal training in hand hygiene in the last three years. Less than 50% of students had knowledge on source, routes of transmission of germs and minimal time needed for hand rubbing in hospital setting.Conclusions: The knowledge is limited on hand hygiene actions which shows the importance of inclusion of hand hygiene topic in curriculum.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices of hand hygiene among Pakistani health professionals: A cross-sectional study.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices of hand hygiene among Pakistani health professionals: A cross-sectional study.

HAND HYGIENE KNOWLEDGE, PRACTICE AND FACILITIES UTILIZATION OF PUPILS IN BATANGAS CITY, PHILIPPINES: BASIS FOR PROPOSED HAND HYGIENE ACTIVITIES

This study assessed the hand hygiene knowledge, practice and facilities utilization of pupils in Batangas City, Philippines during academic year 2016-2017. Using a self-structured questionnaire, the researchers selected one thousand one hundred eighteen (1,118) pupils as participants in this research. They analyzed the responses of the pupils through the use of frequency counts, weighted mean, t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine the difference of responses among grade levels and school type. The study found out school type had the most influence on pupils’ learning concepts about hand hygiene as well as its implementation and the provision of adequate supplies & facilities. Public school pupils showed higher scores in hand hygiene knowledge, practice and facilities utilization as well as greater interest on the proposed hand hygiene activities. These included, among others, conduct of health teaching on proper hand hygiene technique with disease education and preparation of individual hygiene kit for pupils. On the other hand, grade level was determined not to have significant difference on the pupils’ know-how in hand cleansing. This is because regardless of the pupils grade level their knowledge, practice and facilities utilization including interest on the suggested hand hygiene health activities remain the same. It is further recommended that school administrators take action on the pupils’ interest regarding hand hygiene health activities proposed in the study. Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/lijhls.2018.33.88116 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice of hand hygiene among medical and health profession students at King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences in Saudi Arabia

Background: In recent years, patients' safety has become high priority for health-care organizations. It has been documented that poor knowledge and compliance of health-care providers toward hand hygiene have contributed to poor patient safety outcomes. College students of health sciences may not receive adequate education and training on hand hygiene best practices. Objectives: To assess the health profession students' knowledge, attitude, and practice toward hand hygiene and to investigate the factors associated with poor hand hygiene knowledge and practice. Methods: This cross-sectional, correlational, descriptive study was conducted at King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences performing clinical rotations at King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A proportional sampling was used to calculate the required proportions that reflect the size of student population form each of the three colleges. A total of 270 students including 140 medical, 83 nursing, and 47 respiratory therapy students who were selected using a simple random sampling method were included in the study. An adapted and validated knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) questionnaire was used to assess four domains: general information, knowledge, self-reported compliance to the WHO 5 Moments of Hand Hygiene, and general satisfaction on received education. Results: The overall average of knowledge score was 81.13 points out of 100. The results revealed that the knowledge score of hand hygiene was higher for nursing school (84.22 ± 12.98), followed by medical school (81.71 ± 11.31) and then respiratory therapy program (75.53 ± 11.76). The results also showed that students who took courses covering hand hygiene scored higher in knowledge score (83.28 ± 11.3) as compared to students who did not take such courses (75.16 ± 12.89). In the compliance domain, the results showed that there were no significant differences in compliance of hand hygiene between students in all categories. In terms of overall student satisfaction with hand hygiene education and training, the results showed that nursing students have higher satisfaction score (72.7%) than their counterparts in medical school (48.3%) and respiratory therapy program (49.7%). Conclusion: Hand hygiene knowledge among students was generally good, and the highest was among nursing students and the lowest among respiratory therapy students. The compliance of students toward the WHO 5 Moments of Hand Hygiene did not vary across different colleges. Improved knowledge was found to be associated with improved compliance with hand hygiene best practices. Recommendations: Increasing the academic focus on hand hygiene in both the curriculum and clinical rotations with periodic standardized educational courses and focusing on hands-on workshops could have a positive impact on the knowledge and practice of hand hygiene for current health sciences students and future health-care providers. Future studies are needed to assess the hand hygiene KAP among students in hospital settings using observation of actual practice.