Hand-held CO2 Research Articles

Control of Banks Grass Mite in Sweet Corn, 1996

Abstract Insecticides were applied with a hand held CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 18 gpa spray material at 25 psi through six LF4 nozzles at 18 inch spacing mounted on a 7.5 foot boom. Treatments were applied on 4 Jun, 1996, when sweet corn plants were approximately eight inches in height, with four to five true leaves. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. Plot size was 10 ft X 30 ft, but only the center two rows of the four row plots were sampled. Mites were sampled on 4 Jun (PRE), 7 Jun (3 DAT), 11 Jun (7 DAT), and 18 Jun (14 DAT). The third true leaf of five random plants per plot was sampled on the first two sampling dates. The fourth true leaf of five plants was sampled on the final two sampling dates. Leaf samples were taken to the laboratory where mites were control under a dissecting microscope. Data were (X + 0.5)½ transformed before analysis of variance. Actual means are presented.

Evaluation of Pyrethroids and Selected Insecticides for Control of Cabbage Looper in Broccoli

Abstract Broccoli was direct seeded into double-row beds on 21 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. Each plot consisted of four, 30 ft long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by an untreated bed. Plots were arranged in a CRB design with 4 replicates. Foliar applications were made on 30 Oct and 4 Nov with a hand-held CO2 sprayer operated at 50 psi, delivering 20 gpa. Spreader-sticker (Kinetic) was included in all spray treatments at a rate of 0.125% of the total volume. Insecticide efficacy was determined by counting the total number of small (1 st and 2nd instars) and large (>2nd instar) CL larvae on 5 randomly selected broccoli plants per replicate. A pre-treatment sample was taken on 29 Oct and evaluations were made 5 DAT on 4 and 9 Nov. Data were analyzed as a 1-way ANOVA using a protected LSD F test to distinguish treatment mean differences.

Efficacy of Selected Insecticides for Control of Cabbage Looper in Cauliflower

Abstract Cauliflower was direct seeded into on 21 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, Az. Each plot consisted of four, 30-ft-long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by two untreated beds. Plots were arranged in a CRB design with 4 replicates. Foliar applications were made on 10 and 14 Oct with a hand-held CO2 sprayer operated at 50 psi, delivering 20 gpa. Spreader-sticker (Kinetic) was included in all spray treatments at a rate of 0.125% of the total volume. Insecticide efficacy was determined by counting the total number of small (1 st and 2nd instars) and large (>2nd instar) CL on 5 randomly selected plants replicate. Data were analyzed as a 1-way ANOVA using a protected LSD F test (P = 0.05) to distinguish treatment mean differences.

Evaluation of Selective Insecticides for Control of Lepidopterous Larvae in Lettuce

Abstract Lettuce was direct seeded into double-row beds on 1 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. Each plot consisted of four, 30 ft long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by two untreated beds. Plots were arranged in a CRB design with 4 replicates. Foliar applications were made on 8 and 14 Oct with a hand-held CO2 sprayer operated at 50psi, delivering 20 gpa. Spreader-sticker (Kinetic) was included in all spray treatments at a rate of 0.125% of the total volume. Insecticide efficacy was determined by counting the total number of small (1st and 2nd instars) and large (>2nd instar) BAW and CI larvae on 6 randomly selected lettuce plants per replicate. Evaluations were made on 8, 10, 13, and 19 Oct. Data were analyzed as a 1-way ANOVA using a protected LSD F test to distinguish treatment mean differences.

Ataenius Adult Control, 1996

Abstract A grid of 15 X 15 ft plots was established in the heavy clay soil fairway of hole # 14 at a golf course near South Lyon in Oakland County, MI. The actual area sprayed was 12 X 12 ft, leaving a 1.5 ft buffer on all sides. Four 8-dram vials were half filled with ethylene glycol and were buried in each plot as pitfall traps. Liquid products were applied with a hand-held CO2 sprayer from R&D Sprayers. The applications were made at 50 psi with a boom holding four 8008 nozzles. Liquid insecticides were mixed with water and applied at a rate of 4 gal/1000 ft2 (175 gpa). Applications were made on 13 May after placing the vials in the plots. It was 45°F and sunny with 0—5 mph wind. The vials were examined on 20 and 28 May to count the number of ataenius beetles trapped in each.

Japanese Beetle Adult Control on Rose Plants, Eaton Co., Mi, 1995

Abstract Rose plants of several varieties were used for this test at a residence in Section 5, Benton Twp, Eaton County, MI. The plants were container–grown in 2 gal pots and were 2– ft tall. They were hand irrigated 3 times a week. The location where the plants were kept for the duration of the test is open, recieves full sun and is protected from the wind. Marathon applications were made on 17 May by spreading the material over the top of the pot. Plants were fertilized on 17 May, 5 Jul and 18 Jul. The test was conducted at a location that had a 3 year building Japanese beetle infestation. Liquid insecticides were applied with a hand-held CO2 R&D Sprayer with a single 8003 nozzle at 50 psi on 5 Jul and 18 Jul. All treatments were replicated 6 times and blocked by variety. These varieties were: Meidiland Rd Red (Replications 1 and 2), Rugosa Blanc de Coubert (White) (Replications 3 and 4) and Red Simplicity (Replications 5 and 6). Treatments were evaluated on 11, 18, 26 and 31 Jul by counting all Japanese beetle adults on the plants and by taking the average of two estimates of the percentage of damaged leaves on each plant.

European Chafer on Turf, Jackson Co., Mi, 1995

Abstract An area of non-irrigated rough at The Country Club of Jackson in Jackson County, MI was used for this test. Plots were 3 ft X 3 ft separated by a 2 ft wide buffer strip. All treatments were replicated 5 times. Treatments 1, 2, 3 and 19 were applied on 22 May. Treatments 1, 2 and 3 were immediately irrigated by hand with Vi ½ inch water. 0.8 inches of rain fell over the next 2 days. Treatments 4, 5, 6 and 21 were applied on 12 Jul under extremely warm and dry conditions. Treatments 4, 5 and 6 were irrigated by hand with Vi ½ inches of water immediately after application. All curative treatments were applied on 20 Aug between 10:00 and 3:00 in sunny, warm (85°F) and very dry conditions with slight 0-3 mph winds. Treatments 7, 8 and 9 were immediately irrigated by hand with V4 °inch water. No rainfall fell on the plots until 16 Sept. All applications were made with a hand-held CO2 R&D Sprayer with a single 8003 nozzle at 38 psi at a rate of 175 gal/A finished spray. The plots were evaluated on 30 Sep by digging a 2 ft2 area from the middle of each plot and counting the number of grubs.

Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Crookston, Mn, 1995

Abstract Certified B size seed was planted May 26 in a Bearden silt loam dryland soil. Soil moisture was above normal. Plots were 4 40 inch rows 25 ft in length. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Admire treatments were applied at planting time. Foliar treatments were applied in approximately 20 gal/acre using a hand held CO2 sprayer. Foliar treatments were broadcast applied on 29 June and 9 and 30 July. Larval ratings were 0 = None and 5 = approx. 35 per plant. No phytotoxicity was noted. Late blight appeared early in August and could not be totally controlled so plants were (killed) early (12 Sept). These yields are much below normal.

Sunflower Beetle Larval Control, Nekoma, Nd, 1994

Abstract This experiment was placed in a commercial sunflower field with approximately 25 SB larvae per plant. Plots were 4-30 inch rows by 25 ft in length. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied in 20 gpa 40 psi using a hand held CO2 sprayer on 24 Jun and followed overnight with a 1.0 inch rainfall. Larval counts were taken from 10 plants on 2 and 7 Jul. Total plant defoliation readings were taken on 7 and 16 Jul. Twenty foot of row from the center 2 rows were collected for yields on 27 Oct. A weed (ftixweed) reading was taken on 16 Jul because we perceived some differences between plots in weed competition.

Sunflower Beetle Larval Control, Nielsville, Mn, 1994

Abstract Plots were established in a commercial sunflower field. Plots were 4-22 inch wide rows 25 ft in length. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Insecticides were broadcast in 20 gpa using a hand held CO2 sprayer. Larval counts slightly exceeded the action level and treatments were applied on 30 Jun. Total larval counts were collected from 10 plants/plot on 2 dates. Defoliation estimates were based on whole plant evaluations. Yields were taken on 20 ft of row from the center 2 plot rows and means compared using the method of LSD.

Control of Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle, Blaine, Mn, 1995

Abstract A trial was established in a commercial potato field following an initial application of Provado 1.6F at a rate of 0.31 lb (AI)/acre across the entire field. Plots were 4 rows X 25 ft in length, treatments were arranged in a RCB design, and replicated 4 times. Insecticide was applied on 1, 10 and 18 July in approximately 20 gal total material/acre using a hand held CO2 sprayer with 40 psi. Trigard was applied alone twice followed by the second insecticides. Very high populations of adult beetles continued to migrate into the plots leading to an unusually large variation in defoliation readings. Larval ratings were 0 = no larvae to 5 ≥ 100 larvae per plant. Late non-random weed pressure did not permit obtaining yields.

Efficacy of Pyrethroids and Lannate on Lepidopterous Larvae in Lettuce, 1995

Abstract Lettuce was direct seeded into double-row beds on 9 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, Az. Each plot consisted of four, 30 ft long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by an untreated bed. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replicates. Foliar applications were made on 22 and 30 Sep and with a hand-held CO2 sprayer operated at 60 psi, delivering 20 gal/acre. Spreader-sticker (Kinetic) was included in all spray treatments at a rate of 0.25% of the total volume. Insecticide efficacy was determined by counting the total number of small (1st and 2nd instars) and large (>2nd instar) BAW and CL larvae on 20 randomly selected lettuce plants per replicate. Insect counts were conducted the day of application, 22 and 30 Sep, and at 3 days after treatment, 30 Sep and 3 Oct. Treatment differences among means were estimated with the Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch multiple F test.

Efficacy of Selective Insecticides on Beet Armyworm Larvae in Lettuce, 1995

Abstract Lettuce was direct seeded into double-row beds on 8 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, Az. Each plot consisted of four, 30 ft long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by an untreated bed. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replicates. Foliar application was made on 20 Sep and 5 Oct with a hand-held CO2 sprayer operated at 60 psi, delivering 20 gal/acre. Spreader-sticker (Triton-X) was included in all spray treatments at a rate of 0.25% of the total volume. Insecticide efficacy was determined by counting the total number of BAW larvae on 20 randomly selected plants per replicate. Insect counts were conducted the day of application and at 1,3, and 7 days following each application.

Chemical Evaluations for Control of Japanese Beetle on Grapes, 1995

Abstract In an experimental ‘Clinton’ vineyard at Wooster, Ohio, plots consisted of 2 grape vines, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gpa (935 liter/ha) on 18 Jul. A hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2), equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle, was used to apply treatments. No surfactant was added to any of the treatments. On 18 Jul, after treated foliage was dry, 5 grape leaves were removed from the outside canopy of each plot for use in the bioassay. Leaves were brought into the lab on 0, 1, 3, and 6 d after initial treatment and placed in round 1-gal. ice cream containers along with 10 Japanese beetles. The beetles used in these studies were collected in traps in an untreated area. The 1-gal containers were modified by placing plastic liners inside and cheesecloth over the open top. Beetles were confined in the cages with the treated foliage for 24 h after which the number of dead beetles was determined.

Sunflower Beetle Larval Control, Langdon, Nd, 1994

Abstract The trial was established in a commercial sunflower field with approximately 20 SB larvae per plant. Plots were 4-30 inch rows by 25 ft in length. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Insecticides were broadcast at 40 psi in 20 gpa using a hand-held CO2 sprayer. Plots were treated on 2 Jul. Larval counts were collected on 2 and 16 Jul, and whole plant defoliation on 16 Ju. Twenty ft of row were harvested from the center 2 rows of each plot, threshed, cleaned and weighed for yield. Means were compared using LSD.

Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Crookston, Mn, 1995

Abstract Certified B-size seed was planted on 26 May in a Bearden silt-loam dryland site. Soil moisture was considerably above normal. Plots were 4 40 inch rows 25 ft in length. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Admire was applied at planting time. Foliar treatments were applied in approximately 20/gal/acre using a hand-held CO2 sprayer and 40 psi. Foliar treatment dates were 29 June, 9 and 20 July, and 4 and 23 August. The initial application was delayed and defoliation was in excess of that normally used to initiate treatment. CPB populations were able to completely defoliate plants by the third week in July. Larval ratings were 0=none and 5≥50 per plant. Potato leafhopper ratings (0=none 5 = severe) were taken but appear to be uniform where potato plants were present. Late blight began to appear in the plots the second week of August. CPB populations were high and have been resistant to Asana XL in recent growing seasons.

Chemical Evaluations for Control of Grape Erineum Mite, 1995

Abstract A commercial ‘Riesling’ vineyard at Kingsville, OH was used in this study. Plots consisted of 2 grape vines, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gpa (935 liter/ha) on 14 Jun and 29 Jun. After counts were made on 20 Jul a third application of Sevin and Stylet oil were made. Provado was not applied at this time due to its seasonal limit. A hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle was used to apply treatments. No surfactant was added to any of the treatments. Plots were rated by randomly choosing 10 shoots from each plot and then examining the 10 terminal leaves of each shoot for blistering caused by the erineum mite. Leaves with visible blistering were considered damaged and counted and each shoot was rated from 0 to 10. The designation 0 representing no infestation and 10 heavy infestation.

Chemical Evaluations for Control of the Eastern Grape Leafhopper on Grapes, 1995

Abstract In an experimental ‘Labrusca’ vineyard at Wooster, Ohio, plots consisted of 2 grape vines, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. On 18 Jul a pretreatment count was taken by randomly choosing 10 leaves from each plot and counting the number of leafhoppers present. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gpa (935 liter/ha) on 19 Jul. A hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2), equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle, was used to apply treatments. No surfactant was added to any of the treatments. At 2 and 12 days post treatment 10 leaves were again randomly chosen from each plot and the total number of leafhoppers present were recorded.

Chemical Evaluations for Control of Grape Berry Moth on Grapes, 1995

Abstract In an experimental ‘Clinton’ vineyard at Wooster, Ohio, plots consisted of 2 grape vines, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gpa (935 liter/ha) on 18 Jul, and 8 Aug. A hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2), equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle, was used to apply treatments. No surfactant was added to any of the treatments. On 19 Sep, 20 grape clusters from each replicate were randomly examined to determine the number of clusters infested by grape berry moth.

Sunflower Beetle Control with Low Dosages of Asana XI and Karate, Downer, Mn, 1994

Abstract The trial was established in a grower’s field on 22 May and treatments applied that day. Plots were 4–30 inch rows by 25 ft in length. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Stage of plant at treatment time was about 4.9. Insecticide was applied in 20 gpa using a hand-held CO2 sprayer. Pressure was 40 psi. Yields were taken on 20 ft. of row from the center 2 rows and means compared using LSD.