Hand-drawn Pictures Research Articles

ЛИТЕРАТУРНЫЕ И ИЗОБРАЗИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ИСТОЧНИКИ РИСОВАННЫХ ЛИСТОВ ЕНИСЕЙСКИХ ЧАСОВЕННЫХ

The article is devoted to the monuments of modern Old Believers’ culture – hand-drawn wall sheets with large text fragments created by the Old Believers of the Chapel Concord living on the Yenisei. These sheets are both a continuation of the Old Russian and Old Believer traditions and a form of modern propaganda art. In this article, the works of the Old Believers of the 20th century are considered in the context of their historical origins. Statement of the problem. Since the Old Believers’ culture as a whole is characterized by deep knowledge of the previous book culture and traditionalism of thinking, for comprehensive assessment of the painted sheets as a cultural phenomenon, it seems necessary to establish to what extent the creators of these monuments, which have an ultramodern form, were guided by tradition. The purpose of the article is to identify the literary and pictorial sources of the painted sheets of the Yenisei chapels and to characterize the features of their use. Review of scientific literature. The monuments were recently put into scientific circulation by a group of scientists who conducted archaeografical expeditions in Yenisei Siberia. The published works by A.A. Prigarin, E.V. Bykova, A.V. Kostrov, and A.A. Storozhenko are mainly devoted to the problem of visualization of images and characteristics of the environment for these sheets. Methodology. Classical historical, philological and comparative methods are used in the work. The results of the study. Specific sources of such sheets as “Two Roads – Two Ways”, “Ship of Faith” (“Ship of the Cross”), “World Wide Web. The World Wide Net” revealed the exact textual and pictorial quotations used by their creators from various editions of the facial Apocalypse, and the Life of Basil the New. In addition, the tradition is shown, within the framework of which the sheet “The inner state of the human heart during a righteous and sinful life” was created. Conclusion. A detailed analysis of the hand-drawn pictures that exist among modern Yenisei Old Believers of the Chapel Concord, shows that with all their modern content and form, they continue and creatively develop the age-old Old Believers’ tradition, which is based on a high book culture and religious thinking. Deep knowledge of this tradition is precisely confirmed by a variety of not only textual, but also pictorial quotations from the Apocalypse and other authoritative eschatological writings.

Visual Aids as Response Facilitators in Dialogue Journals

Dialogue journals are useful pedagogical tools for developing communicative written fluency. While instructors often respond to student writing by modeling, questioning and providing feedback, visual aids are also sometimes used to enhance communication. In this study, findings from an examination of 12 adult English Language Learners’ dialogue journals reveal that the instructor demonstrated an understanding of visual aids, which included instructor-drawn pictures and textual enhancements. Some students responded with hand-drawn pictures of their own and noted that visuals increased their interest in writing and helped them to understand unfamiliar topics. The use of instructor-drawn pictures and textual enhancements as a part of dialogue journals facilitates communication and strengthens the rapport-building for which dialogue journals are well-known.

Sanderson's polster.

The usage of the term “Sanderson's Polster” is cited in literature mainly in the first half of the 20th century. Sanderson-Damberg (1911) used the term Sanderson's polster, and probably Aschoff (1925) called similar structures as “Proliferationsknospe.”[12] “ Polster” is a German word that means a “cushion,” “pillow” and “bolster,” hence a metonymic occupational name for a maker or seller of pillows or a nickname for a plump man, and thus this word was probably used to denote based on the appearance of small secondary follicles within an enlarged follicle resembling a “cushion” or “pillow” attached to one end. In normal thyroid gland or more commonly in hyperplastic conditions of thyroid gland such as nodular/multinodular goiter, adenomatoid goiter, or adenomatous hyperplasia, microscopically dilated thyroid follicles lined by cuboidal cells and filled with colloid may be seen. When colloid secretion increases in the small secondary follicles, their mass bulges into the follicular cavity and gives rise to a “Sanderson Polster” seen at one pole along the follicular wall of enlarged and dilated follicles.[3] These dilated follicles are usually 2–3 times larger than the surrounding follicles [Figure 1]. Figure 2 shows hand-drawn pictures corresponding to Figure 1. Sanderson's polster is composed mainly of small follicles lined by cuboidal cells [Figure 3]. Goormaghtigh and Thomas suggested the term “papilla” for these structures.[3] These secondary acini are nearly always lined with large epithelial cells, and the nuclei are conspicuous by their size. In an early study, Sugiyama et al. could not find “Sanderson's Polster” or “Proliferationsknospe” in the normal development of thyroid gland.[4]Figure 1: Photomicrograph of H&E section showing Sanderson polsters within an enlarged follicle (×40)Figure 2: Corresponding hand-drawn illustration of Figure 1: (1) The enlarged follicle, (2) secondary follicles (Sanderson polsters), and (3) colloidFigure 3: Photomicrograph of H&E section showing Sanderson polsters (×400)Based on histochemical staining in aged murine thyroid tissue, Lee et al. opined that Sanderson's polsters, small follicles and irregularly-shaped follicles, were hyperactive as compared with markedly enlarged follicles.[5] Abundant colloid in large follicles was stained purple-red or dark blue-purple by PAS, while cellular areas composed of small follicles were pale-red or negative. In another study, Aeschimann et al. considered similar budding intraluminal protrusions as actively replicating, while flat neighboring patches were apparently resting. The results were drawn on the basis of p21 ras immunohistochemistry. p21 ras can be used as a growth marker. The areas of active growth show a significant increase in cellular p2l ras as compared to resting cells which contain very little p21 ras.[6] Instead of microfollicles at one pole, it is not unusual to find benign papillary formations protruding into the lumen of large follicles [Figure 4]. Such papillary protrusions should not be confused with papillary carcinoma of thyroid (PTC), as they lack the classical PTC nuclear features such as clearing of chromatin, nuclear enlargement, intranuclear cytoplasmic pseudoinclusions, nuclear grooving and nuclear overlapping.Figure 4: Photomicrograph showing multiple papillary fronds at one pole of large colloid filled thyroid follicle in a case of nodular colloid goiterDespite the fact that these structures are sometimes described as areas of active growth, clinically majority remains entirely benign. However, familiarization with such terms may avoid an overdiagnosis of thyroid malignancy. Financial support and sponsorship Nil. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest. Acknowledgment Dr Sangeetha K Nayanar, Professor and HOD, Department of Clinical Laboratory Services and Translational Research, Malabar Cancer Center, Thalassery, Kerala.

Benefits of 3D topos for information sharing and planning in rock climbing

In outdoor rock climbing, routes are commonly marked in topos, which are typically implemented as annotated photographs or hand-drawn pictures. 3D technologies, such as structure from motion (SfM), enable the creation of detailed 3D models. These technologies are now within the reach of almost everybody, and they are becoming increasingly simple to utilize. We present an interactive 3D topo of a large boulder and discuss the creation process using SfM and 3D modelling software. Furthermore, we conducted an online user study with 52 respondents investigating how 3D topos can be utilized for information sharing and planning, and how 3D topos might change rock climbing. Results show that 3D topos are seen highly useful compared to normal web topos.

Ancient water robotics and Abou-l Iz Al-Jazari

Although water resources have been developed throughout the centuries for the service of different civilizations, at different scales and in different regions, their use in automation has been conceived only recently. Research into the history of water from an automation point of view has led to some unknown or hidden facts. Starting from the ancient Greek period before the prophet Christ and after about the 12th century, many researchers tried to make use of water power for working some simple but effective devices for the service of mankind. Among these are the haulage of water from a lower level to a higher elevation by water wheels in order to irrigate agricultural land. Hero during the Hellenistic period and Vitruvius of the Roman Empire were among the first who tried to make use of water power for use in different human activities, such as water haulage, watermills, water clocks, etc. The highlights of these works were achieved by a 12th century Muslim researcher, Abou-l Iz Al-Jazari, who lived in the southeastern part of modern day Turkey. He reviewed all the previous work from different civilizations and then suggested his own designs and devices for the use of water power in automation of excellent types. He even combined animals and water power through early designs of valves, pistons, cylinders and crank mills, as will be explained in this paper. His works were revealed by German historians and engineers in the first quarter of the 19th century. Later, an English engineer translated his book from Arabic into English, revealing the guidelines for modern automation and robotic designs originating from the 12th century. This paper gives a brief summary of the early workers' devices and Abou-l Iz Al-Jazari's much more developed designs with his original hand-drawn pictures.

Understanding couple communication in reproductive health by using a Visually Assisted Interview Guide (VAIG)

Learning the process of couple communication, in terms of place, time, duration, content, style, form and barriers, is crucial before developing strategies to improve communication among rural couples in India. Considering the sensitivity of the subject, cultural setting, family dynamics and difficulties in reaching couples, visuals accompanied by an interview guide prove effective. The current article explains the construction and validation of a Visually Assisted Interview Guide (VAIG). The rural context limits the choice of visual forms and thus hand-drawn pictures depicting day-to-day life scenarios were used in the tool. The tool construction was primarily based on adding value to the interview guide and offering ease/comfort to the respondents and researchers when dealing with personal information. Results show that hand-drawn pictures help respondents to replace their own self-conscious identity with that of the illustrated individuals, enabling them to give realistic, impersonal responses to sensitive issues. A VAIG is therefore useful in understanding the process of how couples in rural settings communicate over reproductive health issues.

Smallpox Zero: An Illustrated History of Smallpox and Its Eradication

Smallpox Zero is an excellent commemoration of the 30th anniversary of smallpox eradication. This picture book tells the story of the disease from its origin through eradication and beyond (proposed fate of virus stock). The story is presented in short bubbles of text on a background of colorful, hand-drawn pictures. The children’s book packaging (8½″ × 11″ × ¼″ with glossy, illustrated cover) belies the large amount of well-organized information inside. The 10 chapters draw you in with enticing titles such as No One Escaped. Once you’re inside, the artwork captivates you. Practically every drawing would be suitable for framing and display. The maps, landscapes, and faces bring humanity’s greatest scourge back to life for readers. But who are the intended readers? The design and layout seem aimed at youth. A busy background with multiple drawings is right on target for teens, and the drawings are in the style of youth-oriented action comics. Even the need to reach youth is explained in the Note to Readers, “Since the battle against it [smallpox] was waged in remote areas far from the gaze of television cameras, the younger generations may have difficulty in appreciating the nature and magnitude of the task of global eradication.” The youth-attracting design, however, is mismatched with complex content. Readability scales rank average reading level at grade 12; several segments rank higher than grade 14. (For comparison, the reading level of this review is grade 11.) Multisyllabic words such as disease “transmission” rather than “spread” are the culprits. Adding to the complexity is mention of places and populations that young readers probably never heard of, like Sarawak and Hittites. Readers can at least find many terms defined in a glossary in the back of the book. However, use of boldface or color to indicate which terms are defined would have been helpful. Today’s impatient readers, accustomed to the instant gratification of online pop-up bubbles, may be unwilling to spend time flipping pages to check. Also helpful would have been a table of contents and index. Audience and navigation tools aside, this is still a powerful book that should preserve the memory of smallpox and its heroes for future generations. Jonathan Roy, illustrator and narrator, effectively offers something for everyone, regardless of their location, education level, and native language. The global, rather than country-centric, perspective should appeal to readers worldwide; the small bites of information make each message palatable for even low-literacy readers; and the drawings eliminate language barriers. All these factors work together to increase access to the message that we should not take our freedom from smallpox for granted. Although I cannot see Smallpox Zero being studied in a classroom, I can easily see it being browsed in a reception room, a reading room, a waiting room, or even a living room. A quick glance is enough to create an overall appreciation for the millions worldwide who suffered from smallpox and for the dedicated and selfless men and women we have to thank for its eradication.

Review on Recent Patents in Texture Synthesis

Computer graphics applications often use textures to render synthetic images. These textures can be obtained from a variety of sources such as hand-drawn pictures or scanned photographs. Texture synthesis is an alternative way to create textures. Because synthetic textures can be made any size, visual repetition is avoided. The goal of texture synthesis can be stated as follows: given a texture example, synthesize a new texture that, when perceived by a human observer, appears to be generated by the same underlying process. This paper reviews the recent patents on texture synthesis schemes. The key components in a texture synthesis algorithm, such as neighborhood matching, block sampling, anisometric synthesis, etc., are discussed. Then we discuss the applications of texture synthesis in texture magnification and image repairing. This paper also points out future works on this issue.

Review on Recent Patents in Texture Synthesis

Computer graphics applications often use textures to render synthetic images. These textures can be obtained from a variety of sources such as hand-drawn pictures or scanned photographs. Texture synthesis is an alternative way to create textures. Because synthetic textures can be made any size, visual repetition is avoided. The goal of texture synthesis can be stated as follows: given a texture example, synthesize a new texture that, when perceived by a human observer, appears to be generated by the same underlying process. This paper reviews the recent patents on texture synthesis schemes. The key components in a texture synthesis algorithm, such as neighborhood matching, block sampling, anisometric synthesis, etc., are discussed. Then we discuss the applications of texture synthesis in texture magnification and image repairing. This paper also points out future works on this issue. Keywords: Texture synthesis, neighborhood matching, block sampling, anisometric synthesis, texture magnification, image repairing

EFFECTS OF USING DIGITAL CONTENTS DESIGNED FOR PDA AS A TEACHING AID IN AN OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING OF PLANKTONS FOR FIELDWORKS ON A SHIP

We developed World of Planktons in Lake Biwa, which is contents for use as a teaching aid in the observational learning of planktons that is conducted aboard a ship as part of science lessons. This content consists of a search page with 350 still images to be used to search and identify over 200 types of planktons living in Lake Biwa; pages providing 45 video clips of actions that are difficult to observe directly, such as the hatching of plankton eggs and cell division; pages explaining cell division; and a digital sketch page on which students can upload and publish hand-drawn pictures. The developed content was used in actual lessons for fifth-grade primary school students observing planktons aboard a ship. We validated the effectiveness of the content from the perspectives of (1) interest, motivation, and attitude; (2) thinking and judging; (3) technique and expression; and (4) knowledge and understanding.

Modeling Surperspective Projection of Landscapes for Geographical Guide-Map Generation

It is still challenging to generate hand-drawn pictures because they differ from ordinary photographs in that they are often drawn as seen from multiple viewpoints. This paper presents a new approach for modeling such surperspective projection based on shape deformation techniques. Specifically, surperspective landscape images for guide-maps are generated from 3D geographical elevation data. Our method first partitions a target geographical surface into feature areas to provide designers with landmarks suitable for editing. The system takes as input 2D visual effects, which are converted to 3D geometric constraints for geographical surface deformation. Using ordinary perspective projection, the deformed shape is then transformed into a target guide-map image where each landmark enjoys its own vista points. An algorithm for calculating such 2D visual effects semi-automatically from the geographical shape features is also considered.

Test of Competing Explanations of the Bizarre Response Bias in Recognition Memory

Recent research has demonstrated that a more liberal response criterion is used when people make judgments about bizarre items than about common items in old-new tests of recognition. The present study was designed to test 2 possible explanations of the bizarre response bias. The bizarre-relations explanation suggests that the bizarre response bias is triggered by the bizarre relations depicted in test items. The target-constituent explanation suggests that the bizarre response bias is the result of a sense of familiarity with constituents of bizarre test items. These explanations were tested by examining the influence of lure manipulations on memory discrimination and response bias for common and bizarre hand-drawn pictures. The results indicated support for the target-constituent explanation by reversing the response bias (obtaining a common response bias) in a recognition test that used common lures containing constituents from bizarre target items and bizarre lures containing constituents from common target items. The results also indicated that increased verbal elaboration enhanced memory discrimination and reduced response bias for both common and bizarre stimuli. The implications of these results are discussed with regard to the false memory controversy.

High fidelity pictures from digitizing tablets

The nature of the aliasing problem in computer graphics has been understood for some time. A number of anti-aliasing algorithms have appeared in the literature, tailored to particular goals. Commercial framestores may now be purchased with anti-aliasing built into the hardware, and it may be thought that this is a sign that the correct application of anti-aliasing techniques is a solved problem. It is argued that, while these developments are certainly in the right direction, much is being missed which would permit pictures of near-photographic quality to be drawn under computer control without requiring extended post-processing of the picture. In particular, the use of a digitizing tablet to input hand-drawn pictures is not usually treated as the image capture method which it undoubtedly is, and as a consequence the use of directly drawn input results in low quality pictures. The importance of picture quality in such applications as picture retouching for printing, magazine and catalogue preparation, package design, advertisement preparation, television graphics and other pictorial material is unusually high. Therefore the value of extracting the best possible picture and manipulating it in a way which retains its quality is as important to data table input as it is to high grade picture digitizers. Some ways in which a data tablet can be used in keeping with these considerations are presented.

Mathematical Structures of Line Drawings of Polyhedrons—Toward Man-Machine Communication by Means of Line Drawings

Mathematical structures of line drawings of polyhedrons are studied and practical as well as theoretical solutions are obtained for several fundamental problems aroused in scene analysis and in man-machine communication. First, a necessary and sufficient condition for a line drawing to correctly represent a polyhedron is obtained in terms of linear algebra. Next, combinatorial structures are investigated and practical solutions are obtained to such problems as how to discriminate between correct and incorrect line drawings and how to correct vertex-position errors in incorrect line drawings. Lastly, distribution of the degree of freedom of a line drawing is elucidated and a method is proposed for interactive reconstruction of a polyhedron from a line drawing. The results obtained here enable us to make manmachine communication more ``flexible'' in the sense that a machine can reconstruct three-dimensional objects from hand-drawn pictures even if the pictures are not perfect.