Hand 2D Research Articles

Study of Second and Fourth Digit Lengths and Their Ratios With Physical Attributes in Nepali Population

Introduction: The ratio of the lengths of the index and the ring finger (2D:4D ratio) is generally different between men and women. A number of studies have shown a correlation between the 2D:4D digit ratio and various physical and behavioral traits. The aim of the present study is to investigate the association of the index (2nd) and ring (4th) digit ratios with some physical traits in Nepal population.
 Material & Method: 200 students (100 males and 100 females) between ages of 18 years and above were randomly selected with exclusion of those with hand deformities. The digit lengths were measured from the basal crease to the tips usingvernier calipers. The 2D:4D ratios were determined for each subject while height and weight were used to calculate the body mass index and data analyzed. The study was conducted between January 2018 to November 2018.
 Result: The result of the anthropometric study of the differences in index (2D) and ring (4D) and their ratios shows that there was a significant difference between the length of index finger (2D), ring finger (4D) and the ratios of right hand's 2D:4D in both males and females. There was appositive correlation between the second digit length and Height and weight in males and females both on right and left sides. The 2D:4D ratio for both left and right hand did not show any positive correlation with height, weight or BMI of an individual.

The Relationship Between Physical Fitness Levels and Digit Ratio (2D:4D) of High School Students Engaged Actively in Sports

The aim of this study is to examine the association between physical fitness and 2D:4D finger ratio of high school students engaged actively in sports. 23 licensed male athletes and 23 sedentary (n=46) high school students participated in the study voluntarily. The participants age, body weight, body mass index, 2D:4D finger measurement values were recorded and 20 meter shuttle run, 30 meter sprint, sit and reach test, standing long jump and hand grip strength tests were applied on the participants. The data obtained were assessed in SPSS 21 program and the results were assessed at p˂0.05 significance level. While the average age of athletes was 15.82±1.11 years, the average age of sedentary group was 15.13±0.96 years. While statistically significant difference was found between sedentary and athlete groups in terms of VO2max, right and left hand grip strength and long jump average values (p<0.05), no statistically significant difference was found between speed and flexibility measurement results (p>0.05). When the 2D:4D averages of sedentary and athlete groups were compared, statistically significant difference was found between right hand averages (p<0.05). When right and left hand 2D:4D was compared, no statistically significant difference was found in sedentary group (p>0.05), while significant difference was found in athletes (p<0.05). Statistically significant difference was found between 2D:4D averages of both hands with all physical fitness parameters (p<0.05). In the present study, finger ratio of the groups were found to be associated with some motoric and functional dominance parameters.

Gender differences in the interrelations between digit ratio, psychopathic traits and life history strategies

The primary purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between prenatal exposure to sex hormones, as measured by digit ratio (2D:4D), and psychopathic personality traits while controlling for the confounding effect of life history strategy. The secondary purpose was to confirm the hypothesis that primary and secondary psychopathy reflect a faster life history strategy. In a nonclinical sample of 137 volunteers, we measured the right and left hand digit ratios, personality traits reflecting primary and secondary psychopathy, and life history strategies. In a hierarchical regression analysis, males with lower levels of prenatal testosterone exposure, as measured by the left hand 2D:4D, scored higher on the subscale measuring primary psychopathy. Neither the right hand 2D:4D nor the left hand 2D:4D were significant predictors of secondary psychopathy. In the female subsample, digit ratios did not correlate with either primary or secondary psychopathy. Males with faster life history strategies scored higher on both primary and secondary psychopathy. By contrast, among the female participants, there was no significant correlation between the life history score and primary psychopathy, and the correlation with secondary psychopathy was significant but relatively weak. These findings suggest that the neurodevelopmental pathways to psychopathy may differ according to sex.

Correlations of Aggressiveness with the Levels of Sex Hormones in Young Men; Validity of a Proposed Anthropometric Marker

In thirty-five 18- to 22-year-old healthy men (14 and 21 subjects of the Indian and Ukrainian populations, respectively), we examined correlations of the levels of sex hormones (testosterone and β-estradiol) in blood serum with the indices of physical and verbal aggressiveness estimated using the Buss–Durkee Hostility Inventory. In both general examined group and separate above-mentioned subgroups, moderate (r from 0.30 to 0.60) correlations were found between the testosterone concentrations and levels of physical aggressiveness, but these correlations did not reach the significance level. Correlations of testosterone with the levels of verbal aggressiveness were less expressed and, in some cases, negative. Correlations of aggressiveness with the estradiol levels were weaker or negligible. There were some specificities of the sex hormone contents in the Indian and Ukrainian subgroups, but these variations remained within physiological limits. The ratio of the lengths of fingers 2 and 4 of the right hand (2D:4D ratio), an anthropometric index proposed as a marker of prenatal exposure to sex hormones and of the aggressiveness level, demonstrated significant correlations with the testosterone contents in the general group and separate subgroups. However, these correlations were relatively weak, and individual values of the examined indices were highly variable. It is concluded that the 2D:4D ratio is affected not only by the levels of sex hormones, but also by a number of other regulatory factors, and this anthropometric index cannot be used as the single-valued retrospective biomarker of the exposure to androgens.

The correlation between right hand finger ratio (2D:4D) and the parameters of anthropometric and physical fitness in children

It is hypothesized that there is a correlation between the ratio of second hand finger to fourth hand finger (2D:4D) which is an indicator of prenatal testosterone and physical fitness and sportive performance The aim of this study was to determined correlation between the right hand finger ratio (2D:4D) and the parameters of anthropometric and physical fitness in male and female children aged between 10 and 12. Six hundred and seventy eight males whose age average was 0.49±1.32 and 592 females whose age average was 10.38 ± 1.48 participated in this study. In addition to taking the students’ right hand 2D:4D, height, weight, triceps, subscapular, full arm and leg measurements, vertical jumping, standing long jump, flexibility, 20 m sprint, 10x5 agility, leg strength, right/left hand grip strength, 20 m shuttle run and balance tests were also performed. Statistically differences were found between anthropometric measurements apart from height and BMI, 2D:4D and physical fitness parameters in the males and females. A negative correlation between right hand 2D:4D and vertical jumping, standing long jump, 20 m sprint, 10x5 agility and right hand grip strength in the males. As for the females, although a negative correlation was detected between right hand 2D:4D and height, a positive correlation was found between the same variable and body fat ratio (p<0.05). It can be concluded that while a low 2D:4D ratio was correlated with static and explosive strength, speed and agility in the males, it was correlated with height and body fat ratio in the females.

The Relationship of Digit Ratio (2D:4D) With Cerebral Lateralization and Grip Strength in Elite Swimmers

The index finger and the 4th finger ratio (2D:4D) is the indicator of the prenatal testosterone. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between 2D:4D, hand preference and hand grip strength in swimmers. A total of 80 elite swimmers, participated in the study. Height, body weight, body mass index (BMI), hand 2D:4D finger measurements and hand grip strength tests were performed for athletes. The hand preference was determined by the Oldfield questionnaire and it was evaluated according to the Geschwind score. The data were recorded in the SPSS 20 program and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. It was found that in both men and women, a negative correlation was found between right and left hand 2D:4D and both dominant (DHGS) and non-dominant hand grip strength (NDHGS) values. It was found that men had lower 2D:4D ratio than women. For both right and left handed, there was a statistically significant difference between the right and left hand 2D:4D ratios in both men and women (p<0.05) and the dominant hand (DH) 2D:4D ratios were found to be lower than non-dominant hand (NDH) 2D:4D ratios in both men and women (p<0.05) It can be said that the 2D:4D ratios may be the effect of determining the hand preference, the grip strength and therefore the strength.

Digit ratio (2D:4D) in Chinese women with gastric cancer.

Digit ratio, especially the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), is a proxy indicator for prenatal exposure and sensitivity to sexual hormones which may influence the susceptibility to certain cancers. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether there is a possible association between 2D:4D and gastric cancer (GCA) in north Chinese women. Photographs of the left and right hands of 167 women (controls: 113; patients: 54) were collected. Left hand, right hand, and right minus left hand (Dr-l) 2D:4D were analyzed and compared. The GCA group presented significantly lower 2D:4D than controls (left: P < .01; right: P < .05). No significant difference was observed in Dr-l between the two groups. In patients, there were no correlations between 2D:4D and age at GCA or tumor staging. Decreased 2D:4D (especially of the left hand) may suggest a higher prenatal testosterone (lower prenatal estrogen) exposure in north Chinese women with GCA.

Self-confidence, Overconfidence and Prenatal Testosterone Exposure: Evidence from the Lab.

This paper examines whether foetal testosterone exposure predicts the extent of confidence and over-confidence in own absolute ability in adulthood. To study this question, we elicited incentive-compatible measures of confidence and over-confidence in the lab and correlate them with measures of right hand 2D:4D, used as as a marker for the strength of prenatal testosterone exposure. We provide evidence that men with higher prenatal testosterone exposure (i.e., low 2D:4D ratio) are less likely to set unrealistically high expectations about their own performance. This in turn helps them to gain higher monetary rewards. Men exposed to low prenatal testosterone levels, instead, set unrealistically high expectations which results in self-defeating behavior.

No Robust Association between Static Markers of Testosterone and Facets of Socio-Economic Decision Making.

Digit ratio (2D:4D) and facial width-to-height ratio (WHR) are supposedly static indicators of testosterone exposition during prenatal and pubertal lifetime, respectively. Both measures have been linked to aggressive and assertive behavior in laboratory economic games, as well as in real world scenarios. Most of the research—often limited to male subjects—considers the associations between these behaviors, traits, and hormonal markers separately for 2D:4D and WHR. Reported associations are weak and volatile. In the present study we had independent raters assess 2D:4D and WHR in a sample of N = 175 participants who played the ultimatum game (UG). Respondent behavior in UG captures the tendency to reject unfair offers (negative reciprocity). If unfair UG offers are seen as provocations, then individuals with stronger testosterone exposition may be more prone to reject such offers. Economists argue that negative reciprocity reflects altruistic punishment, since the rejecting individual is sacrificing own resources. However, recent studies suggest that self-interest, in terms of status defense plays a substantial role in decisions to reject unfair offers. We also assessed social preferences by social value orientation and assertiveness via self-report. By applying structural equation modeling we estimated the latent level association of 2D:4D and WHR with negative reciprocity, assertiveness and prosociality in both sexes. Results revealed no robust association between any of the trait measures and hormonal markers. The measures of 2D:4D and WHR were not related with each other. Multigroup models based on sex suggested invariance of factor loadings allowing to compare hormone-behavior relationships of females and males. Only when collapsing across sex greater WHR was weakly associated with assertiveness, suggesting that individuals with wider faces tend to express greater status defense. Only the right hand 2D:4D was weakly associated with prosocial behavior, indicating that individuals with lower prenatal testosterone exposure are more cooperative. Rejection behavior in UG was not related with 2D:4D nor WHR in any of the models. There were also no curvilinear associations between 2D:4D and prosociality as theorized in the literature. Our results suggest that previous studies over-estimated the role of static markers of testosterone in accounting for aggression and competition behavior in males.

FURTHER EVIDENCE OF AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LOW SECOND-TO-FOURTH DIGIT RATIO (2D:4D) AND SELECTION FOR THE UNIFORMED SERVICES: A STUDY AMONG POLICE PERSONNEL IN WROCŁAW, POLAND.

Males and females differ in their preference for occupations and sporting activities, and differ also in risk-taking attitudes. In addition to other explanations, prenatal hormone exposure has been implicated in these gender-associated differences. The ratio of the relative lengths of the second-to-fourth digits (2D:4D) is a proxy indicator of prenatal exposure to testosterone relative to oestrogen. The 2D:4D ratio has been found to be associated with choice of occupation, particularly among females. This study investigated whether 2D:4D differed between police officers and a control group of civilians in Wrocław, Poland. Participants were 147 male and 55 female police officers and 91 male and 75 female civilian controls. The police officers had to undergo rigorous physical ability tests during recruitment and their job bore relatively higher risk, whereas the controls had a normal civilian lifestyle. Height, weight, hand grip strength and lengths of the second and fourth digits were measured. Analyses of variance and covariance were employed to assess the significance of difference in digit ratio between groups (police officers and civilians) allowing for interaction with sex. The policewomen, compared with the female controls, were taller and had stronger hand grip strength, but had lower 2D:4D in the right hand and average 2D:4D of both hands. However, male and female police officers slightly differed only in the right hand digit ratio but not in the left hand ratio or the average for the two hands. However, the control group showed significant sex differences in all digit ratios with higher (feminine) mean values in females. The study provides further evidence that prenatal testosterone exposure, as reflected in the 2D:4D ratio, might have an association with choice of occupation, particularly among females.

The Biologic Basis of Transgender Identity: 2D:4D Finger Length Ratios Implicate A Role for Prenatal Androgen Activity

The biologic basis for gender identity is unknown. Research has shown that the ratio of the length of the second and fourth digits (2D:4D) in mammals is influenced by biologic sex in utero, but data on 2D:4D ratios in transgender individuals are scarce and contradictory. We investigated a possible association between 2D:4D ratio and gender identity in our transgender clinic population in Albany, New York. We prospectively recruited 118 transgender subjects undergoing hormonal therapy (50 female to male [FTM] and 68 male to female [MTF]) for finger length measurement. The control group consisted of 37 cisgender volunteers (18 females, 19 males). The length of the second and fourth digits were measured using digital calipers. The 2D:4D ratios were calculated and analyzed with unpaired t tests. FTM subjects had a smaller dominant hand 2D:4D ratio (0.983 ± 0.027) compared to cisgender female controls (0.998 ± 0.021, P = .029), but a ratio similar to control males (0.972 ± 0.036, P =.19). There was no difference in the 2D:4D ratio of MTF subjects (0.978 ± 0.029) compared to cisgender male controls (0.972 ± 0.036, P = .434). Our findings are consistent with a biologic basis for transgender identity and the possibilities that FTM gender identity is affected by prenatal androgen activity but that MTF transgender identity has a different basis. 2D:4D = 2nd digit to 4th digit; FTM = female to male; MTF = male to female.

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of the seed of Telfairia occidentalis Hook (Cucurbitaceae)

The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical, nitric oxide, reducing power, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and total antioxidant activities of the methanol extract, n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fractions of the seed of Telfairia occidentalis were evaluated. Total phenolic content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. The dichloromethane fraction exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power and total antioxidant activities. Two pure compounds which were identified by FTIR, H-and 2D NMR and Mass spectroscopy as 9-octadecenoic acid (TOS B) and 10-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid (TOS C) and four oily isolates, TOS A, TOS D, TOS E and TOS F were obtained from the dichloromethane fraction. TOS E had the highest DPPH radical scavening activity comparable to that of ascorbic acid. GC-MS analysis revealed the major compounds in TOS E as 4-(2,2-Dimethyl-6-methylene cyclohexylidene)-2-butanol; 3-(3-hydroxybutyl)-2,4,4-trimethyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one and 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid disooctyl ester. Thus, the seed of T. occidentalis can be consumed for its antioxidant property.

The role of sex hormones and of 2D:4D ratio in individual differences in cognitive abilities

ABSTRACTThe present study aimed at investigating the role of sex hormones in individual differences in cognitive abilities. This was achieved by a combination of two methods, reflecting 2 critical periods of hormonal secretion: prenatal, based on the 2D:4D ratio, and postnatal, based on circulating hormone levels. Both methods were tested in 39 men and 41 women, who completed a battery of 6 cognitive tasks. Results showed significant sex differences on the mental rotation task, with men outperforming women. A positive correlation was found between testosterone and performance on the mental rotation task for the combined sample (men and women). A significant interaction was found between sex and estrogen on mental rotation task. Findings also revealed a significant interaction between sex and right hand 2D:4D ratio on different memory tasks. Findings regarding between- and within-sex differences in cognition are discussed in light of the organisational and activational effects of sex hormones.

An endocrine basis for tomboy identity: The second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) in “tomboys”

This paper investigates the relationship between organizational effects of pre-natal testosterone and the use of “tomboy” as a descriptor for young women. We show in a sample of 44 women that a woman's right hand 2D:4D ratio is a significant predictor of whether they will be labeled as a “tomboy”, with a decrease in 2D:4D ratio corresponding to an increase in the probability of being called “tomboy”. Taking the right hand 2D:4D ratio as a proxy for the abundance of testosterone in the early life hormonal milieu, we propose that organizing effects of higher pre-natal T lead to increased masculine-typical behavior in childhood, which increases the likelihood some women will be referred to as tomboys. We suggest that the increase in masculine-typical behaviors is a result of how the organizing effects of T on the brain interact with children's social modeling of male-coded and female-coded behaviors.

Correlation between Digit Length Ratios and Risk Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome refers to a group of risk factors that increase a person’s chance of developing cardiovascular disease and/or diabetes mellitus type II. Hypertension and insulin resistance, two factors associated with metabolic syndrome, are reflective of prenatal androgen exposure. Androgen exposure in utero is also related to the ratio of the length of the 2nd and 4th digits of the hand (2D:4D). Objective: To test the hypothesis that the 2D:4D correlates with parameters associated with metabolic syndrome measuring in the risk range for developing metabolic disease. If our hypothesis is correct, measuring a patient’s 2D: 4D would be a non-invasive way to determine the risk for developing cardiovascular disease and/or diabetes mellitus type II. Methods: The 2D:4Ds of 45 adults were measured at a health fair and correlated with the parameters associated with metabolic syndrome, and body mass index (BMI). The predictability of the 2D:4D for determining the risk of metabolic disease was also assessed. Results: Significant correlations were found between the 2D:4D of the left and right hands with elevated concentrations of circulating triglycerides, and the right hand with BMI. The AUC for the relationship of the right and left hand 2D:4D with elevated triglycerides was 0.7538 and 0.7012, respectively. Conclusion: The relationship between the 2D:4D and elevated triglycerides supports use of the 2D:4D as a noninvasive screening tool to assess an individual’s risk for metabolic syndrome. Such a screening tool may increase the number of people willing to participate, enabling earlier detection and intervention to stave off metabolic diseases.

Autistic feature and 2D:4D finger ratio relations children and adolescents with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Objective: Because congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is rarely seen, it is difficult to assess whether the increased incidence of ASD in girls with CAH. ASD behaviors and 2D: 4D finger ratio changes in patients with androgen overproduction have been reported. The aim of this study is determining the 2D:4D finger ratios and ASD features in girls with CAH and normal control group. Methods: The study group will consist of thirty female children and adolescents between the ages of 3 and 15 who are diagnosed with classic CAH who were followed at the Pediatric Endocrinology Department of Duzce University Medical Faculty Hospital. For the control group, 30 healthy children and adolescents equalized with CAH patients in terms of age and gender will be taken. Al patients and controls examined for psychiatric disorders. by clinicians Patients and control groups filled Autism Behavior Checklist and semistructured sociodemographic form that evaluated the gender, age, pregnancy and birth complications, history of mothers’ cigarette and alcohol use. 2D:4D ratios were measured in both of control and CAH groups. Findings: KAH group right and left hand 2D:4D ratios were statistically lower compared to controls and also lower 2D:4D ratios had association with high ABC scores. When compared with control group, CAH group ABC scores were significantly higher. In KAH group there was a positive correlation between 2D:4D ratios and ABC scores. Conclusion: In light of present study findings, suggest that high androgen may have effect on low 2D:4D ratios and high ASD symptoms. Further researches with a large sample are needed in this field.

The 2D : 4D Digit Ratio as a Biomarker for Autism Spectrum Disorder.

It has been suggested that the second (2D, index finger) to fourth (4D, ring finger) digit ratio, 2D : 4D, may be a biomarker for the risk of developing autism. The aim of the current study was to determine the usefulness of the 2D : 4D digit ratio as biomarker for autistic traits. N = 401 healthy young volunteers participated in the study. For both hands, digit lengths were measured using digital Vernier calipers. In addition to demographics, the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) questionnaire was completed, comprised of five subscales, assessing “social insights and behavior,” “attention switching,” “communication,” “imagination,” and “attention to detail.” Overall, no significant correlations were observed between the AQ total score, its subscales, and the 2D : 4D digit ratio. For women, the left hand 2D : 4D digit ratio correlated significantly with the subscale score “communication” (r = −0.142; p = 0.036). For men, a significant positive correlation was found between the left 2D : 4D digit ratio and the total AQ score (r = 0.157; p = 0.042) and AQ subscale “attention switching” (r = 0.182; p = 0.017). In conclusion, gender specific associations between the 2D : 4D digit ratio and specific autism traits were observed, which were stronger in men than in women. Future studies should be conducted in patients that are formally diagnosed with autism.

Digit ratio (2D:4D) in primary brain tumor patients: A case-control study

BackgroundThe second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) reflects prenatal estrogen and testosterone exposure, and is established in utero. Sex steroids are implicated in development and progression of primary brain tumors. AimsTo investigate whether there is a link between 2D:4D ratio and primary brain tumors, and age at presentation. MethodsDigital images of the right and left palms of 85 primary brain tumor patients (age 56.96±13.68years; 71% women) and 106 (age 54.31±13.68years; 68% women) gender and age matched controls were obtained. The most common brain tumor diagnoses were meningioma (41%), glioblastoma (20%) and pituitary adenoma (16%). Right and left 2D:4D ratios, and right minus left 2D:4D (Dr-l) were compared between patients and controls, and were correlated with age. ResultsRight and left 2D:4D ratios were significantly lower in primary brain tumor patients relative to controls (t=−4.28, p<0.001 and t=−3.69, p<0.001, respectively). The Dr-l was not different between brain tumor patients and controls (p=0.27). In meningioma and glioma patients, age at presentation correlated negatively with left 2D:4D ratio (rho=−0.42, p=0.01 and rho=−0.36, p=0.02, respectively) and positively with Dr-l (rho=0.45, p=0.009 and rho=0.65, p=0.04, respectively). ConclusionsRight and left hand 2D:4D ratios are lower in primary brain tumor patients relative to healthy individuals suggesting greater prenatal testosterone and lower prenatal estrogen exposure in brain tumor patients. Greater age at presentation is associated with greater Dr-l and with lower left 2D:4D ratio of meningioma and glioma patients. Due to small sample size our results should be considered preliminary and interpreted with caution.

Decreased digit ratio (2D:4D) and gastric cancer in Chinese men

BackgroundThe development of finger length is influenced by the level of hormones during pregnancy in the womb. The relative length of 2nd to 4th digit (2D:4D) is considered as a putative marker for prenatal hormone exposure and may represent an individual susceptibility to certain diseases, particularly those hormone-related cancers (e.g., gastric cancer). AimsThe aim of this study is to investigate whether there is a possible relationship between 2D:4D ratio and gastric cancer (GCA) in Chinese men. Methods94 male patients with GCA and 91 controls were chosen to participate in this study. Photographs of both hands were collected and then the lengths of second and fourth digits of both hands were measured. Left hand, right hand, mean hand, and right minus left hand (∆R-L) 2D:4D ratios were analyzed and compared. ResultsIn GCA group, 2D:4D ratios were significantly lower (right hand: p<0.01; left hand, mean hand: p<0.001) than controls. No association was observed between 2D:4D ratio and tumor staging (neither in tumor size (T) nor in lymph node involvement (N) or distant metastases (M)). There was also no correlation between 2D:4D ratio and age of onset. ConclusionsDecreased 2D:4D ratio may be an indicator for forecasting the susceptibility to develop GCA.

2D:4D digit ratio and types of adult paranormal belief: An attempted replication and extension of Voracek (2009) with a UK sample

This study examines the extent to which mean digit length (MDL), second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), digit asymmetry (DA) and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) correlate with belief in three types of alleged paranormal phenomena (extrasensory perception, psychokinesis, and life after death). An opportunistic sample of 275 undergraduate students completed standard paranormal belief and demographics questionnaires with the absolute length of their 2D and 4D on both hands measured by participants themselves (direct self-based measures) as well as by two independent from hand photocopies (indirect rater-based measures). As hypothesised, females presented a lower MDL (both measurement sources) but higher indirect rater-based 2D:4D ratio than males. Additionally, females’ left hand 2D:4D correlated positively with their belief in psychokinesis with their right hand 2D:4D correlating with belief in both extrasensory perception and psychokinesis. Females' direct self-based FA was also associated with stronger PK beliefs. These trends did not exist for male participants. Finally, no significant relationships were found between either MDL or DA and any belief type regardless of measurement source, hand or participant sex. Results are discussed in relation to previous work by Voracek (2009) and their support for genetic bio-markers of adult paranormality. Methodological limitations are also considered.