Halo Compounds Research Articles

Green synthesis and characterisation of silver nanoparticles utilising a bioflocculant obtained from Pichia kudriavzevii isolated from kombucha tea SCOBY

ABSTRACT A Pichia kudriavzevii produced bioflocculant was used in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The generated Ag nanoparticles were given several analytical treatments to determine their properties. These techniques included transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and UV–vis spectroscopy. The SEM scans showed particles that were smooth and nearly spherical in shape. EDX analysis showed the element silver with a percentage weight of 61.93% in addition to the elements present in the bioflocculant. Through FT-IR spectra functional groups for instance carboxyl, polyphenols, aromatics, alcohol, amine, and halo compounds were observed. The TEM picture displayed spherical particles that had a size range between 7 and 12 nm. TGA analysis revealed that AgNPs are thermally stable with over 85% mass retained at high temperatures, while the bioflocculant retained 60% weight after exposure to higher temperatures. UV–visible spectroscopy revealed an SPR band at 450 nm, while X-ray diffraction showed a crystallite size of 19 nm. Utilising bioflocculant as stabilising and coating agents in the biosynthesis of AgNPs is an ecologically safe technique that offers synthesis rates that are quicker and on par with chemical methods.

FTIR Characterization of Bioactive Functional Groups Present in Crude Extract of Mycoherbicides Produced from Consortium Culture of Rhizosphere Fungal Isolates

ABSTRACT Consortium culture can be a relatively cheap and environment-friendly technology for producing secondary metabolites like pesticides (herbicides). This study produced some metabolites from a consortium culture of fungal isolates obtained from the rhizospheres of Panicum maximum, Ipomoea involucrata and Amaranthus viridis. The isolates from rhizospheres of the above-named plants were co-cultured using Czapek broth and were incubated in an incubator shaker for 28 days. The co-culture combinations were: Aspergillus welwitschiae and Trichoderma hamatum (consortium 1), Aspergillus welwitschiae and Aspergillus aculeatus (consortium 2), and Aspergillus aculeatus and Trichoderma hamatum (consortium 3). Crude extracts from each consortium were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The FTIR results showed that consortium 1 had peak spectra range from 418.57 cm−1 (S–S stretch of aryl disulfides) to 3462.34 cm−1 (alcohol, aliphatic primary amine), consortium 2 had peak spectra range from 420.5 cm−1 (halo compound) to 3456.65 cm−1 (alcohol, aliphatic primary amine) and consortium 3 had peak spectra from 457.14 cm−1 (halo compound) to 3448.84 cm−1 (alcohol, aliphatic primary amine). Some of the compounds produced by the consortia were pesticidal in nature and are hence, considered a potential technology in developing organic pesticides.

Visible-Light-Promoted Radical Cascade Cyclization of 2-Vinyl Benzimidazoles: Access to Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-b]isoquinolin- 11(6H)-ones.

A visible-light-enabled photoredox radical cascade cyclization of 2-vinyl benzimidazole derivatives is developed. This chemistry is applicable to a wide range of N-aroyl 2-vinyl benzimidazoles as acceptors, and halo compounds, including alkyl halides, acyl chlorides and sulfonyl chlorides, as radical precursors. The Langlois reagent also serves as an effective partner in this photocatalytic oxidative cascade process. This protocol provides a robust alternative for rendering highly functionalized benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-b]isoquinolin-11(6H)-ones.

Thiadiazole/Thiadiazine Derivatives as Insecticidal Agent: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Assessment of 1,3,4-(Thiadiazine/Thiadiazole)-Benzenesulfonamide Derivatives as IGRs Analogues against Spodoptera littoralis.

In keeping with our investigation, a simple and practical synthesis of novel heterocyclic compounds with a sulfamoyl moiety that can be employed as insecticidal agents was reported. The compound 2-hydrazinyl-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-2-thioxoacetamide 1 was coupled smoothly with triethylorthoformate or a variety of halo compounds, namely phenacyl chloride, chloroacetyl chloride, chloroacetaldehyde, chloroacetone, 1,3-dichloropropane, 1,2-dichloroethane, ethyl chloroformate, 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone, and chloroanil respectively, which afforded the 1,3,4-thiadiazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazine derivatives. The new products structure was determined using elemental and spectral analysis. Under laboratory conditions, the biological and toxicological effects of the synthetic compounds were also evaluated as insecticides against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). Compounds 3 and 5 had LC50 values of 6.42 and 6.90 mg/L, respectively. The investigated compounds (from 2 to 11) had been undergoing molecular docking investigation for prediction of the optimal arrangement and strength of binding between the ligand (herein, the investigated compounds (from 2 to 11)) and a receptor (herein, the 2CH5) molecule. The binding affinity within docking score (S, kcal/mol) ranged between -8.23 (for compound 5), -8.12 (for compound 3) and -8.03 (for compound 9) to -6.01 (for compound 8). These compounds were shown to have a variety of binding interactions within the 2CH5 active site, as evidenced by protein-ligand docking configurations. This study gives evidence that those compounds have 2CH5-inhibitory capabilities and hence may be used for 2CH5-targeting development. Furthermore, the three top-ranked compounds (5, 3, and 9) and the standard buprofezin were subjected to density functional theory (DFT) analysis. The highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) energy difference (ΔE) of compounds 5, 3, and 9 was found to be comparable to that of buprofezin. These findings highlighted the potential and relevance of charge transfer at the molecular level.

Phytosynthesis of Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Antioxidant and Antibacterial Efficacy Studies.

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are widely acknowledged as a significant and pressing public health concern. Tribulus terrestris has been used as a health tonic in traditional medicine since ancient Vedic times. It was also utilized to synthesize small, well-dispersed metal nanoparticles (NPs). Thebiosynthesized nickel oxidenanoparticles (NiO-NPs) have a broad spectrum of biomedical uses. The objective of the research was to utilize a green synthesis method to synthesizeNiO-NPsusing Tribulus terrestris, subsequently characterize, and this study aimed to assess the antioxidant and antibacterial effectiveness of these NPs against wound isolates that are resistant to multiple drugs. The synthesis of NiO-NPs was achieved through the titration method, which is a green synthesis approach, and it was characterized by using techniques such as ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM),X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, andenergy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The antioxidant activity of theNPs was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) assay, and antibacterial activity was done using the agar well diffusion method. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21 (Released 2012; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States)is used for statistical analysis. The biosynthesized NiO-NPs exhibited acolor change from dark brown to dark green, indicating the successful reduction of the NPs.UV analysis peaks were observed at 310-350 nm, whileFT-IRanalysis showed the peaks at various wavelengths such as 629.31cm-1(halo compound; C-Br stretching), 957.80cm-1(aromatic phosphates; P-O-C stretch), 1004.65cm-1 (aliphatic phosphates; P-O-C stretch), 1094.93cm-1(organic siloxane or silicone; Si-O-Si), 1328.38cm-1(dialkyl/aryl sulfones), 1604.88cm-1(open-chainazo-N=N-), 2928.68cm-1 (methylene C-H asym/sym stretch), 3268.65cm-1(normal polymeric "OH" stretch). The crystallinity of the NPs was determined to be 24.7%, while the remaining 75.6% exhibited an amorphous structure. The SEM image revealed a spherically agglomeratedstructure of the nano-ranged size NiO-NPs.TheEDX analysis indicated the presence of elemental compositions Ni (7.4%), O (39.4%), and C (53.3%)in the biosynthesized NiO-NPs. These NPs demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae, moderate antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and the lowest antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis. Our in vitro results demonstrate that the biosynthesized NiO-NPsexhibit significant antioxidant and antibacterial activity. These NPs can be used as a future antimicrobial medication, particularly against MDR clinical wound isolates ofK. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and MRSA.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND BIOFLOCCULATING EFFICIENCY OF POLAR RESIDUE OF PARTITIONED EXTRACT OF TELFAIRIA OCCIDENTALIS LEAF

Water contamination has become more pronounced as a result of human economic growth all over the world. This study investigated the physicochemical properties and bioflocculating activity of the polar residue of partitioned extract (PRPE) of Telfairia occidentalis leaf. The bioflocculating activity of the extract was evaluated for optimum dosage, pH, temperature, and metal ion using Kaolin clay suspension; the optimum activities obtained were used in wastewater treatment. The optimum flocculating activity of the PRPE was obtained at the dose of 1 mg/mL, pH of 4, the temperature of 50°C, and divalent cation (Ca2+). The physicochemical characteristics of removal of turbidity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and heavy metals were determined before and after treatment. Upon treatment of two different domestic wastewaters (DW1 & DW2), the physicochemical parameters were reduced except for nitrate and turbidity, which increased for DW2. The bioflocculant displayed the highest activity in DW1 with turbidity removal of 74%, TSS removal of 48%, nitrate removal of 24%, BOD and COD removal of 87.5% and 50% respectively. Heavy metals were also removed effectively in DW1 compared to DW2. The FTIR characterization revealed the presence of primary amine (N-H), cyclic alkene (C=C), phenol (O-H), sulfoxide (S=O) and, halo compound (C-Br) groups present in the bioflocculant which are essential as they promote the flocculation process. The findings from this study attest to the ability of PRPE of Telfairia occidentalis to act as a flocculant.

Zinc nanoparticles mediated by Costus pictus leaf extract to study GC-MS and FTIR analysis

Plants have been used to treat illnesses from the dawn of time, and the term “medicinal plants” has taken on special significance. Because of their pharmacological potency, these plants have continued to be used as a source of medicines and other natural goods worldwide. Costus pictus, Commonly known as flaming costus (Costus igneus Nak), is a South-central American plant recently brought to India. It belongs to the Costaceae family. It is called the “insulin plant” in India because of its alleged anti-diabetic qualities. The methods utilized in this study are GC-MS, FTIR and SEM analysis. The results revealed that GC-MS shows the presence of different compounds: fatty acids, terpenoids, Alkanes, Carboxylic acid and aromatic compounds. The FTIR analysis depicts various functional groups comprising alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, carboxylic acid, aromatic compounds, and halo compounds. SEM analysis depicts the shape and size of nanoparticles, and the size of nanoparticles is 77nm – 113nm. Further research should be done on the characterization of Zn nanoparticles, metabolomics analysis and pharmacological activities.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Cissus quadrangularis. L stem mediated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary approach to scientific research that successfully collaborates with other science disciplines like agriculture, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and engineering. The synthesis of nanoparticle methods has also progressed from the classic chemical approach to the green synthesis method. The improved procedure of plant-mediated nanoparticle synthesis has been verified to be less hazardous to the environment, and its inexpensive cost of production adds to its attributes. With the world executing every function at the nanoscale, studying the role, mode of action and impacts of phytotherapeutic preparations combined with nanotechnology is critical. The Cissus quadrangularis stem is also employed in Ayurveda as an alternative, anthelmintic, dyspeptic, digestive, tonic, and analgesic in eye and ear illnesses and irregular menstruation, asthma, and back and spine problems. The current research attempted the green production and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles from the plant Cissus quadrangularis L stem. The GC-MS analysis identified the bioactive compounds in the stem of the plant extract. Long-chain fatty acids, phenols, sterols like stigmasterol, alkylating agents, triterpenoids like lupeol, amines, esters and unsaturated hydrocarbons were found in abundance in the zinc oxide nanoparticles extract of C. quadrangularis. The FTIR analysis revealed the presence of several functional groups like alcohol, esters, amines, halo compounds and carboxylic acid. The SEM analysis portrayed the size and shape of the synthesis zinc oxide nanoparticles in the range of 88 nm to 182 nm and was found to be spherical.

Extraction and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds from Plant, Michelia champaca (L) in Polar Solvents: GC- MS and Antibacterial properties

For thousands of years, medicinal plants were used to cure many common infectious diseases and health issues. An extremely important medicinal plant called Michelia champaca L.(Magnoliaceae) has long been used to treat various ailments, including inflammatory ones. The current study was designated to explore the antibacterial properties of the alcoholic and methanolic extract of Magnolia champaca leaves and its different fractions. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against a panel of gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Salmonella paratyphi) bacterial strains using the disc diffusion method. According to the results, methanolic extract showed slightly higher antibacterial activity than acetone extract. The highest zone of inhibition in the methanolic extract was Staphylococcus aureus followed by Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Proteus mirabilis. The acetone extract shows significant efficiency in gram-positive strains such as Staphylococcus spp. The FTIR spectroscopic studies revealed the presence of various functional compounds such as alkanes, carboxylic acid, aromatic compounds, esters, amines, nitro, alkyl halide, and phenols. Acetone and methanol extracts showed the presence of halo compounds, anhydride, isothiocyanate, alcohol, and phenol. GCMS analysis of both extracts shares five biocomponents: Alpha copaene, beta-elemene, beta-caryophyllene, and phytol showed antibacterial activity. This investigation showed that M. champaca leaf extracts had prospective therapeutic properties in terms of their antibacterial properties.

Comparative Screening of Phytochemicals and Bioactive Compounds of Trema orientalis (Linn. Blume) Leaf and Bark Extracts

This study compared the phytochemical constituents of the leaf with the Bark extracts of T. orientalis, using the same extraction solvents. The leaf and Bark of T. orientalis were harvested at Federal University of Technology, Akure forest, dried and pulverized into powder. Extract were prepared from the powdered plants using Methanol and N-hexane. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical presents in the extracts were determined. The functional compounds of the leaf extract were determined by Fourier Transmission Infrared Spectrometry (FT-IR). Percentage yield of Methanol was better than N-hexane for both plant parts. The phytochemicals revealed includes: Tannins, Saponins, Flavonoids, Steroids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides. Steroids are present in Leaf extracts but absent in Bark extract, while Saponin is only present in methanol extract of Bark of the plant. Quantitative analysis revealed that terpenoids have the highest amount with 22.90 ± 0.03 mg/g in methanol extract and 28.09 ± 0.07 mg/g in N-hexane, compared with Bark extract that has 22.22 ± 0.09 mg/g in methanol extract and 23.38 ± 0.04 mg/g in N-hexane extracts. Higher quantity of phytochemicals are present in the leaf compared with the Bark of T. orientalis The Fourier Transformed Infrared spectrometry analysis, FT-IR, unveiled the organic compounds available in the extracts, which are: aliphatic primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, aliphatic primary amine, alkane, alkene, carbon dioxide, deta-lactam, phenol, and halo compound. These results indicate that T. orientalis is promising in the choice of medicinal plant for therapeutic research.

Eco-Friendly Degradation of Natural Rubber Powder Waste Using Some Microorganisms with Focus on Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Biodegraded Rubber

Natural rubber (NR) powder wastes contribute to the pollution of the environment and pose a risk to human health. Therefore, Escherichia coli AY1 and Aspergillus oryzae were used to degrade NR in the present investigation. The biodegradation was further confirmed using E. coli AY1 and A. oryzae’s ability to create biofilm, which grew on the surface of the NR. Additionally, the biodegraded NR was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared (ATR–FTIR) spectroscopy, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The highest weight loss (69%) of NR was detected (p < 0.05) after 210 d of incubation with the mixed microbial culture (E. coli AY1 + A. oryzae). In the SEM, the surface of the control treatment appeared uniform and normal, whereas the surface of the microbial treatment displayed an irregular shape, with apparent particle deformation and surface erosion. After biodegradation by E. coli AY1 and A. oryzae, the particle size range of the untreated NR dropped from (5.367–9.623 µm) to (2.55–6.549 µm). After treating NR with E. coli AY1 and A. oryzae, new bands appeared in the ATR–FTIR technique; others shifted down in the range of 3910–450 cm−1, suggesting the existence of active groups belonging to alcohol, secondary amine, aromatic amine, conjugated anhydride, aldehyde, alkene, and halo compounds. On the other hand, the GC–MS profile reports a significant decline (p < 0.05) in the amount of hydrocarbons while simultaneously reporting a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the proportion of oxygenated, sulfurous, and nitrogenous compounds. These active groups are attributed to the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of biodegraded NR by a mixture of E. coli AY1 and A. oryzae, which rose 9-fold (p < 0.05) compared to untreated NR. Through the use of this research, we will be able to transform NR waste into a valuable product that possesses both antioxidant and antibacterial properties.

Biomolecules from Chaetomium globosum Possessing Antimicrobial Compounds Potentially Inhibits Fusarium Wilt of Tomato.

Wilt disease caused by Fusarium solani, a soil-borne plant pathogenic fungus, is a serious disease in tomato causing economic losses. In the present study, among the nine isolates of Chaetomium globosum Kunze (Chg1-Chg9), screened against F. solani No. Fs-1, Chg2 exhibited the maximum inhibition (49.2 %), followed by the isolates Chg6 (47.4%) and Chg1 (46.3%) in dual culture. Further, the crude secondary metabolites from these three isolates showed maximum reduction of the mycelial growth of Fs-1 compared to control. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the metabolites from Chg2 revealed the presence of major compounds, viz., benzothiazole, 2-(2-hydroxyethylthio) (7.51%); 9,12,15- octadecatrienoic acid, 2,3-bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy] propyl ester (3.13%); and hexadecanoic acid, 1- (hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl ester (2.69%). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the presence of alcohol, secondary amine, aliphatic primary amine, carboxylic acid, allene, conjugated ketone, imine/oxime, sulphate, and halo compound groups with a weak to strong range of intensity. Pure compound of benzothiazole @ 5000 ppm exhibited higher antagonistic activity of Fs-1which decreased at lower concentration. In pot culture experiment, dipping tomato seedlings cv. PKM1 in 2% ethyl acetate-fractionated biomolecules of Chg2 recorded a minimum disease incidence of 20.0%, whereas seedlings dipped in the culture filtrate of Chg2 showed a disease incidence of 26.6% compared to control (86.6%). Besides, these seedlings treated with the culture filtrate showed the highest plant height of 37.68 cm and the maximum number of leaves and flowers (39.6 and 5.48, respectively), followed by those treated with the biomolecules of Chg2 (C. globosum) and the culture filtrate of T. asperellum. The results revealed that the antifungal efficacy of C. globosum Chg2 is due to the presence of antimicrobial metabolites including benzothiazole. Exploring the use of this novel antifungal compound in the management of plant diseases is highly warranted.

Comprehensive Phytochemical Analysis and Bioactivity Evaluation of Padina boergesenii: Unveiling Its Prospects as a Promising Cosmetic Component.

Marine macroalgae, such as Padina boergesenii, are gaining recognition in the cosmetics industry as valuable sources of natural bioactive compounds. This study aimed to investigate the biochemical profile of P. boergesenii and evaluate its potential as a cosmetic ingredient. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), and high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry quadrupole time-of-flight (HRLCMS QTOF) analyses were employed to assess the functional groups, phycocompounds, and beneficial compounds present in P. boergesenii. Pigment estimation, total phenol and protein content determination, DPPH antioxidant analysis, and tyrosinase inhibition assay were conducted to evaluate the extracts' ability to counteract oxidative stress and address hyperpigmentation concerns. Elemental composition and amino acid quantification were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and HRLCMS, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed diverse functional groups, including halo compounds, alcohols, esters, amines, and acids. GCMS analysis identified moisturizing, conditioning, and anti-aging compounds such as long-chain fatty alcohols, fatty esters, fatty acids, and hydrocarbon derivatives. HRLCMS QTOF analysis revealed phenolic compounds, fatty acid derivatives, peptides, terpenoids, and amino acids with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin-nourishing properties. Elemental analysis indicated varying concentrations of elements, with silicon (Si) being the most abundant and copper (Cu) being the least abundant. The total phenol content was 86.50 µg/mL, suggesting the presence of antioxidants. The total protein content was 113.72 µg/mL, indicating nourishing and rejuvenating effects. The ethanolic extract exhibited an IC50 value of 36.75 μg/mL in the DPPH assay, indicating significant antioxidant activity. The methanolic extract showed an IC50 value of 42.784 μg/mL. Furthermore, P. boergesenii extracts demonstrated 62.14% inhibition of tyrosinase activity. This comprehensive analysis underscores the potential of P. boergesenii as an effective cosmetic ingredient for enhancing skin health. Given the increasing use of seaweed-based bioactive components in cosmetics, further exploration of P. boergesenii's potential in the cosmetics industry is warranted to leverage its valuable properties.

Characterization of Paper Mill Effluent and Its Impacts on the Environment

he study aimed to characterize paper mill effluents and determine the quality of surface water in the vicinity of the paper mills using a water quality index to understand the pollution level due to the discharge of untreated effluents. Physicochemical parameters and CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment) Water Quality Index (WQI) were used to estimate the degree of pollution in the selected paper mills area in Bogura District of Bangladesh. Moreover, a public perception survey was conducted in the study area to illustrate the present scenario regarding paper mill effluent discharge. The analytical results revealed that the concentrations of TSS, EC, COD, BOD5, phenols, K, and NO3 – N were higher than the permissible limit, and the DO level was below the ECR 1997 standard. However, there was no concentrations of heavy metals exceeded the permissible level. The FTIR analysis showed the presence of several toxic pollutants, including lignin, phenol, and halo compound. The CCME WQI showed that sites S-1 and S-2 were ranked as marginal, while site S-3 was ranked as fair. The study observed that the discharge of untreated paper mill effluent has the potential to cause harm to aquatic life and the environment.

Antimicrobial activity of whey milk and their fractions against Staphylococcus pasteuri clinical strain

The antibacterial activity of Whey Milk and its fractions were studied against one hundred bacteria strains isolated and screened from various patients at the University Hospital of Zagazig, Sharkia Province, Egypt. F2 fraction of Whey Milk has shown the highest degree of antibacterial activity against the pathogenic bacteria A63 isolated from the wound. Buffalo whey (BW) was hydrolyzed with papain followed by fractionation using size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The fractionation profile of BWH showed three major peaks in Size exclusion chromatography, SECF1, SECF2, and SECF3 after 3h. F2 is the most active fraction and has faster migration than HP, F1, and F3 and may have higher positive charges on Urea-PAGE towards the cathode direction. FTIR spectrum analysis of the F2 fraction of whey protein demonstrates the occurrence of distinctive functional groups, such as Alkanes, alcohols, phenols, flavonoids, alkenes, anhydrides, and halo compounds. The biochemical characters and the 1.5 Kb 16S RNA gene's nucleotide sequence of the most potent stain showed 99% similarity with Staphylococcus pasteuri. Our results showed that the ability of nanoparticles of whey to inhibit pathogenic bacteria decreases compared to raw whey and its fractions. Cellular deformation and partial and total lysis of cell components were seen in Staphylococcus pasteuri treated with whey F2 fraction under Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).

Optical and Paper-based Dual Sensing of Hg 2+ and Colorimetric Reduction of Cr(VI) by Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Prepared from the Bark Extract of Sweetinia mahagoni and Their Promising Antimicrobial Applications

This study was conducted to identify promising applications of green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) prepared from a bark extract of <i>Sweetinia mahagoni</i> (Sm). The green synthesized Sm-AgNPs were characterized using various spectroscopy methods. AgNPs were first investigated using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and the metal nanoparticles exhibited an intense surfaceplasmon resonance (SPR) peak at different wavelengths. The green synthesized Sm-AgNPs had an SPR peak at 430 nm, which confirms the formation of Sm-AgNPs. In addition, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was conducted to determine the bioactive compounds of bark extract that actively participate in the reduction of Sm-AgNPs, and the results revealed O−H stretching of free hydroxyl alcohol and phenols, N−H bonds of primary amines, S＝O stretching of sulfoxide in aromatic groups, C−I stretching due to aliphatic iodo compounds, and C−Br stretching by halo compounds of the bark extract which might reduce and stabilize Sm-AgNPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) results revealed that Sm-AgNPs were approximately irregular spheres. EDS results revealed the complete reduction of silver to elemental silver. The particle size analysis of Sm-AgNPs was conducted using dynamic light scattering (DLS), and the results revealed that Sm-AgNPs were polydisperse with an average size range from 35.8 to 47.8 nm, an average mean size of 41.3 nm, and a <i>Z</i> average of 37.7 nm. Sm-AgNPs had a negative zeta potential value of −19.0 mV, indicating that Sm-AgNPs were very stable in colloidal form. Further studies were carried out to demonstrate their usefulness in industrial and biomedical applications. In these studies, Sm-AgNPs exhibited a very good antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In addition to regular assays, we also investigated important industrial applications such as the reduction of toxic hexavalent chromium to a nontoxic form and sensing of Hg²⁺ ions. The results revealed that Sm-AgNPs had an excellent performance in biosensor applications such as sensing and detecting mercury at parts per million/parts per billion levels. In conclusion, green Sm-AgNPs are promising materials in therapeutic and industrial applications.

Bacillus altitudinis-Stabilized Multifarious Copper Nanoparticles Prevent Bacterial Fruit Blotch in Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.): Direct Pathogen Inhibition, In Planta Particles Accumulation, and Host Stomatal Immunity Modulation.

The nano-enabled crop protecting agents have been emerging as a cost-effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable alternative to conventional chemical pesticides. Here, the antibacterial activity and disease-suppressive potential of biogenic copper nanoparticles (bio-CuNPs) against bacterial fruit blotch (BFB), caused by Acidovorax citrulli (Ac), in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) is discussed. CuNPs are extracellularly biosynthesized using a locally isolated bacterial strainBacillus altitudinis WM-2/2, and have spherical shapes of 29.11-78.56nm. Various metabolites, such as alcoholic compounds, carboxylic acids, alkenes, aromatic amines, and halo compounds, stabilize bio-CuNPs. Foliar application of bio-CuNPs increases the Cu accumulation in shoots/roots (66%/27%), and promotes the growth performance of watermelon plants by improving fresh/dry weight (36%/39%), through triggering various imperative physiological and biochemical processes. Importantly, bio-CuNPs at 100 µg mL-1 significantly suppress watermelon BFB through balancing reactive oxygen species system, improving photosynthesis capacity, and modulating stomatal immunity. Bio-CuNPs show obvious antibacterial activity against Ac by inducing oxidative stress, biofilm inhibition, and cellular integrity disruption. These findings demonstrate that bio-CuNPs can suppress watermelon BFB through direct antibacterial activity and induction of active immune response in watermelon plants, and highlight the value of this approach as a powerful tool to increase agricultural production and alleviate food insecurity.

Evaluation of Herbal Formulation of Saaranai Chooranam Through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Study

Background: The Siddha system of medicine is purely scientific and the peculiar complex system of science and philosophy. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is certainly one of the most important analytical techniques for herbal medicine. FTIR can be implemented during herbal drug development in production for process monitoring or in quality control laboratories. Aim &amp; Objective: The aim of study is to evaluate the morphology and elemental characterization of the Saaranai chooranam. The functional groups of their formulations are analysed through FTIR spectroscopy and the biological roles of the functional groups are discussed in this study. Materials and methods: The raw drugs is collected and purified as per Siddha literature. Drug Saaranai chooranam, which has been illustrated in the text Dr.S.Venkattarajan, Akasthiyar-2000, Part – III, Page: 102, for the management of Raththa Kothippu (Systemic Hypertension). Results: The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy compounds showed the presence of functional groups O-H Stretching (Alcohol), C-H Stretching (Alkane), O=C=O Stretching (Carbon dioxide), C-C bending (Alkene), O-H bending (Carboxylic acid), C-O Stretching (Aromatic ester), C-O Stretching (Tertiary alcohol), S=O Stretching (Sulfoxide), C-H bending (1,2-disubstituted) and C-1 Stretching (Halo compound) which ensures the therapeutic effect of the drug. Conclusion: The instrumental analysis FT-IRS study of Saaranai chooranam is the presence of functional groups through the stretch and bends which is responsible for its functional activity. The functional groups in Saaranai chooranam have diuretic and nervin tonic activities. This will ensure the efficacy and therapeutic effect of the drug.

Phytochemical Screening, Antifungal, and Anticancer Activities of Medicinal Plants Thymelaea Hirsuta, Urginea Maritima, and Plantago Albicans.

Ethyl acetate, ethanol, and acetone extracts of the medicinal plants Thymelaea hirsuta L., Urginea maritima L., and Plantago albicans L. (aerial parts) were evaluated for their phytochemical compositions, antimycotic activity against dermatophytes, and antiproliferative activity against different human cancer cell lines. Among them, the ethanolic extracts showed the highest phytochemical contents along with hyperactivities and were then selected for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of different characteristic peak values with various functional chemical groups of the active components. However, U. maritima extracts through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed distinctive peaks related to phenolic, amines, amides, aromatic, alkanes, alkyne, cyclopentanone, conjugated aldehyde, nitro, methoxy, uronic acids, aromatic esters, tertiary alcohol or ester, secondary and primary alcohols, aliphatic ether, sulfoxide, vinylidene, and halo compounds. Many bioactive main compounds with reported biological activities were detected by GC/MS (%) in the ethanolic extract of T. hirsuta, U. maritima, and P. albicans. All studied dermatophytes included a diverse set of virulence factors, including phospholipase, protease, keratinase, hemolysis, and melanoid production, all of which play vital roles in dermatophytic infection. Ethanolic extract of P. albicans inhibited the growth of Trichophyton soudanense totally and Trichophyton erinacei in addition to all Microsporum species. In contrast, the ethanolic extract of Trichophyton hirsuta at concentrations of 25 g/mL totally prevented the growth of all Trichophyton species. EtOH extract of U. maritima completely prevented the growth (100% inhibition) of all dermatophytic strains under study at the lowest concentration of 12.5 μg/mL. Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed considerable morphological modifications and structural alterations in dermatophyte species exposed to ethanolic extract of these plants. The viability of HCT-116, HepG-2, MCF-7, and HeLa cell lines was reduced after treatment with the ethanolic extracts of T. hirsuta, U. maritima, and P. albicans individually with IC50 values (10.0, 9.97, 48.5, and 56.24 μg/mL), (26.98, 25.0, 17.11, and 9.52 μg/mL), and (9.32, 7.46, 12.50, and 16.32 μg/mL), respectively. Our work revealed the significance of these traditional ethnomedical plants as potent sources for biologically active pharmaceuticals with potential applicability for the treatment of fungal and cancer diseases.

Combined effect of Emblica officinalis juice in the prevention of enzymatic browning in Solanum anguivi L.

Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the impact of Emblica officinalis juice as an antibrowning agent on Solanum anguivi L. juice where enzymatic browning reaction occurs naturally. Methodology: The fresh fruits of S. anguivi (S) and E. officinalis (E) were weighted at five different proportions such as S1-100g:E0-0g; S0-0g:E1-100g; S1-25g:E3-75g; S1-50g:E1-50g and S3-75g:E1-25g. Each combination was ground using a domestic mixer to extract the juice without adding water and analyzed for its characteristics such as color value, browning index, and acceptance level through a sensory evaluation which was recorded at two different intervals (0 and 90 min). Results: Overall color analysis (DE*) indicates that E. officinalis juice significantly reduced the enzymatic browning reaction by its concentration and postponed the brown color development in all three combinations of extracted fruit juices during the storage period. Although, the browning index was high in all the combinations of juices at 0 and 90 mins, except S1-25g:E3-75g, since it had a higher concentration of E. officinalis. The sensory evaluation opted that S1-25g:E3-75g was accepted by all panel members. The FTIR spectral peak revealed the presence of various functional compounds such as carbohydrates, phenol, iron, alkanes, primary amines, esters, aromatics, phosphorous compounds, aliphatic amines, ketones, bromo and halo compounds. Interpretation: The present study demonstrated that the enrichment of S. anguivi juice with E. officinalis concentration had prevented the browning that often occurred due to enzyme catalyst where the reaction of conversion of o-quinones in the presence of oxygen, and o-quinones polymerise into undesirable brown color compound. The developed juice could be used in the formulation of nutraceutical-based ready-to-serve (RTS) beverages that might be the solution for preventing several diseases. Key words: Browning index, Color profile, FTIR spectra, Natural inhibitor, Oxidation, Solanum anguivi