Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals Research Articles

Exogenous Metal Cations in the Synthesis of CsPbBr3 Nanocrystals and Their Interplay with Tertiary Amines.

Current syntheses of CsPbBr3 halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) rely on overstoichiometric amounts of Pb2+ precursors, resulting in unreacted lead ions at the end of the process. In our synthesis scheme of CsPbBr3 NCs, we replaced excess Pb2+ with different exogenous metal cations (M) and investigated their effect on the synthesis products. These cations can be divided into two groups: group 1 delivers monodisperse CsPbBr3 cubes capped with oleate species (as for the case when Pb2+ is used in excess) and with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) as high as 90% with some cations (for example with M = In3+); group 2 yields irregularly shaped CsPbBr3 NCs with broad size distributions. In both cases, the addition of a tertiary ammonium cation (didodecylmethylammonium, DDMA+) during the synthesis, after the nucleation of the NCs, reshapes the NCs to monodisperse truncated cubes. Such NCs feature a mixed oleate/DDMA+ surface termination with PLQY values of up to 97%. For group 1 cations this happens only if the ammonium cation is directly added as a salt (DDMA-Br), while for group 2 cations this happens even if the corresponding tertiary amine (DDMA) is added, instead of DDMA-Br. This is attributed to the fact that only group 2 cations can facilitate the protonation of DDMA by the excess oleic acid present in the reaction environment. In all cases studied, the incorporation of M cations is marginal, and the reshaping of the NCs is only transient: if the reactions are run for a long time, the truncated cubes evolve to cubes.

CsPbBr3 Perovskite Crack Platelet Nanocrystals and Their Biexciton Generation.

Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals have been extensively studied in recent years as efficient optical materials for their bright and color-tunable emissions. However, these are mostly confined to their 3D nanocrystals and limited to the anisotropic nanostructures. By exploring the Cs-sublattice-induced metal(II) ion exchange with Pb(II), crack CsPbBr3 perovskite platelet nanocrystals having polar surfaces in all three directions are reported here, which remained different than reported standard square platelets. The crack platelets are also passivated with halides to enhance their brightness. Further, as these crack and passivated crack platelets have defects and polar surfaces, the exciton and biexciton generation in these platelets is investigated using femtosecond photoluminescence and transient absorption measurement at ambient as well as cryogenic temperatures, correlated with time-resolved single-particle photoluminescence spectroscopy, and compared with standard square platelets having nonpolar facets. These investigations revealed that the crack platelets and passivated crack platelets possess enhanced biexciton emission compared to square platelets due to the presence of polar surfaces in all three directions. These results provide insights into not only the design of the anisotropic nanostructures of ionic nanocrystals but also the possibility of tuning the single exciton to biexciton generation efficiency, which has potential applications in optoelectronic systems.

Ultra‐Stable and Bright Pure‐Red Perovskite Nanocrystals for Backlit Displays

AbstractMetal halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have emerged as an alternative to conventional phosphors for wide color gamut displays. However, the issues of poor stability and low emission efficiency of pure‐red CsPbBrxI3‐x NCs set an obstacle to their practical application. Herein, the synergistic effect of Mn doping and mesoporous SiO2 sealing is reported through in situ formation of Mn‐doped NCs into mesoporous SiO2 nanospheres (MnNCs@SiO2) to structurally and spatially stabilize the perovskite NCs for bright and stable pure‐red emitter. The large bonding energy of Mn‐halogen effectively suppresses the halide vacancy defects, prompting the highest photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) up to 84% (634 nm) among the pure‐red composite analogs. More importantly, the nanocrystal structure stability is fundamentally improved by the enhanced formation energy with Mn doping, together with the spatial isolation by SiO2 nanospheres. The MnNCs@SiO2 films exhibit impressive stabilities against high‐temperature heating, thermal cycle test, UV irradiation, water, and acid/alkali erosion, representing one of the most stable pure‐red perovskite emitters. By integrating fabricated all‐perovskite CsPbX3 single color conversion film into the liquid crystal display (LCD) modules, a wide color gamut of 128% of NTSC is achieved, enabling an excellent color rendition for high‐saturation object colors toward practical applications.

Enhanced stability of perovskite CsPbBr3 QDs via Synergetic encapsulation with ZnO nanocrystals and commercial polymer

Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals with attractive optical properties and low-cost production have emerged as a reliable and promising candidate for next-generation display applications. However, the preparation of optical devices while maintaining high performance in complex environments poses a prominent challenge. Herein, a flexible, stretchable and stable nanocomposite was fabricated through embedding CsPbBr3 QDs (PeQDs) into ZnO nanocrystals and polymer, leading to the enhancements of both stability and luminescence efficiency. This simple approach allows PeQDs own a uniform size of ∼14 nm. Optical characterization showed that the PeQDs size did not change after embedding ZnO nanocrystals, while these QDs exhibit a distinct green emission, with emission centering at 518 nm and narrow bandwidth of ∼20 nm. It was also found that the PeQDs/ZnO/EPDM nanocomposite maintained sufficient stability even after being left in an outdoor environment for 27 days, soaked in water for 60 h, and placed on a hot plate at 90 °C for 60 min. Besides, nanocomposite still maintain good luminescent properties even when stretched four times its original length. Furthermore, using this PeQDs/ZnO/EPDM nanocomposite, the synthesized white light emitting diode (WLED) exhibits a color gamut coverage rate of 129 % under standard NTSC, and 97 % under standard Rec.2020. By using this PeQDs/ZnO/EPDM encapsulation adhesive film, the absolute efficiency of solar cell can be improved by 0.23 %. This work highlights a new insight into defect passivation techniques for PeQDs by the utilization of heterogeneous structures provided by metal oxides.

Stabilization of CsPbBr3 Nanowires Through SU-8 Encapsulation for the Fabrication of Bilayer Microswimmers with Magnetic and Fluorescence Properties.

All-inorganic cesium lead halide (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite nanocrystals have drawn great interest because of their excellent photophysical properties and potential applications. However, their poor stability in water greatly limited their use in applications that require stable structures. In this work, a facile approach to stabilize CsPbBr3 nanowires is developed by using SU-8 as a protection medium; thereby creating stable CsPbBr3/SU-8 microstructures. Through photolithography and layer-by-layer deposition, CsPbBr3/SU-8 is used to fabricate bilayer achiral microswimmers (BAMs), which consist of a top CsPbBr3/SU-8 layer and a bottom Fe3O4 magnetic layer. Compared to pure CsPbBr3 nanowires, the CsPbBr3/SU-8 shows long-term structural and fluorescence stability in water against ultrasonication treatment. Due to the magnetic layer, the motion of the microswimmers can be controlled precisely under a rotating magnetic field, allowing them to swim at low Reynolds number and tumble or roll on surfaces. Furthermore, CsPbBr3/SU-8 can be used to fabricate various types of planar microstructures with high throughput, high consistency, and fluorescence properties. This work provides a method for the stabilization of CsPbBr3 and demonstrates the potential to mass fabricate planar microstructures with various shapes, which can be used in different applications such as microrobotics.

Size Dependence of Ultrafast Electron Transfer from Didodecyl Dimethylammonium Bromide-Modified CsPbBr3 Nanocrystals to Electron Acceptors.

Charge transfer efficiencies in all-inorganic lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) are crucial for applications in photovoltaics and photocatalysis. Herein, CsPbBr3 NCs with different sizes are synthesized by varying the ligand contents of didodecyl dimethylammonium bromide at room temperature. Adding benzoquinone (BQ) molecules leads to a decrease in the PL intensities and PL decay times in NCs. The electron transfer (ET) efficiency (ηET) increases with NC size in complexes of CsPbBr3 NCs and BQ molecules (NC-BQ complexes), when the same concentration of BQ is maintained, as investigated by transient photobleaching and photoluminescence spectroscopies. Controlling the same number of attached BQ acceptor molecules per NC induces the same ηET in NC-BQ complexes even though with different NC sizes. Our findings provide new insights into ultrafast charge transfer behaviors in perovskite NCs, which is important for designing efficient light energy conversion devices.

Coherent phenomena and dynamics of lead halide perovskite nanocrystals for quantum information technologies.

Solution-processed colloidal nanocrystals of lead halide perovskites have been intensively investigated in recent years in the context of optoelectronic devices, during which time their quantum properties have also begun to attract attention. Their unmatched ease of synthetic tunability and unique structural, optical and electronic properties, in conjunction with the confinement of carriers in three dimensions, have motivated studies on observing and controlling coherent light-matter interaction in these materials for quantum information technologies. This Review outlines the recent efforts and achievements in this direction. Particularly notable examples are the observation of coherent single-photon emission, evidence for superfluorescence and the realization of room-temperature coherent spin manipulation for ensemble samples, which have not been achieved for prototypical colloidal CdSe nanocrystals that have been under investigation for decades. This Review aims to highlight these results, point out the challenges ahead towards realistic applications and bring together the efforts of multidisciplinary communities in this nascent field.

Synthesis and performance optimization of CsPbBr3/CdS core/shell lead halide perovskite nanocrystals by an ion exchange method

All-inorganic lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have excellent optoelectronic properties and promising applications. Improving the stability of inorganic halide NCs and optimizing their photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) has become an urgent task. Constructing core-shell structures is an effective method to improve the environmental stability and PLQY, however, realizing core-shell structured perovskite NCs with good dispersion and multiple perovskites encapsulated within the shell material remains challenging. In this work, CdS shells were grown on the surface of CsPbBr3 NCs by ion-exchange method utilizing perovskite NCs with their ionic properties, and the effectiveness of the surface shell protection is reflected in its enhancement of long-term storage stability, storage stability in water, and thermal stability of NCs. In addition, the PLQY and exciton binding energies of CsPbBr3/CdS NCs are increased. Finally, the NCs were packaged into green emitting LED devices and performed high stability. The results will facilitate the further commercialization of all-inorganic lead halide perovskite materials for optoelectronic devices.

The Impact of Partial Carrier Confinement on Stimulated Emission in Strongly Confined Perovskite Nanocrystals.

Semiconductor lead halide perovskites are excellent candidates for realizing low threshold light amplification due to their tunable and highly efficient luminescence, ease of processing, and strong light-matter interactions. However, most studies on optical gain have addressed bulk films, nanowires, or nanocrystals that exhibit little or no size quantization. Here, we show by means of a multitude of optical spectroscopy methods that small CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (NCs) exhibit a progressive red shift of the band-edge transition upon addition of electron-hole pairs, at least one carrier of which occupies a 2-fold degenerate, delocalized state in agreement with strong confinement. We demonstrate that this combination results in a threshold for biexciton gain, well below the limit of one electron-hole pair on average per NC. On the other hand, both the luminescent lifetime and the optical Stark effect of 4.7 nm CsPbBr3 NCs indicate that the oscillator strength of the band-edge transition is considerably smaller than expected from the band-edge absorption. We assign this discrepancy to a mixed confinement regime, with one delocalized and one localized charge carrier, and show that the concomitant reduction of the oscillator strength for stimulated emission accounts for the surprisingly small material gain observed in small NCs. The conclusion of mixed confinement aligns with studies reporting small and large polarons for holes and electrons in lead halide perovskite nanocrystals, respectively, and creates opportunities for understanding multiexciton photophysics in confined perovskite materials.

Enhanced Photodetection Performance of an In Situ Core/Shell Perovskite-MoS2 Phototransistor.

While two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs)-based photodetectors offer prospects for high integration density and flexibility, their thinness poses a challenge regarding low light absorption, impacting photodetection sensitivity. Although the integration of TMDCs with metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) has been known to be promising for photodetection with a high absorption coefficient of PNCs, the low charge mobility of PNCs delays efficient photocarrier injection into TMDCs. In this study, we integrated MoS2 with in situ formed core/shell PNCs with short ligands that minimize surface defects and enhance photocarrier injection. The PNCs/MoS2 heterostructure efficiently separates electrons and holes by establishing type II band alignment and consequently inducing a photogating effect. The synergistic interplay between photoconductive and photogating effects yields a high responsivity of 2.2 × 106 A/W and a specific detectivity of 9.0 × 1011 Jones. Our findings offer a promising pathway for developing low-cost, high-performance phototransistors leveraging the advantages of two-dimensional (2D) materials.

Moisture-induced phase transformation of CsPb2Br5 into CsPbBr3 in polyurethane to prepare flexible luminescent film

Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have gained attention as promising nanomaterials owing to their excellent optical and optoelectronic properties. However, their application is hindered by instability. In this study, we employed an in situ green synthesis method to prepare a composite flexible film CsPb2Br5 NCs-Polyurethane (PU), which was subsequently transformed into a luminescent film CsPbBr3/CsPb2Br5 NCs-PU (PNCs-PU) through moisture-induced phase transformation. This strategy effectively converted a photo-luminous-inactive CsPb2Br5 phase into a photo-luminous CsPbBr3 phase and inhibits reversible phase transition from CsPbBr3 to CsPb2Br5. The PNCs-PU film exhibits narrowband green emission at 519 nm under ultraviolet and blue excitation and has good thermal stability and water stability. Finally, a wide gamut white LED was fabricated using the blue chip and PNCs-PU film, highlighting its potential as a backlight source for flexible liquid crystal display applications.

Tail-group tailoring for narrower green electroluminescence: The role of methoxysilane derivatives in QLEDs

Metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs) are garnering significant interest as the future of light-emitting materials, primarily due to their exceptional emission characteristics, which include strong excitonic absorption and narrow-band, high-intensity emission. These properties are intricately linked to the surface chemistry of the nanocrystals, which can be effectively manipulated through the choice of ligands and specific reaction conditions during synthesis or subsequent ligand exchanges. In the first, we explore the ligand exchange processing in hexane with thiol-functionalized methoxysilanes, notable for their short chain and bifurcated structure. In the case of surface-modified PeNCs using methoxysilane, strain engineering is dominated by the tail group, which plays an even more important role than size dispersion in their effects on color purity and gamut. In addition, the methoxysilane ligand-induced lattice strain may also significantly alter charge transporting hehavior, as is demonstrated on zinc oxide (ZnO) using 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS). These interesting observations arise from nanostrained optoelectronic materials, and are attractive for the development of high-purity electroluminescence devices.

Providing a Review of Hot Carrier (HC) Relaxation Dynamics and Strategies of HC Extraction in Perovskites Nanocrystals

AbstractMetal halide perovskite (MHPs) nanocrystals (NCs) have recently emerged as promising materials for optoelectronic applications due to their exceptional photophysical properties. A comprehensive understanding of the underlying principles and key challenges associated with controlling the hot carrier (HC) cooling dynamics in MHPs is pivotal for the design of efficient perovskite‐based optoelectronic applications. This review highlights the general carrier cooling mechanism and identifies influencing crucial controlling parameters for carrier dynamics. The discussion includes strategies for manipulating HC cooling dynamics through carrier‐phonon and carrier‐carrier interactions. Notably, recent advancements in HC extraction with suitable acceptors are explored, as efficient HC extraction is imperative for the advancement of optoelectronic applications. The objective of this review is to outline potential pathways for strategically modifying carrier cooling processes to align with specific optoelectronic applications. A profound comprehension of charge carrier dynamics in MHPs NCs will pave the way for the development of highly efficient optoelectronic applications.

Trace organic–inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskite nanocrystals as photocatalysts for PET-RAFT polymerization with high efficiency

Lead halide perovskite has emerged as a new class of materials in photocatalysis due to its promising photocatalytic performance. Here, we introduce organic–inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskite (OIHP) nanocrystals as photocatalysts (PCs) for efficient photoinduced electron/energy transfer–reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization. PET-RAFT polymerization is successfully conducted with 0.025 wt% PC loading under blue light (6 mW/cm2, 460 nm), yielding upwards of 90 % monomer conversion and polymer products with narrow dispersity (≤1.20) within 2 h, demonstrating a fast polymerization rate. Moreover, the oxygen resistance of the polymerization process has been demonstrated. Due to the advantages of low PC usage, fast polymerization rate and oxygen tolerance, OIHP mediated PET-RAFT polymerization is expected to be used for large-scale production and industrial applications.

Magnetic Mn‐Incorporated Cs3Cu2Br5 Nanocrystals for Spin‐Polarized Enhanced Photocatalytic Biomass Conversion Coupled with H2O2 Evolution

AbstractCopper‐based halide perovskite, as an ideal alternative to lead‐based halide perovskite, has attracted much attention in many applications owing to its earth‐abundant element, non‐toxicity, and excellent optical properties. In this report, magnetic Mn‐incorporated lead‐free copper halide perovskite (Cs3Cu2Br5) nanocrystal (NC) is for the first time designed and prepared using a one‐pot hot‐injection route, resulting in a new emission band at ≈540 nm accompanied with self‐trapped exciton (STE) emission centered at ≈445 nm from Cs3Cu2Br5 NC. In situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and in situ kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) confirm that the Mn2+ incorporation causes efficient electron–hole separation and extended charge lifetime in Mn‐doped Cs3Cu2Br5 NC, which exhibits significantly raised selectively photocatalytic biomass conversion coupled with obviously enhanced H2O2 evolution. With an external magnetic field, the spin‐polarized electrons in Mn‐doped Cs3Cu2Br5 NC arouses reduced charge recombination and more available electrons/holes for surface redox reaction, further raising the photocatalytic performance. This is confirmed by in situ steady‐state/transient‐state photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, in situ transient photocurrent measurement, and in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with external magnetic field. In situ electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra reveal the radical‐involved reaction pathway for biomass conversion. This research exhibits the great potential of spin‐polarization‐enhanced photocatalysis by an external magnetic field without additional energy consumption.

Tackling toxicity and stability using eco-friendly metal-halide ion substituted perovskite nanocrystals for advanced display color conversion

In recent years organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskites nanocrystals have made a remarkable impact in display color converting layer application. However, lead toxicity and stability issues always pose arduous challenges. In this regard, the incorporation of a suitable metal ion to reduce toxicity and enhance stability is a widely tested method. In this study, we used a simple ligand-assisted reprecipitation (LARP) technique to simultaneously introduce metal ion and halide ion substitution by synthesizing MAPb1-xZnxBr3-2xCl2x nanocrystals (NCs). Being eco-friendly with a smaller ionic radius than lead ion, zinc metal ion was chosen as a substitute. With the variation of Zn2+ concentration, the highest quantum yield of 95 % was recorded with an emission width of 21 nm. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) studies revealed the higher optical phonon-exciton interaction after Zn2+ incorporation leading to radiative transition in NCs. Variation of PL peak energy with temperature revealed the reduced thermal chromaticity of Zn2+ incorporated NCs making them suitable for display application. Further, these NCs maintained a stable cubic structure and luminescence up to 150 °C, indicating higher thermal stability. The MAPb0.9Zn0.1Br2.8Cl0.2 (x = 0.1 or 10 mol%) NCs embedded in PMMA (poly (methyl methacrylate) polymer matrix coated LED emits narrow width, green light with color coordinate (0.15, 0.79), which is closer to green coordinate (0.17, 0.79) in Rec.2020. This helps to reproduce close to 97 % color gamut of Rec.2020. This research paves the way for finding less toxic and stable green light-emitting materials instead of cadmium-based molecules.

Near-Infrared Circularly Polarized Luminescent Physical Unclonable Functions.

Distinguished from traditional physical unclonable functions (PUFs), optical PUFs derive their encoded information from the optical properties of materials, offering distinct advantages, including solution processability, material versatility, and tunable luminescence performance. However, existing research on optical PUFs has predominantly centered on visible photoluminescence, while advanced optical PUFs based on higher-level covert light remain unexplored. In this study, we present optical PUFs based on the utilization of the covert light of near-infrared circularly polarized luminescence (NIR-CPL). This interesting property is achieved by incorporating Yb-doped metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (Yb-PeNCs) possessing NIR emission property into chiral imprinted photonic (CIP) films. By employing a solvent immersion method, we successfully integrated Yb-PeNCs into these CIP films, thereby creating an optically unclonable surface. The resulting NIR-CPL emission adds a layer of advanced security to the optical PUF systems. These findings underscore the potential of solution-processable chiral films to play a pivotal role in advancing the next generation of PUFs.

Doping Up the Light: A Review of A/B-Site Doping in Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals for Next-Generation LEDs.

All-inorganic metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs) show great potential for the next generation of perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs). However, trap-assisted recombination negatively impacts the optoelectronic properties of PeNCs and prevents their widespread adoption for commercial exploitation. To mitigate trap-assisted recombination and further enhance the external quantum efficiency of PeLEDs, A/B-site doping has been widely investigated to tune the bandgap of PeNCs. The bandgap of PeNCs is adjustable within a small range (no more than 0.1 eV) by A-site cation doping, resulting in changes in the bond length of Pb-X and the angle of [PbX6]4. Nevertheless, B-site doping of PeNCs has a more significant impact on the bandgap level through modification of surface defect states. In this perspective, we delve into the synthesis of PeNCs with A/B-site doping and their impacts on the structural and optoelectronic properties, as well as their impacts on the performance of subsequent PeLEDs. Furthermore, we explore the A-site and B-site doping mechanisms and the impact of device architecture on doped PeNCs to maximize the performance and stability of PeLEDs. This work presents a comprehensive overview of the studies on A-site and B-site doping in PeNCs and approaches to unlock their full potential in the next generation of LEDs.

Harnessing Multi‐Modal Exciton Migration in Hybrid Halide Perovskite for Photocatalytic Amplification of Nitric Oxide and Hydroxyl Radicals toward Bacterial Killing and Biofilm Disruption

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance is a multifaceted phenomenon and a serious threat to the prevailing global healthcare options. Photocatalytic therapy using nanotherapeutics is a promising alternative as this enables redox‐tuning of substrates inside biofilm while forming cytotoxic reactive oxygen species at hypoxic conditions. Herein, a new paradigm using the heterostructure of metal halide perovskite (PeV) nanocrystals is introduced by in situ capping with a nitric oxide (NO) releasing derivative (NTFA) and a •OH releasing phenothiazine ligand (BA‐PTZ) to yield NTFA@PeV@BA‐PTZ heterostructure. Material characterization, along with the mechanistic insights for the sunlight‐induced exciton formation, separation, and migration into respective molecular ligands inducing the catalytic generation of cytotoxic •OH/NO species are supported by in situ spectroscopic/microscopic studies. Encapsulation of NTFA@PeV@BA‐PTZ NCs with silica results NTFA@PeV@BA‐PTZ@SiO2, ensures its physiological stability and biologically benign nature. The efficacy of heterostructure toward biofilm inactivation and bactericidal activity are established through appropriate in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility, biodistribution, and assessment of antibacterial activity. The results also confirm the minimal toxicity and effective excretion of NTFA@PeV@BA‐PTZ@SiO2 from orally administered Balb/c mice. Together, based on manipulating the redox gradient omnipresent in bacterial/biofilm microenvironments and by catapulting the exciton‐mediated redox process, a proof‐of‐concept for an efficient multimodal photocatalytic nanotherapeutics is demonstrated.

Multifold Enhanced Photon Upconversion in a Composite Annihilator System Sensitized by Perovskite Nanocrystals.

Photon upconversion via triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) provides a pathway to overcoming the thermodynamic efficiency limits in single-junction solar cells by allowing the harvesting of sub-bandgap photons. Here, we use mixed halide perovskite nanocrystals (CsPbX3, X = Br/I) as triplet sensitizers, with excitation transfer to 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) and/or 9,10-bis[(triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl]anthracene (TIPS-An) which act as the triplet annihilators. We observe that the upconversion efficiency is five times higher with the combination of both annihilators in a composite system compared to the sum of the individual single-acceptor systems. Our work illustrates the importance of using a composite system of annihilators to enhance TTA upconversion, demonstrated in a perovskite-sensitized system, with promise for a range of potential applications in light-harvesting, biomedical imaging, biosensing, therapeutics, and photocatalysis.