Half Width Research Articles

The analysis of the characteristics of variation and change patterns of sunspot cycles

The paper focus on the variation character of sunspot number and solar cycles based on the new version sunspot number (SSN) data. According to seven main variables describing solar cycles, including peak value, the length of cycle, the length of ascending phase, the ratio of the ascending time to the descending time, slope, half width, and area under the curve of solar cycle, clustering, principal component and factor analysis, are applied to analyze variation characteristic and patterns of the 24 solar cycles. We cluster these 24 cycles to find groups in these solar cycles, and search for the main factor determining strength, length and occurrence time of the peak, and the furthest cycle from the average. The cycles within a cluster will be similar or related to one another and different from or unrelated to the cycles in other clusters. These results could help us search for similar cycles conveniently, obtain the understanding of the characteristics of solar cycle variation and analysis of sunspot number change and evolution characteristics, and analyze the origin and the variation mechanism of solar cycle.

Improving sound of clarinet by coating lacquerware (Wajima-nuri)

Thick films of lacquers by Wajima-nuri were coated only on a barrel and a bell of a clarinet. Significant change of sound characteristics has been observed on the frequency spectra analyzed by FFT. For octave below on A3 (220 Hz), the resonant peaks appear in 8– 10 kHz only coated both on the outer and inner surfaces. For octave above on A5 (880 Hz), dissonances found before the coating disappeared by the coating. The half width of the resonant peaks becomes narrower, resulting in the sharp sounds after being Wajima-nuri. At 15– 20 kHz, the width of the peaks becomes sharp, and the sound pressures are extraordinarily strong if coated on both surfaces. All peaks of sound pressures were shifted to higher frequencies by Wajima-nuri. The improvement of sound characteristics is most effective coated on both inside and outside the barrel and bell of clarinet.

Multi-models machine learning methods for traffic flow estimation from Floating Car Data

Traffic flow measurement is very important for traffic management systems. However, the existing traditional measurement approaches are highly time-consuming and expensive to continuously gather the required data and to maintain the corresponding equipment, such as loop detectors and video cameras. On the other hand, many services on the web propose to estimate automobile travel time taking into account traffic conditions thanks to crowd sourced data (Floating Car Data). This work proposes to reconstruct, from estimated travel time, traffic flows using machine learning method. In particular, we evaluate the capacity of Gaussian Process Regressor (GPR) to address this issue. After obtaining estimated travel time on a given route, a clustering process shows that travel duration profiles in each day can be associated to different “types of day”. Then, different regressors are trained in order to estimate traffic flows from travel duration. In the “multi-model” variant, we trained a Regressor for each type of day. Conversely, in the “single model” variant, only one Regressor is trained (the type of day is not taken into account). This is an innovative work to estimate and reconstruct the traffic flow in transportation networks with machine learning method from aggregated Floating Car Data (FCD). A series of experiments are conducted to compare the estimated traffic flows, obtained by the proposed single model and multi-model, and the real ones from actual sensors. The obtained results show that both single model and multi-models can capture the tendency of real traffic flows. Furthermore, the performance can be improved by regulating parameters in GPR machine learning model, such as half width of sample window and sample size (a whole week or only weekdays), and multi-models can highly increase the performance compared with the single model. Therefore, the proposed GPR machine learning and FCD based new method can replace those traditional loop detectors for the measurement of traffic flow.

Feature Selection and Mislabeled Waveform Correction for Water–Land Discrimination Using Airborne Infrared Laser

The discrimination of water–land waveforms is a critical step in the processing of airborne topobathy LiDAR data. Waveform features, such as the amplitudes of the infrared (IR) laser waveforms of airborne LiDAR, have been used in identifying water–land interfaces in coastal waters through waveform clustering. However, water–land discrimination using other IR waveform features, such as full width at half maximum, area, width, and combinations of different features, has not been evaluated and compared with other methods. Furthermore, false alarms often occur when water–land discrimination in coastal areas is conducted using IR laser waveforms because of environmental factors. This study provides an optimal feature for water–land discrimination using an IR laser by comparing the performance of different waveform features and proposes a dual-clustering method integrating K-means and density-based spatial clustering applications with noise algorithms to improve the accuracy of water–land discrimination through the clustering of waveform features and positions of IR laser spot centers. The proposed method is used for practical measurement with Optech Coastal Zone Mapping and Imaging LiDAR. Results show that waveform amplitude is the optimal feature for water–land discrimination using IR laser waveforms among the researched features. The proposed dual-clustering method can correct mislabeled water or land waveforms and reduce the number of mislabeled waveforms by 48% with respect to the number obtained through traditional K-means clustering. Water–land discrimination using IR waveform amplitude and the proposed dual-clustering method can reach an overall accuracy of 99.730%. The amplitudes of IR laser waveform and the proposed dual-clustering method are recommended for water–land discrimination in coastal and inland waters because of the high accuracy, resolution, and automation of the methods.

Simulation of complex strabismus surgical procedures on goat eyes

To describe the possibility of complex strabismus surgical simulation on goat eyes. The goat eyes were procured from local slaughterhouse with retained extra ocular muscle tissues. The obtained eyes were inspected for globe integrity, muscle quality, muscle length, and the surrounding teno-conjunctival layers. The included eyes were then segregated for surgical simulation based on their insertion and orientation (as oblique or recti), and they were mounted on a mannequin head, with a fixation suture at free end to simulate the resting tension. Additionally, as per necessary, extra muscles were also transplanted along desired sites to simulate human extra ocular muscle anatomy. The inferior oblique, superior oblique, and all other four recti were successfully simulated in varying proportions in more than 50 eyes. Primarily, by simulating the lateral rectus, inferior rectus, and the inferior oblique muscle, staged weakening procedures of inferior oblique were successfully practiced (Fink's recession, Park's recession, Elliot and Nankin procedure, total anterior positioning, and antero-nasal trans-position or Stager's procedure). Similarly, by simulating superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus, and the medial rectus muscles, half width transposition, full width transposition, and other complex procedures were practiced (Knapp's procedure, augmented Knapp's, Nishida's procedure, Faden operation, and Y splitting procedure). Furthermore, by simulating superior oblique and the superior rectus muscles, superior oblique tuck, posterior tenectomy, loop tenotomy, and Harada Ito procedures were successfully practiced. On goat eyes, the complex strabismus surgical procedures can be successfully simulated and practiced after re-organizing the existing muscles in different patterns.

Optimization of 2.45 GHz microwave coupling depending on axial magnetic field profiles and impedance transformer in electron cyclotron resonance ion source

The optimization of 2.45 GHz microwave coupling in an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source is investigated through experiments and full wave simulation studies. The axial magnetic field profile and an impedance transformer are the two major factors affecting the optimum power coupling. Experimental observations have shown that the beam current density increases when the two ECR zones are located in the plasma chamber and when the first ECR zone is close to the RF entrance. A coupling study with various magnetic field profiles finds that the gap distance between the RF window and first ECR zone and the effective ECR zone width determines the coupling efficiency. Optimum power coupling is obtained under the condition of an appropriately slight gap distance comparable to the half width of the effective ECR zone. The extracted beam current density increases when the second ECR zone becomes closer to the plasma grid. With the optimized axial magnetic field profile, impedance transformers are designed in consideration of reflection coefficient with respect to the plasma density. The performance of the impedance transformers is experimentally evaluated in terms of the efficiency (mA/W) with the findings consistent with the results of a simulation. The highest beam current density (∼165 mA/cm2) in these experiments is achieved with the optimized axial magnetic profile and the impedance transformer.

Free water molecules and hydrogen bonding form the basis of variation in homeopathic potencies as revealed by vibrational spectroscopy

Objective: Using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) we have demonstrated that homeopathic potencies of Natrum mur, Cantharis, Nux vomica and Sulphur show differences with respect to the number of free water molecules and strength of hydrogen bonding. The purpose of the present study is to confirm this phenomenon in three potencies of two more drugs Calcarea carb and Silicea. 
 Design: The potencies used for each of the two drugs were 30cH, 200cH and 1000cH. The control was 90% ethanol as also the potentized drugs. The control, as well as the potencies, were diluted with distilled water to reduce the level of ethanol to 0.03 molar fraction in each of them. FTIR spectra of all the potentized drugs, control and sterile distilled water (reference water) were taken in the wave number region of 4000-2800 cm-1. The full width at half maximum (fwhm) of OH band was measured for each spectrum. The width was divided into two in the middle. The difference spectrum (absorbance of drug solution - absorbance of reference water) for each potency and the control was obtained after normalization of the spectrum at 3410 cm-1. One difference spectrum so obtained for a potency was subtracted from another to find out if there is a difference between two different potencies.
 Results: The half width half maximum (hwhm) in both the high and low-frequency sides of the OH band is far less narrow in potencies than in the control as compared to that in water. The difference spectra for different potencies show different levels of fall in intensity at the wave number region of dip at 3630 cm-1. The level of dip at 3630 cm-1 and subsequent rise in intensity in the lower frequency region represent the quantity of free water molecules and strong alcoholic OH bond around 3250 cm-1, respectively. The results of subtraction between two different potencies are not zero but have marked positive or negative values. 
 Conclusion
 (i) Potencies have stronger intermolecular interactions and a higher number of chemical environments than the control, as revealed by the data on hwhm. 
 (ii) The three potencies of each of the two drugs show distinct variation in the number of free water molecules and strength of hydrogen bonding. 
 (iii) There exists both inter-drug and inter-potency variation as revealed by the difference spectra and results of subtraction between two difference spectra.

Test-retest Reliability of the qReading Method in Normally Sighted Young Adults.

We recently developed a novel Bayesian adaptive method, qReading, to measure reading function. The qReading method has both the efficiency and excellent test-retest reliability in normally sighted young adults to make it an excellent candidate for future studies of its value in diagnosis and longitudinal evaluation of treatment and/or rehabilitation outcomes. A novel Bayesian adaptive method, qReading, was recently developed to measure reading function. Here we performed a systematic assessment of the test-retest reliability of the qReading method. The variability of five repeated measurements of the reading curve was examined in two settings: within session and between sessions. For the within-session design, we considered two subpopulations: naive observers and experienced observers. All observers were normally sighted young adults. For each set of data, in addition to examining the intrinsic precision of the qReading method (the half width of the credible interval of the posterior distribution of the estimated performance), we computed four metrics to assess repeatability: standard deviation, Bland-Altman coefficient of repeatability, correlation coefficient, and Fractional Rank Precision. Extrinsic factors such as observer, time interval between repeated measures, and observer experience all contribute to the variation across measurements. Nevertheless, the four metrics consistently show that the variability across five repeated measurements is small for each set of data. This is true even without taking learning effects into account (standard deviations, ≤0.092 log10 units; Bland-Altman coefficient of repeatability, ≤0.15 (log10)2 units; correlation coefficient, ≥0.91; and Fractional Rank Precision, ≥0.81). The qReading method has excellent test-retest reliability in normally sighted young adults.

Prognostic assessment following acute myocarditis requires convalescent scanning: neither peak troponin nor index scan T2 signal predicts convalescent late gadolinium enhancement

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is a key diagnostic investigation in acute myocarditis (1) and permits quantification of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and myocardial oedema. Follow-up CMR imaging is recommended to check for persistence of scar and oedema (2). Persistent late gadolinium enhancement is associated with a worse prognosis (3). It is not known whether all patients require follow-up scanning or whether the initial scan can provide useful information to identify which patients need convalescent assessment. Purpose In this study we considered whether extent of troponin elevation, extent of T2 elevation and initial late gadolinium enhancement burden predicted long-term late gadolinium enhancement at follow-up. Methods Index and follow-up CMR scans of consecutive patients presenting with a diagnosis of acute myocarditis between 2019 and 2020 across three hospitals were included. Inclusion criteria were: follow-up scan within 9 months of the index scan, CMR with LGE imaging and T2 mapping, and acute myocarditis being the primary diagnosis of the index scan. Myocardial T2 values in the area affected by myocarditis and percentage of LV myocardium showing late enhancement (using a threshold-based full height half width or manual region of interest strategy) were extracted. Results 20 patients were included in the study (80% male; mean age 37 years). Mean interval between the index and follow-up scan was 4.1 months. Peak troponin level during the acute illness was not associated with the proportion of LV myocardium affected by LGE in the index scan (R^2 <0.01) (Figure 1A). Myocardial T2 values in the first scan were not associated with the proportional resolution in LGE between the index and follow-up scans (R^2 0.02) (Figure 1B). The mean change in LGE was -61.7% (+/-22.8%) but the initial LGE burden did not predict the proportional degree of improvement in LGE between scans (R^2 <0.01)(Figure 1C). Conclusions The extent of troponin elevation and initial CMR phenotype was not a good predictor of the burden of long-term late gadolinium enhancement. Although most cases showed improvement in LGE scar burden between index and follow-up imaging, neither peak troponin level during the acute episode, nor T2 values at the first CMR scan were predictive of initial or change in scar burden. Serial CMR assessment is required to identify those patients who have residual long-term scarring.

Synthesis of narrow-band red-emitting SrLiAl3N4:Eu2+ phosphor and the study of its influencing factors on luminescence performance

In this paper, safer raw materials were used to synthesize SrLiA13N4:Eu[Formula: see text] phosphors under high purity nitrogen gas by high-temperature solid-state method, and the effects of activator doping concentration, calcination temperature, calcination time and matrix lattice cation substitution on their luminescence performance were studied. All the samples can emit red light effectively excited by ultraviolet or blue light, and the narrow-band red emission peak is at [Formula: see text]651 nm. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) results show that the Eu[Formula: see text] element has been successfully doped and uniformly distributed. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) pattern showed that impurities of AlN and SrO were present in the synthesized samples, and the impurity phase was significantly reduced or eliminated with the increase of calcination temperature. The relationship between luminescence intensity of phosphor and Eu[Formula: see text] doping concentration indicates that with the increase of Eu[Formula: see text] doping concentration, the luminescence intensity of powder first increases and then decreases, and the optimal doping concentration is 0.02. Concentration quenching will occur if the doping amount of Eu[Formula: see text] continues to increase. The addition of Ca makes it replace Sr in the crystal lattice, resulting in the reduction of field force in the lattice expansion crystal, resulting in the reduction of luminescence intensity, the red shift of emission peak, and the increase of half height and width. The results exhibit that SrLiAl3N4:Eu[Formula: see text] may be a more suitable phosphor than CaLiAl3N4:Eu[Formula: see text] as a narrow-band red component in white LEDs.

The Common Origin of High-energy Protons in Solar Energetic Particle Events and Sustained Gamma-Ray Emission from the Sun

Abstract We report that the number of >500 MeV protons (Ng ) inferred from sustained gamma-ray emission (SGRE) from the Sun is significantly correlated with that of protons propagating into space (N SEP) as solar energetic particles (SEPs). Under the shock paradigm for SGRE, shocks driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) accelerate high-energy protons sending them toward the Sun to produce SGRE by interacting with the atmospheric particles. Particles also escape into the space away from the Sun to be detected as SEP events. Therefore, the significant N SEP–N g correlation (correlation coefficient 0.77) is consistent with the common shock origin for the two proton populations. Furthermore, the underlying CMEs have properties akin to those involved in ground level enhancement events indicating the presence of high-energy (up to ∼GeV) particles required for SGRE. We show that the observed gamma-ray flux is an underestimate in limb events (central meridian distance >60°) because SGRE sources are partially occulted when the emission is spatially extended. With the assumption that the SEP spectrum at the shock nose is hard and that the 100 MeV particles are accelerated throughout the shock surface (half width in the range 60°–120°) we find that the latitudinal widths of SEP distributions are energy dependent with the smallest width at the highest energies. Not using the energy-dependent width results in an underestimate of N SEP in SGRE events occurring at relatively higher latitudes. Taking these two effects into account removes the apparent lack of N SEP–N g correlation reported in previous studies.

Half Width & Phasing Method for reduction of Instabilities of Mesh Stiffness Variation in Two-Stage Gear

ABSTRACT Parametric instabilities alongside severe vibration within gear systems are as due to variation in mesh stiffness, the meshing tooth stiffness changes with changes in the number of contact teeth. Two-stage gear trains are used in the investigation of the operation conditions resulting in parametric instability, among them idler gear alongside configurations of the countershaft. Two gear pairs with half the breadth as the one of the primary gear pair are used in replacing each of the traditional two-mesh gear pairs. An investigation is done into the primary, secondary, as well as combination instabilities. An analysis is conducted on the impacts of the parameters of the mesh stiffness, among the frequency of mesh, amplitudes of stiffness variation, and contact ratio alongside mesh phasing on such instability. Design formulas have been developed for the case of mesh stiffness variations having rectangular waveforms for regulation of the instability regions through adjustments to the mesh phasing as well as contact ratios. Numerical solutions are applied in the validation of the analytical findings where it is noted that the substituted four gear pairs having proper mesh stiffness parameters remove the instability regions of a traditional two-stage gear train.

Thermotropic effects of PEGylated lipids on the stability of HPPH-encapsulated lipid nanoparticles (LNP).

In this work, we demonstrate the enhanced thermal and steric stability of lipid-based formulations in the presence of encapsulated HPPH that have demonstrated potential cancer applications in previously presented in vivo studies. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to study the phase transitions, and domain formations, and to qualify the thermodynamic properties associated with change in lipid bilayer behavior due to the presence of PEGylated at varying concentrations and sizes, and the encapsulated HPPH molecules. Thermal instability was quantified by dramatic changes in calculated enthalpy, and the shape of the melting peak or calculated half width of melting peak. This systematic study focused on understanding the effects of varying molecular mass and concentrations of PEG polymers in the photopolymerizable lipid DC8, 9PC lipid bilayer matrix for four weeks at room temperature of 25 °C. The major findings include increased thermal stability of the lipid bilayer due to the presence of PEG-2 K and the HPPH that resulted from the van der Waals forces between various molecular species, and the change in bilayer curvature confirmed via mathematical correlations. It is demonstrated that the encapsulation of therapeutics in lipid formulations can alter their overall thermal behavior, and therefore, it is imperative to consider calorimetric effects while designing lipid-based vaccines. The presented research methodologies and findings presented can predict the stability of lipid-based vaccines that are under development such as COVID-19 during their storage, transport, and distribution.

A MUSE view of the asymmetric jet from HD 163296

Context. Jets and outflows are thought to play important roles in regulating star formation and disk evolution. An important question is how the jets are launched. HD 163296 is a well-studied Herbig Ae star that hosts proto-planet candidates, a protoplanetary disk, a protostellar jet, and a molecular outflow, which makes it an excellent laboratory for studying jets. Aims. We aim to characterize the jet at the inner regions and check if there are large differences with the features at large separations. A secondary objective is to demonstrate the performance of Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) in high-contrast imaging of extended line emission. Methods. MUSE in the narrow field mode (NFM) can provide observations at optical wavelengths with high spatial (∼75 mas) and medium spectral (R ∼ 2500) resolution. With the high-resolution spectral differential imaging technique, we can characterize the kinematic structures and physical conditions of jets down to 100 mas. Results. We detect multiple atomic lines in two new knots, B3 and A4, at distances of < 4″ from the host star with MUSE. The derived Ṁjet/Ṁacc is about 0.08 and 0.06 for knots B3 and A4, respectively. The observed [Ca II]/[S II] ratios indicate that there is no sign of dust grains at distances of < 4″. Assuming the A4 knot traced the streamline, we can estimate a jet radius at the origin by fitting the half width half maximum of the jet, which sets an upper limit of 2.2 au on the size of the launching region. Although MUSE has the ability to detect the velocity shifts caused by high- and low-velocity components, we found no significant evidence of velocity decrease transverse to the jet direction in our 500 s MUSE observation. Conclusions. Our work demonstrates the capability of using MUSE NFM observations for the detailed study of stellar jets in the optical down to 100 mas. The derived Ṁjet/Ṁacc, no dust grain, and jet radius at the star support the magneto-centrifugal models as a launching mechanism for the jet.

Multiepoch Optical Images of IRC+10216 Tell about the Central Star and the Adjacent Environment

Abstract Six images of IRC+10216 taken by the Hubble Space Telescope at three epochs in 2001, 2011, and 2016 are compared in the rest frame of the central carbon star. An accurate astrometry has been achieved with the help of Gaia Data Release 2. The positions of the carbon star in the individual epochs are determined using its known proper motion, defining the rest frame of the star. In 2016, a local brightness peak with compact and red nature is detected at the stellar position. A comparison of the color maps between 2016 and 2011 epochs reveals that the reddest spot moved along with the star, suggesting a possibility of it being the dusty material surrounding the carbon star. The relatively red, ambient region is distributed in an Ω shape and corresponds well to the dusty disk previously suggested based on near-infrared polarization observations. In a larger scale, differential proper motion of multiple ring-like patterns in the rest frame of the star is used to derive the average expansion velocity of transverse wind components, resulting in ∼12.5 km s−1(d/123 pc), where d is the distance to IRC+10216. Three-dimensional geometry is implied from its comparison with the line-of-sight wind velocity determined from half widths of submillimeter emission line profiles of abundant molecules. Uneven temporal variations in brightness for different searchlight beams and anisotropic distribution of the extended halo are revisited in the context of the stellar light illumination through a porous envelope with postulated longer-term variations for a period of ≲10 yr.

Numerical investigation and its application on the falling motion of freefall lifeboat

In order to improve the simulation accuracy for free-fall lifeboat in ship life-saving training system, this paper analyzes and models the motion of boat’s launching from the skid. The whole launching is divided into four phases, namely: sliding down, rotation, free fall and water entry. According to the theory of momentum and strip theory, hydrodynamic forces of the boat at water entry are calculated under the effect of waves. The method of interpolation is used for calculating the half width and added mass of cross-sections at water entry. The model is used for numerical investigation about the boat launching from skid under different conditions and applied to ship life-saving simulation training system. The following conclusions are finally obtained: (1) When the initial inclination angle is 30[Formula: see text], the horizontal distance between the point of water entry of the boat and the lower end of the slide is about 7.2[Formula: see text]m. The horizontal distance will be smaller, when the initial inclination angle increases. There is no obvious law between forward distance and waves. (2) When the initial inclination angle is 45[Formula: see text], the setback may occur after the boat entering the wave. When the initial angle is 60[Formula: see text], the setback occurs after the boat entering the water. (3) When the center of gravity is 1.5[Formula: see text]m in front of the midship of the boat, the boat will turn over.

Effect of initial conditions on mean flow characteristics of a three dimensional turbulent wall jet

The effect of initial conditions in a [Formula: see text] sidewall enclosure on the mean flow characteristics of a three dimensional turbulent square wall jet has been studied experimentally. The initial conditions are varied by varying the length of the nozzle; it is varied as l/ h = 10, 50, and 90, where l and h indicates the nozzle length and the side of the square nozzle, respectively. The effect of nozzle length on initial velocity profiles, velocity distribution in lateral and wall normal directions, spread rate, decay of maximum mean velocity, local Reynolds number and similarity behaviour has been studied. The wall normal spread width is higher for the nozzle length l/h = 10 in the near field [Formula: see text] but this trend completely changed after [Formula: see text]. The spread rate is found independent of the initial condition of the nozzles in the fully developed region. The decay rate of maximum mean velocity is found higher for l/ h = 10 in the region of ([Formula: see text], whereas decay rate becomes independent of the initial conditions in the fully developed region [Formula: see text]. The local Reynolds number variation is also estimated along the downstream directions for present case and found that the local Reynolds number [Formula: see text] reaches approximately 56% of the jet exit Reynolds number [Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text] for nozzle length l/ h = 10, while it is 57% and 59% of Rejet for the nozzles [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] respectively at the same location. The nozzle l/ h = 10 attained self similar behaviour more quickly as compared to the other nozzles. The sidewall played a significant role which pushed the fluid more towards the center resulting in a lower jet half width in the wall normal direction as compared to the corresponding case, without a sidewall. The decay rates of the maximum mean velocity for all the nozzles are estimated to be 1.08 which is in the accepted range found in the literature.

Investigation of crystal characteristics, Raman spectra, and microwave dielectric properties of Mg1-xZnxTa2O6 ceramics

Mg(1-x)ZnxTa2O6 (x = 0.00−0.08) dielectric ceramics were synthesized via the traditional solid-state reaction method. We used XRD and Rietveld refinement to demonstrate that a pure Mg(1-x)ZnxTa2O6 phase with trirutile structure was formed. Zn2+ substitution helped to decrease the Raman full width at half width of the A1g mode at 703 cm−1, which resulted in an increase in the order and rigidity of the TaO6 octahedron, this in turn contributed to improving the Q×f values. Additionally, the introduction of Zn2+ significantly promoted grain growth and increased the dense, and the molecular polarizability, these factors lead to a higher permittivity. Moreover, enhanced Ta-O bond energy resulted in a more stable TaO6 octahedron in the Mg(1−x)ZnxTa2O6 system, which contributed to enhanced τf values via substitution of Zn2+ doped on the A-site. Correspondingly, the microwave dielectric properties were significantly improved for 0.04-doped samples, obtaining: εr = 27, Q × f = 185,000 GHz (at 7.47 GHz), τf =32 ppm/°C.

Fast deuteron diagnostics using visible light spectra of 3He produced by deuteron-deuteron reaction in deuterium plasmas.

The fast deuteron (non-Maxwellian component) diagnostic method, which is based on the higher resolution optical spectroscopic measurement, has been developed as a powerful tool. Owing to a decrease in the D-H charge-exchange cross section, the diagnostic ability of conventional optical diagnostic methods should be improved for ∼MeV energy deuterons. Because the 3He-H charge-exchange cross section is much larger than that of D-H in the ∼MeV energy range, the visible light (VIS) spectrum of 3He produced by the dueteron-dueteron (DD) reaction may be a useful tool. Although the density of 3He is small because it is produced via the DD reaction, improvement of the emissivity of the VIS spectrum of 3He can be expected by using a high-energy beam. We evaluate the VIS spectrum of 3He for the cases when a fast deuteron tail is formed and not formed in the ITER-like beam injected deuterium plasma. Even when the beam energy is in the MeV energy range, a large change appears in the half width at half maximum of the VIS spectrum. The emissivity of the VIS spectrum of 3He and the emissivity of bremsstrahlung are compared, and the measurable VIS spectrum is obtained. It is shown that the VIS spectrum of 3He is a useful tool for the MeV beam deuteron tail diagnostics.

Analysis on deformation characteristics of Hengli Island soft strata by vacuum preloading

The deformation monitoring value of Hengli Island soft strata by vacuum preloading was analyzed. The results show that the vertical settlement and lateral displacement of strata mainly occur in the first 20 days. The negative pressure attenuation at different positions is quite different, and the average negative pressure attenuation rate with depth is about 3.2kPa/m. The difference of additional stress by the overlying water leads to the average settlement of the central area of the preloading area is greater than that of the marginal area. The settlement calculation results of Layered Summation Method are basically consistent with the measured values. According to the lateral displacement law of different projects, it is concluded that the lateral displacement has a progressive relationship with the vacuum preloading area half width, the prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) length and the vertical settlement ratio of about 10 times, and the calculated value of lateral displacement agrees well with the measured value.