Half-wave Rectification Research Articles

Analisis Ripple Voltage pada Rangkaian Half-Wave Rectifier dan Full-Wave Rectifier Menggunakan Kombinasi Filter Kapasitor dan Resistor

The aim of this research is to investigate and analyze the ripple voltage in half wave and full wave rectifier circuits with a focus on the use of a combination of capacitor and resistor filters. This research is experimental research using Circuit Wizard. The tools and materials used include CT transformers, diodes, resistors, capacitors, multimeters, alternating power sources, and oscilloscopes. The research process begins by designing and implementing a circuit in the Circuit Wizard simulator according to the concept of half wave and full wave rectification with capacitor and resistor filters. The research results show that to produce a small ripple voltage, use large capacitance and resistance values. The best ripple voltage value produced is 0.6 V when using a 150 mF capacitor or 1000 Ohm resistor.

Simulation Software as a Teaching Aid for Some Electronic Circuits Applications

Electronic circuit technology is an important field with several scientific and practical applications. and that technology has been found that most modern electronic devices required nonlinear elements such as diodes, Transistors and operational amplifiers. Diodes have a variety of applications in electronics, including rectification, voltage demodulators, voltage regulation, logic gates and so on. In addition, transistors have many applications, which are widely used in electronics for amplification, switching, digital logic circuits, Power regulation, and oscillators. However, op-amps are electronic devices that can be used in a wide range of applications including Amplification, inverting, noninverting, summers, integrators, filtering, and comparators.This paper presents some examples of experimental simulation using Simulink software as a demonstration to students to make them understand the fundamentals of these nonlinear elements. Some experimental simulations were dealt with using diodes as a half-wave rectification, full-wave rectifier voltage regulator, and voltage limiter. However, the other experimental simulations dealt with OP-amp as an inverting, non-inverting, summer, subtractor, integrator and differentiator. Additionally, an operational amplifier is an important element in the design of active filters. Students can easily learn how to make experiment with this software in order to learn at their own time and pace. This helps visualize the fundaments of Op-Amp as well as any other physical system.

Beat encoding at mistuned octaves within single electrosensory neurons

Beats are slow periodic amplitude modulations resulting from the superposition of two spectrally close periodic signals. The difference frequency between the signals sets the frequency of the beat. A field study in the electric fish Apteronotus rostratus showed the behavioral relevance of very high difference frequencies. Contrary to expectations from previous studies, our electrophysiological data show strong responses of p-type electroreceptor afferents whenever the difference frequency approaches integer multiples (mistuned octaves) of the fish's own electric field frequency (carrier). Mathematical reasoning and simulations show that common approaches to extract amplitude modulations, such as Hilbert transform or half-wave rectification, are not sufficient to explain the responses at carrier octaves. Instead, half-wave rectification needs to be smoothed out, for example by a cubic function. Because electroreceptive afferents share many properties with auditory nerve fibers, these mechanisms may underly thehuman perception of beats at mistuned octaves as described by Ohm and Helmholtz.

An electromagnetic energy harvester with a half-wave rectification mechanism for military personnel

Military personnel need electronic devices and usually carry heavier batteries to meet the power consumption of electronics, which will hinder military operations. This paper proposes an electromagnetic energy harvester for converting human motion energy into electricity for military personnel. The proposed system consists of a human motion energy harvesting module and an energy storage module. The electromagnetic energy harvester using a Halbach magnet array with a half-wave rectification mechanism is proposed to harvest human motion energy for generating electricity. The half-wave rectification mechanism keeps the magnets and coils on a one-way rotation, allowing them to continue their relative motion for some time after the excitation has disappeared, thus improving the output power. Experimental results showed that the power density of the proposed electromagnetic energy harvester with a half-wave rectification mechanism could reach 190% of the power density of the electromagnetic energy harvester without a rectification mechanism at an excitation frequency of 3 Hz and an amplitude of 90°. From the experimental results, the maximum output power of the electromagnetic energy harvester with a half-wave rectification mechanism reached 39.02 mW. Experiments and application prospects confirmed the feasibility of the proposed electromagnetic energy harvester for military personnel.

A 53–78 GHz Complementary Push–Push Frequency Doubler With Implicit Dual Resonance for Output Power Combining

This paper presents a millimeter-wave (mmW) frequency doubler based on complementary push-push (CPP) configuration achieving wideband, low-power and high-efficiency operation. Conventional push-push (PP) frequency doublers typically rely on half-wave rectification and suffer from performance compromise between the desired output and the DC current consumed. To mitigate this issue, a simple but effective CPP frequency doubling scheme is proposed to realize full-wave rectification, attaining enhanced output harmonic current and improved fundamental rejection without extra power consumption. At the output, an implicit dual-resonance (IDR) network featuring inherent resonant frequency alignment is employed to efficiently combine the harmonic power generated by the CPP transistors. Implemented in a 65-nm CMOS process and occupying a core area of 0.04 mm2, the proposed frequency doubler prototype measures conversion loss of < 10 dB from 53 to 78.5 GHz at 0-dBm input, while consuming 21.5 mW from a 1-V supply.

Shear layer response to overmodulated acoustic perturbations

Shear layers act as demodulators when subjected to amplitude modulated, acoustic perturbations. Recent work explained that the demodulation is a result of the hypothesized relationship between the excitation waveform and the vorticity signal of the large-scale structures, which was represented by a half-wave rectification model. In this paper, this model is explored by overmodulating the excitation signal amplitude. The rectifier model predicts several effects of overmodulation on the flow response, including a doubling of the demodulated response frequency. To validate these predictions, a free, round jet that is excited acoustically upstream of the nozzle is studied using particle image velocimetry. Analytical results from the model are confirmed using a second experimental setup where a jet that emerges from a nozzle and attaches to an adjacent, inclined wall is excited acoustically. Beyond the insight it provides into shear layer vortex dynamics, overmodulation serves as a useful excitation technique for practical applications, where the shear layer response frequency can be increased at the expense of the response amplitude.

On acoustically modulated jet shear layers and the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem

The goal of this paper is to present the behavior of a jet shear layer in response to acoustic excitation from a signal processing perspective. The main idea is that the vortices that roll-up in the jet shear layer are similar to the discrete samples of a digital control system, and, hence, that the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem should apply. We further hypothesize that the strength of a vortex is determined by the mean amplitude of the excitation waveform during its creation. We also argue that, at least in some cases, demodulation occurs as a result of the vorticity signal generated by the convection of discrete vortices past a point in the shear layer. This vorticity signal is related to the amplitude modulation (AM) excitation waveform by a half-wave rectification operation, a common implementation of an AM demodulator. To investigate these ideas, a free, round jet that is excited upstream of the nozzle is studied using particle image velocimetry. Experiments are conducted that confirm that the sampling theorem applies, and an aliased response is observed when the Nyquist limit is exceeded. Previous authors have attributed demodulation to a vortex merging mechanism, but we demonstrate that merging is not always required for demodulation and suggest that it is one of two mechanisms at play.

Indium-gallium-zinc oxide Schottky diodes on softening substrates for rectifying bioelectronic circuits

Incorporating electronic components onto soft materials facilitates the development of compliant electronics suited for bioelectronic applications. In this work, we present indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (IGZO) Schottky diodes fabricated on a stimuli-responsive polymer that undergoes softening (i.e. orders-of-magnitude drop in modulus) upon exposure to physiological stimuli. These diodes rectify megahertz radio-frequency (RF) signals in half-wave rectification circuits across the softening of the polymer substrate and withstand mechanical and chemical stresses such as repeated folding up to 10 000 cycles and aging in a simulated physiological medium for up to two weeks. The effects of thermal annealing and ultraviolet-ozone treatment processes are evaluated using dynamic mechanical analysis and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques, showing that these processes lead to a large improvement in the interface properties of the platinum-IGZO Schottky contact while preserving the thermomechanical properties of the softening polymer substrate. The RF rectification capabilities of these diodes in softened and deformed states are particularly interesting for the next generation of soft wireless bioelectronics.

Magnetic Field Analysis and Operating Characteristics of a Brushless Electrical Excitation Synchronous Generator With DC Excitation

To realize brushless excitation for an electrical excitation synchronous generator (EESG), a brushless-induced double electrical excitation synchronous generator (IDEESG) with dc excitation is investigated in this study. The static magnetic field is established by injecting dc into the stator excitation windings that are added in the stator slots. Rotor windings are divided into two parts: induction coils and rotor excitation winding. The induction coils cut the static magnetic field and provide dc current for the rotor excitation winding after the rectification. The direction of the currents in the induction coils is constant because of the half-wave rectification. The magnetic flux generated by the currents in the induction coils and rotor excitation winding is added in the air gap to induce the armature coils in the stator. In this study, the structure and the operating principle are examined. The frozen permeability method is adopted to study the influence of the currents in the induction coils and the rotor excitation winding on the magnetic field distribution. The harmonic content of currents in the induction coils is analyzed using the Fourier series form and the effect of the harmonics on the output voltage is also studied. A 1.5 kVA prototype is fabricated to verify the correctness of theoretical analysis and simulation.

Molybdenum disulfide homogeneous junction diode fabrication and rectification characteristics

The chemical vapor transport method was used in this research to synthesize MoS2 bulk. Through mechanical exfoliation, we limited the thickness of MoS2 flakes from 1 to 3 μm. In order to fabricate a p–n homogeneous junction, we used oxygen plasma treatment to transform the MoS2 characteristics from n-type to p-type to fabricate a p–n homogenous junction and demonstrate the charge neutrality point shift from −80 to +102 V successfully using FET measurement. The MoS2 p–n homogeneous junction diode showed an excellent p-n characteristic curve during the measurements and performed great rectifying behavior with 1–10 Vpp in the half-wave rectification experiment. This work demonstrated that MoS2 flake had great potential for p-n diodes that feature significant p–n characteristics and rectifying behavior.

Odd-Element Half-Wave-Rectification Superposition Technique for High-Multiplication Factor Frequency Multipliers Design

An odd-element half-wave-rectification superposition (OHS) technique is presented and verified for designing the high-multiplication factor frequency multipliers. The proposed OHS technique superposes N odd-element phase-shifted half-wave-rectification (HWR) fundamental signals (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f_{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) to extract the 2N-order harmonic (2N<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f_{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) while canceling the fundamental (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f_{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and the 2^nd to (2N-1)th harmonics without extra filtering. Compared with the reported even-element half-wave-rectification superposition technique (EHS) technique, the proposed OHS technique can realize the same multiplication factor but requires only a half number of the input HWR signals. Thus, the proposed OHS technique can be applied to design the high-multiplication factor frequency multiplier that is difficult to be implemented using the reported EHS technique. To verify the validity of the proposed OHS technique, a differential <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times 6$ </tex-math></inline-formula> frequency multiplier with the input frequency range of 5-7GHz and output frequency range of 30&#x2013;42 GHz was implemented in 65 nm CMOS process. The experimental results indicate that the implemented <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times 6$ </tex-math></inline-formula> frequency multiplier exhibits more than 23 dBc rejection to the fundamental and 2^nd to 5^th harmonics without the extra filter. The DC power consumption is 4.6 mW for the core circuit.

The field-free Josephson diode in a van der Waals heterostructure.

The superconducting analogue to the semiconducting diode, the Josephson diode, has long been sought with multiple avenues to realization being proposed by theorists1-3. Showing magnetic-field-free, single-directional superconductivity with Josephson coupling, it would serve as the building block for next-generation superconducting circuit technology. Here we realized the Josephson diode by fabricating an inversion symmetrybreaking van der Waals heterostructure of NbSe2/Nb3Br8/NbSe2. We demonstratethat even without a magnetic field, the junction can be superconducting with a positive current while being resistive with a negative current. The ΔIc behaviour (the difference between positive and negative critical currents) with magnetic field is symmetric and Josephson coupling is proved through the Fraunhofer pattern. Also, stable half-wave rectification of a square-wave excitation was achieved with a very low switching current density, high rectification ratio and high robustness. This non-reciprocal behaviour strongly violates the known Josephson relations and opens the door to discover new mechanisms and physical phenomena through integration of quantum materials with Josephson junctions, and provides new avenues for superconducting quantum devices.

A half-wave electromagnetic energy-harvesting tie towards safe and intelligent rail transportation

This paper presents the design, modeling, and experimental testing of a novel railroad energy harvesting tie for improving rail safety and connectivity and bringing intelligence to the railroad. The system is intended for applications that require trackside power in remote locations and tunnels, where electrical power for wayside safety equipment, wireless communication systems, and health monitoring systems is needed but difficult to supply. Designed to have nearly the same dimensions as a conventional railroad tie, the proposed energy harvesting tie can be installed in the same manner as a standard tie on a track. Two rotary electromagnetic energy harvesters are embedded and shielded inside the energy harvesting tie, and the integrated system is capable of generating electricity from the vertical track movement due to passing wheels, in a robust configuration that is suitable for the railroad environment. The integration of the harvesters into a composite tie that has the same appearance of other ties makes less variable to theft and vandalism. A novel ball-screw type mechanical motion half-wave rectification mechanism is adopted in the proposed design to harvest the kinetic energy of the track during its downward motion and rebound upward without any resistance from the harvesters. A simulation study is performed to better understand the system and predict the performance, based on a nonlinear model. Experiments are subsequently carried out in a load frame on a half-tie prototype with both sinusoidal and field-recorded track displacements to measure the amount of power that can be harvested under ideal conditions and actual field conditions. The test results, which agree well with the simulations, indicate a maximum of 78.1% mechanical efficiency is achieved under harmonic excitations. Field-recorded tie displacements yield 16.1–44.5 W of average power depending on the electrical loads, sufficient for powering sensor suite and trackside electronics that could improve track monitoring and safety.

GaN Active Rectifier Diode

Active or synchronous rectification is used today to further increase the efficiency of mass-market power supplies by eliminating the turn-on voltage of rectifier diodes, thus reducing conduction losses. However, the active rectification is usually realized by two devices: a power MOSFET and a control circuit to imitate an ideal diode behavior. This paper presents a GaN active rectifier diode consisting of a 600 V power transistor, a control circuit with gate driver, and a supply generation, all monolithically realized in a GaN power integrated circuit (IC). This enables a true two-terminal device that can directly replace a rectifier diode. In order to evaluate the proposed conduction loss reduction by replacing a rectifier diode by an active diode, the theoretical limits at circuit level and at semiconductor level are analyzed. The GaN active rectifier diode is demonstrated in a half-wave rectification (110/230 V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AC</sub> , 50/60 Hz) up to a forward current of 6 A. A single-device realization of low-loss GaN active rectifier diodes is more cost-efficient than a multi-chip or package-integrated solution.

Study on pulse shaping optimization of multiphase compensated pulsed alternator

Compensated pulsed alternator (CPA) can exchange its kinetic energy into high current pulses. The pulse current waveform can be provided more flexibility by means of the trigger angle control of each phase from the multiphase CPA pulse driving system, which allows a flatter current pulse and higher piezometric efficiency. Because of multiphase CPA pulse driving system is complex, optimization variables are large quantities, the analytical method to optimize the current waveform by means of trigger angle control get more difficult. In this paper, an orthogonal two-phase CPA analytical model is established based on circuit theory. Focus on the multiphase CPA designed based on an orthogonal two-phase CPA, an approach to decrease trigger angle optimization variables is proposed. Finally, an eight-phase CPA pulse driving system adopted half wave rectification in practical application is established. The trigger angle optimization variables are decreased, and optimized in an equivalent circuit simulation model by genetic algorithm (GA). The discharge current after optimization is closed to a trapezoidal waveform, the approach is verified efficiency.

Music Rhythm Detection Algorithm Based on Multipath Search and Cluster Analysis

Music rhythm detection and tracking is an important part of the music comprehension system and visualization system. The music signal is subjected to a short-time Fourier transform to obtain the frequency spectrum. According to the perception characteristics of the human auditory system, the spectrum amplitude is logarithmically processed, and the endpoint intensity curve and the phase information of the peak value are output through half-wave rectification. The Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) characteristic value is extracted according to the autocorrelation characteristic of the endpoint intensity curve. This article proposes a rhythm detection algorithm based on multipath search and cluster analysis; that is, based on the clustering algorithm, it absorbs the idea of multipath tracking and proposes its own detection and tracking algorithm. It overcomes the weakness of the clustering algorithm that needs to use Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) auxiliary input to achieve the desired effect. This algorithm completely uses the PCM signal as the input, which is more robust than the clustering algorithm. The whole process is carried out in the time domain, and the amount of calculation is much smaller than the frequency domain calculation of multipath tracking, and the linear relationship with the rhythm of the music is much better than the filter bank algorithm. This algorithm can successfully detect the rhythm of the music with a strong sense of rhythm and can track the specific position of the rhythm point.

Rectifier Circuit using High-Impedance Feedback Line for Microwave Wireless Power Transfer Systems

Research on wireless power transmission technology is being actively conducted, and studies on spatial transmission methods such as SSPS are currently underway for applications such as power transfer to the upper part of steel towers and power transfer to flying objects such as drones. To enable such applications, it is necessary to examine the configuration of the power-transfer and power-receiving antennas and to improve the RF-DC conversion efficiency (hereinafter referred to as conversion efficiency) of the rectifier circuit on the power-receiving antenna. To improve the conversion efficiency, various methods that utilize full-wave rectification rather than half-wave rectification have been proposed. However, these come with problems such as a complicated circuit structure, the need for additional capacitors, the selection of components at high frequencies, and a reduction in mounting yield. In this paper, we propose a method to improve the conversion efficiency by loading a high-impedance microstrip line as a feedback line in part of the rectifier circuit. We analyzed a class-F rectifier circuit using circuit analysis software and found that the conversion efficiency of the conventional configuration was 54.2%, but the proposed configuration was 69.3%. We also analyzed a measuring circuit made with a discrete configuration in the 5.8-GHz band and found that the conversion efficiency was 74.7% at 24dBm input.

Design of low-voltage and low-power current-mode DTMOS transistor based full-wave/half-wave rectifier

A low-voltage and low-power current mode rectifier based on dynamic threshold MOS (DTMOS) transistor is proposed in this paper. The suggested one input–two output rectifier architecture provides full-wave rectification and half-wave rectification. Full-wave rectifier consists of only 6 MOS transistors (excluding 1 MOS transistor in half-wave rectifier part) and is designed without the necessity of using active and passive circuit elements. The proposed rectifier design is simulated using 0.13 µm IBM CMOS technology parameters. The full-wave rectifier circuit requires ± 0.25 V of supply voltages and consumes only 4.36 nW thanks to employing DTMOS transistor structure.

13.56MHz Triple Mode Rectifier Circuit With Extended Coupling Range for Wirelessly Powered Implantable Medical Devices.

In this work, a wide input/output range triple mode rectifier circuit operating at 13.56MHz is implemented to power up medical implants. The proposed novel multi-mode rectifier circuit charges the load for an extended coupling range and eliminates the requirement of alignment magnets. The charging process is achieved in three different modes based on the voltage level of the received signal affected by the distance and the alignment of the inductively coupled coils. Current mode (CM) circuit is activated for loosely coupled coils whereas voltage mode (VM) rectification is proposed for high coupling ratios. Extended coupling range is covered with the activation of half wave rectification mode (HWM) in between CM and VM. The rectifier circuit utilizes these three modes in a single circuit operating at 13.56MHz according to the receiver signal voltage. The circuit is implemented in TSMC 180 nm BCD technology with 0.9 mm2 active area and tested with printed coils. According to the measurements, the circuit operates in the received power range of 4 to 57.7 mW, which corresponds to 0.10-0.42 coupling range. The maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of each operation mode is 51.78%, 82.49%, and 89.34% for CM, HWM, and VM, respectively, while charging a 3.3 V load.

Design, modelling, and testing of a vibration energy harvester using a novel half-wave mechanical rectification

Portable and wearable electric devices are an important part of our life and the energy supply is critical for their functions. Energy harvesting from human motion is a promising solution to provide the energy supply. This paper presents the design, modeling and testing of a vibration energy harvester using a novel half-wave mechanical rectification to enhance the performance of suspended energy harvesting backpack. The proposed half-wave mechanical rectification mechanism uses one set of rack-pinion and a one-way clutch that converts bidirectional vertical oscillation into unidirectional rotation of the generator with nonlinear inertia. As validated by both modelling and bench tests, the proposed half-wave mechanical rectification-based energy harvesting system can obtain about twofold average output power as the previous full-wave mechanical rectification system in the desired dominant excitation frequency and also maintains larger output power in the target frequency range. The influences of external resistance, human walking speed, and payload mass are also studied to comprehensively characterize the performance and robustness of the proposed design. Treadmill tests on different human subjects demonstrate an average power range of 3.3–5.1 W under a walking speed of 4.8 km/h (3 mph) with a 13.6 kg (30 lbs.) payload. Experimental results indicate that the proposed suspended energy harvesting backpack could continuously generate an amount of electricity suitable for powering portable and wearable electronic devices, which can be applied to the military, field workers, outdoor enthusiasts and disaster relief scenarios.