Half Years Research Articles

“Can Men Have Hearts?”: Susa Young Gates's Divorce, 1878

“Can Men Have Hearts?”: Susa Young Gates's Divorce, 1878

Anxiety, sleep habits and executive function during the COVID-19 pandemic through parents’ perception: a longitudinal study

The present study therefore aims to examine trait and state anxiety, sleep habits and executive functioning during 1 year and a half of the COVID-19 pandemic in children and adolescents through the lens of parents. Assessments were conducted at three different times: April 2020 (T1), October 2020 (T2) and October 2021 (T3). The main sample included 953 children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years, and scales were used to assess anxiety (STAIC), sleep habits (BEARS) and executive functioning (BRIEF-2). The results showed that 6 months after the outbreak of the pandemic, state and trait anxiety, sleep disturbances and executive dysfunctions increased significantly. One and a half year later, trait anxiety and sleep disturbances have been maintained, while state anxiety and executive dysfunction have decreased their scores obtaining scores similar to those of April 2020. In conclusion, there has been a further decrease in children and adolescents’ mental health since the beginning of the pandemic, and it seems to remain at the present time, such as trait anxiety as a part of the personality.

European Super League: designing “new” football

Purpose The purpose of this study is to use design thinking principles to understand the failure of the ‘new’ European Super League, and also understand how it could be redesigned. Research methodology This case has been developed from secondary sources, including news reports, social media sites, annual reports and websites of the Union of European Football Associations and the European football clubs. This case was classroom-tested with post-graduate management students in a design thinking course in May 2021 at an Indian business school, S.P. Jain Institute of Management & Research, in Mumbai, India. Case overview/synopsis In April 2021, a new football league – the European Super League, is announced as a breakaway rebel league, in direct competition with United European Footballers Association's Champions League. It is backed by the top 12 European clubs and officials in European football, besides the US investment bank, JP Morgan. The new league is touted as one intended to save football. It is, however, denounced by fans and shunned almost universally. The league, which has been planned for the past three and half years, faces collapse. Why did the European Super League fail? How could the founders design a new league? Complexity academic level This case could be used in an undergraduate or MBA classroom or an executive education programme in a design thinking course. It can also be used to teach marketing courses such as marketing strategy, new product development and consumer behaviour.

New Histories of Law and Rights in Twentieth-Century Germany

On 1 March 2022, German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock accused the Russian President Vladimir Putin's government of waging a war of aggression against Ukraine. Speaking at the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN), she drew explicit links to the Nazi war of aggression in order to legitimise sanctions against Russia as she stressed the UN's mission to work for peace enshrined in the UN charter. Twelve months earlier, in February 2021, the Higher Regional Court in Koblenz sentenced a forty-four-year-old Syrian citizen to four and a half years’ imprisonment. Based on the ‘shared values of humanity’, the verdict made headlines as the court explicitly cited the universal jurisdiction principle enshrined in the Völkerstrafgesetzbuch (VStGB) that had been enacted in 2002 to bring German law into accordance with the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.1 Since 2002, German courts have adopted these international law principles and legal norms in a series of legal actions against foreigners to prosecute crimes against humanity.

InfoFaunaFVG: a novel progressive web application for wildlife surveillance

The Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A) at the University of Udine, in collaboration with Friuli Venezia Giulia regional authorities, within northeastern Italy, set up a wildlife monitoring and surveillance regional network, named InfoFaunaFVG. Here we describe the development and application of this data repository system based on a novel progressive web application, and report the data gathered in the first two and a half years of its use. InfoFaunaFVG is made of a Web Database and an integrated WebGIS system. In particular, the following open source softwares are used: Apache HTTP Server, Oracle MySQL, Symfony, Apache Tomcat, GeoServer, OpenLayers. The web app can be accessed from any web browser or by installing the progressive web application in the desktop or mobile devices. In short, operating from November 2019, InfoFaunaFVG currently (April 2022) contains a total of 40,175 records, from 300 different users, from 16 institutions. Among all species recorded, mammals were 40% (16,018) of the total, whereas avian species represented 59% (23,741), and others (reptiles and amphibians) 1% (416), respectively. Two hundred twenty-six different species (175 avian and 51 mammals) were recorded. Details about causes of death and live animal rescue were reported. To date, InfoFaunaFVG has proven to be a successful wildlife data repository system providing high quality consistent, accurate and traceable data. These had a considerable impact on regional wildlife governance. In the authors’ knowledge, InfoFaunaFVG is the first example described in literature of such a progressive web application, coordinated on an institutional level, and not based on voluntary-citizen observations. InfoFaunaFVG has the potential to become the largest wildlife monitoring and surveillance data repository system on a national level.

SPORTS AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND OVERALL PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT: A LONGITUDINAL CASE STUDY / 運動與體育活動對於學業表現及全人發展的關聯：一個個案的長期研究

<p>Many researchers and scholars have done research and published theses, dissertations, scholarly papers and articles on the benefits and positive impacts of physical activities (exercise, sports, sports participations, and other related physical activities) on students’ academic performance as well as overall personal development. In fact, these PA (physical activities) can be considered as the backbones of the lives of students. However, most of these studies have been done mostly in a quantitative approach, synchronically, which makes it difficult to find out what changes these physical activities can bring to the lives of students in the long run. The present study is a qualitative, longitudinal and descriptive individual case study, which investigated the benefits and positive impacts of sports and physical activities on a single male student’s academic performance and his overall personal development during his 9 and half years of compulsory education in Taiwan region. For authenticity, reliability and validity, the research data were collected using a triangulation data collection approach - observation, documentation, and face-to-face interviews over a period of nine and half years of compulsory education in Taiwan. Results: First, there was a strong link between the case study subject’s involvement level and frequency in sports and physical activity and his academic performance. Second, higher intensity and higher frequency yielded better academic results. Third, a slight declining tendency was found in both physical activity and academic performance over the course of the study. Fourth, doing sports and physical activities regularly not only helped the case study subject to be active, energetic and healthy but also helped him to outperform academically those physically inactive students. Fifth, the case study subject improved physically and academically and became more disciplined, self-confident and responsible. </p><p>許多研究人員和學者們曾經對於體育相關活動（包括訓練，運動，運動競技，及其它有關的體育活動）之於學生的學業成績與個人的全面發展所帶來的益處和積極影響分別進行了研究，並發表了報告，論文及專業論文。事實上，這些體育活動（PA, physical activities）就像是學生生活中的脊樑骨。然而，這些研究大多是截取特定時間的量化研究，難以發現體育活動(PA)對於學生生活所帶來的延續的(for a long run)變化。本研究採用的是質的、長時期的，以個案為研究對象的描述性研究。研究一名來自台灣地區男學生於9 年半的義務教育期間，他的運動競技與體育活動對其學業成績和個人的整體發展所產生的益處與積極影響。為了取得真實、可靠和有效性，本研究所蒐集到的資料則採用三角交叉法分析，對於個案接受九年半的義務教育期間進行觀察、檔案分析和面對面訪談。研究結果發現：第一，研究對象的運動競技及體育活動的涉入程度和頻率與其學業成績之間曾有強烈的關聯。第二，較強度的和高頻率的運動及體育活動能產生更好的學業成績。第三，在研究過程中，體育活動和學業成績兩者都有輕微下降的趨勢。第四，從事規律的運動競技和體育活動，不僅有助於個案保持活躍、精力充沛和健康，他的學業成績也超越那些不愛運動的學生。第五，個案在身體和學業上得到提升，同時也變得更加自律、自信和負責任。</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0023/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Performance in Covid-19 Vaccination in The First Half Year: A Review and Analysis of Decentralized and Centralized Vaccination Organizations

Western industrialized countries had similar vaccination policies in the COVID-19 pandemic but different vaccination organizations. Analyzing their performance in terms of publicly available vaccination rates revealed that decentralized as in the United States and centralized systems as in the United Kingdom had comparable start peak performance on international level and showed no significant differences in performance on a subnational level in Germany. In comparing peak performance, a mixture of both systems showed a 0.95% higher protection rate which would have resulted in estimated 17’995 less infections, 251 less Covid-19 related death and US$ 4.3 million less hospitalization costs in the United States. A mixture of centralized vaccination organization such as vaccination centers and decentralized vaccination through regional doctor practices deliver best results in the first phase of pandemic outbreaks given the first half year experience in the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Mind in Exile: Thomas Mann in Princeton

The two new books published by Stanley Corngold in 2022 are dedicated to Thomas Mann and the European refugee scholars who met and cooperated at Princeton University and the city’s Institute for Advanced Studies during the Second World War. Among the two publications, the book reviewed here foregrounds Mann’s Princeton oeuvre rather than his interactions with other émigré intellectuals. Corngold holds the magnifying glass over the writings that emerged from the two and a half years—28 September 1938 to 17 March 1941—that Mann spent in Princeton as lecturer in the humanities. Himself affiliated with Princeton University for decades and overseeing many courses on European and German literature, Corngold’s aim ‘is to shape a cultural memory of Thomas Mann during his American exile in Princeton’ and to bring to the fore ‘what can be remembered of Mann’s work and personality in Princeton today’ (p. xi). Corngold has divided his study into five chapters. Chapters 2 and 4, analysing (respectively) Mann’s political and literary writings of the Princeton months, are by far the longest and form the heart of the book; chapters 3 and 5, each only a few pages long, may be described as their conclusions. Corngold begins by recounting Mann’s steps in the US until he received the offer of a teaching position at Princeton, an opportunity mediated by the writer’s ‘determined patroness’ (p. 2) Agnes E. Meyer. Meyer also secured ‘a substantial one-year’s grant for him from the Rockefeller Foundation to support the appointment’, Corngold explains (p. 3). Mann’s time in Princeton was divided between artistic and political work. One novel was completed here, Lotte in Weimar, along with numerous lectures, speeches, newspaper articles and pleas before the American authorities for European friends fleeing from the Nazis. It was ‘a stunningly productive period’, as Corngold quotes his protagonist (p. 211).

Evolution of Pediatric Migraine Patients Admitted at an Emergency Department after a 10-Year Follow-Up.

Despite its high prevalence, the clinical course of pediatric migraine has not been fully understood, and previous studies present conflicting results. We present here the findings of a 10-year follow-up study involving children with severe migraine pain admitted to our emergency department. Furthermore, all studies were carried out on selected outpatient clinical case studies. Our aim was to evaluate a population of migraine children admitted to an emergency department because of increased severity or frequency of pain or even because of very anxious parents concerning their child's headache in order to describe their long-term outcomes, whether it differed from that of outpatient populations and to identify possible predictors of prognosis. We recruited 80 subjects with migraine headaches (mean age 8 years with a range of 4-14 years, 50% females), attending the baseline examination of a population admitted for a headache to the Emergency Department in the first half year of 2012. Of the 80 subjects, 48 (60%) were eligible for follow-up in 2022. We included in our study only patients diagnosed with migraine, according to the diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders. All were contacted by telephone, and a semi-structured questionnaire was provided to them by email. The association between several possible prognostic factors (gender, familiar neurologic disorders, prenatal and perinatal disorders, social activities, sleep disorders, etc.) and the long-term persistence of migraine headaches were explored using logistic regression analysis. Of 48 subjects with migraine headaches at baseline, 31 (65%) had persistent migraine, and 17 (35%) experienced remission. The preliminary results showed that the presence of neurologic disorders in parents (p < 0.01-odds ratio 9.34 (2.53-41.64) and sleep disorders (p < 0.01-odds ratio 13.18 (2.25-252.74) significantly predicted the 10-year persistence of migraine headaches, while the other considered predictors were found not to influence prognosis. To our knowledge, this was the first study conducted on a selected pediatric population upon admission to the emergency room. Our study suggests that a population of pediatric migraine selected for admission to the emergency department also shows a favorable long-term prognosis, like the studies conducted in the outpatient sample. Familial neurological comorbidity and sleep disorders were unfavorable factors for predicting good outcomes.

Late infantile form of multiple sulfatase deficiency with a novel missense variant in the SUMF1 gene: case report and review

BackgroundMultiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused due to pathogenic variants in the SUMF1 gene. The SUMF1 gene encodes for formylglycine generating enzyme (FGE) that is involved in the catalytic activation of the family of sulfatases. The affected patients present with a wide spectrum of clinical features including multi-organ involvement. To date, almost 140 cases of MSD have been reported worldwide, with only four cases reported from India. The present study describes two cases of late infantile form of MSD from India and the identification of a novel missense variant in the SUMF1 gene.Case presentationIn case 1, a male child presented to us at the age of 6 years. The remarkable presenting features included ichthyosis, presence of irritability, poor social response, thinning of corpus callosum on MRI and, speech regression. Clinical suspicion of MSD was confirmed by enzyme analysis of two sulfatase enzymes followed by gene sequencing. We identified a novel missense variant c.860A > T (p.Asn287Ile) in exon 7 of the SUMF1 gene. In case 2, a two and a half years male child presented with ichthyosis, leukodystrophy and facial dysmorphism. We performed an enzyme assay for two sulfatases, which showed significantly reduced activities thereby confirming MSD diagnosis.ConclusionOverall, present study has added to the existing data on MSD from India. Based on the computational analysis, the novel variant c.860A > T identified in this study is likely to be associated with a milder phenotype and prolonged survival.

To Find the Frequency of Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy in 100 patients of Chronic Liver Disease

Aim: To find the frequency of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy in patients of chronic liver disease. Study design: It was a pure cross sectional type of study. Duration: After approval of synopsis, it consisted of six months i.e., from 12/04/2018 to 11/10/2018. Methods: This study was consisted of 100 patients of both sex, having age range of 16-70 years &amp; have cirrhosis of liver assessed at least half year previously. All of them underwent transthoracic echocardiography to look for cardiomyopathy to be assessed by looking at diastolic dysfunction (i.e. increase in ratio of E/A more than 1). Each individual enrolled in current study is asked for written consent. Results: Mean age of patients was found to be 51.9±9.8 years. There were 61 males (61%) &amp; 39 females (39%) have man to woman ratio of 1.6:1. Mean BMI was 26.5± 3.7 Kg/m2 and mean duration of cirrhosis of liver was 22.0±10.9 months. Majority (n=49) of them (49%) were of Child Pugh Class C followed by 39% of Class B &amp; then 12% of Class A. Cardiomyopathy with cirrhosis of liver was seen in 41%. No significant difference was seen statistically in frequency of cardiomyopathy with cirrhosis of liver across all groups based on age (p value less than 0.928), sex (p value less than 0.997), BMI (p valueless than 0.983) Practical implication: If all chronic liver disease patients are screened for cardiomyopathy by echocardiography early, then we can improve quality of life for these patients &amp; hence can survive longer. Conclusion: Cardiomyopathy associated with cirrhosis of liver was seen in a large percentage of cirrhosis liver cases and was found to be more frequent in those with more severe illness which guide us for doing transthoracic echocardiography to screen all these to timely identify and manage this complication to improve case outcome. Keywords: Cirrhosis Liver, Cardiomyopathy, Child-Pugh Class

Lamotrigine, a Miscreant in Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: A Rare Case Report

This case report is about a rural 39 years old female of Asian origin and laborer by profession who developed Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) with lamotrigine. She was a known case of Bipolar Affective Disorder Type 1 with psychosis on treatment with quetiapine, duloxetine, escitalopram, and etizolam for the last one and a half years and had no history of adverse effects with those drugs. Recently Lamotrigine was added to her regimen at a dose of 50 mg/day. She developed Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJ syndrome) within two weeks of adding lamotrigine which progressed to Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN), SCORTEN scores 3, in the next 3-4 days. The sequence of events, reports of laboratory investigations, and management of TEN have been elaborated in this case report. On the Naranjo scale of causality, the suspected adverse drug reaction was established as ‘probable’ because the suspected culprit drug discontinuation led to improvement in the patient’s condition but a rechallenge was not tried.

Functional Outcome of Preoperative Exercises on Range of Movements Following TKA: A Prospective Comparative Study

Background. The range of motion prior to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a key determinant of the postoperative range of motion. The chance that the accompanying stiffness of the extensor mechanism may lead to limited flexion following surgery increases with how restricted the preoperative range of motion was. It would make sense to enhance knee ROM before surgery in order to optimize flexion following TKA. Final flexion following TKA is affected by a number of factors, although preoperative range of motion is the most important.&#x0D; The aim of the study to evaluate the functional performance and efficacy of the preoperative exercise programme on the osteoarthritic knee during the exercise period, following arthroplasty, during immediate postoperative recovery, and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery.&#x0D; Methods. For the study, 156 patients with knee arthritis were collected over a period of one and a half years. In this prospective study, they were divided into a treatment group and a control group. Preoperative knee exercise was given to 78 patients for at least one month. Prior to and following the treatment groups workouts, all patients were observed. The time in days before reaching 90 of knee flexion and the length of the hospital stay were the data that were gathered. At 4 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year, each subject had their knee ROM and KSS reevaluated.&#x0D; Results. Knee workouts were unquestionably helpful in achieving early knee flexion up to 90 in comparison to that of the control group. When the treatment group was compared to the control group, knee flexion to about 90 and more was attained in about 4 weeks; this difference was statistically significant (p0.01). However, there were no appreciable variations in the knee range of motion achieved on long-term follow-up for 6 months and a year.&#x0D; Conclusion. In conclusion, prehabilitation significantly improves the KSS for the treatment group both before surgery and three months after surgery. Exercises done before to surgery help patients recover more quickly from TKA and may speed up the process of achieving a good flexion and extension range of motion. However there is no significant difference in functional outcome after one year post surgery in both groups.

SMRT sequencing and ddPCR reveal the complexity of developmental trajectories and temporal dynamics of gut bifidobacterial communities in infants

Infant intestinal microbiome is closely linked with health and risk of disease. Bifidobacterium are important components of the infant gut and are known to confer various health effects on the host. However, few studies have described the precise composition and dynamics of early infant gut bifidobacterial communities. Thus, this was a pilot study aiming to describe the developmental trajectories and temporal dynamics of bifidobacterial communities in infants before 6 months of age. A total of 28 fecal samples from 4 infants (GF, ZZ, QM, TN, respectively) were collected and analyzed after 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days of birth by a bifidobacteria-target method (based on single-molecule real-time sequencing of partial bifidobacterial rpsK genes) in conjunction with droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR). The infant fecal microbiota comprised a total of 11 bifidobacterial species, including 4 major species, i.e., B. dentium (37.35 %), B. catenulatum (32.04 %), B. breve (22.24 %), and B. animalis (8.02 %). The infant microbiota showed highly individualized developmental trajectories. The leading species for GF was B. catenulatum, with a relatively stable developmental trajectory. In ZZ, B. breve was enriched, and the developmental trajectory was rather fluctuating. The most abundant species for QM and TN was B. dentium. The developmental trajectory of B. dentium in QM showed a trend of gradual decrease, whereas an opposite trend was seen in samples of TN. The results of ddPCR confirmed large variations in quantities of bifidobacteria between infants and suggested discordances in temporal dynamics of bifidobacterial communities during the first half year of infancy. In conclusion, our results suggested that the early infant gut bifidobacterial microbiota was highly complex and temporal dynamics, with individualized developmental trajectories, which should be considered in future research of infant gut microbiota.

Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of various children’s toothpastes in the prevention of dental diseases in primary school students

Competent oral care in a regular format with properly selected hygiene products reduces the risk of dental caries and leads to a decrease in the incidence of common diseases. A large number of different hygiene products from many countries and manufacturers are represented on the dental market. In the scientific literature there is a confirmation of their action, advantages or disadvantages. However, much less attention has been paid to their correct and timely use, especially in childhood. The aim of our work was a clinical evaluation of the anti-caries efficacy of commercial samples of toothpastes with various active substances (fluoride-free mineralizing complex and NaF). A year and a half program of controlled, motivated brushing of teeth involved 90 students of the 1st grade of schools in Izhevsk, the seventh year of life (from 7 to 11–12 years old junior schoolchildren). The number of boys and girls was equal. The use of PRESIDENT children’s toothpastes in a one and a half year program of controlled brushing of teeth led to a decrease in the OHI-S index by 59–63 %, a decrease in the GI index by 53–58 % and a reduction in the increase in the intensity of dental caries by 28–44%.

Surgical Treatment of Kienböck's Disease by Shortening Osteotomy: Case Series and Review of Literature

Introduction: Kienböck's disease is a rare condition. It most often affects young, manual workers. Imagery is used to diagnose and classify the disease using the Decoulx classification which will guide the therapeutic decision. The aim of the present work is to review the clinical data, the diagnostic methods and our therapeutic results compared with the literature. Material and Methods: This is a retrospective study of four cases of Kienböck's disease, collected in the Traumatology-Orthopedics Department of the Mohamed V Military Instruction Hospital in Rabat, over an twenty-year period, from March 2002 to October 2022. Results: The series includes eight men and two women, with an average age of 35 and a half years. Pain and decreased mobility were present in all our patients. All of our patients had a radiological workup that allowed the diagnosis six of our patients were in stage II of the disease, three in stage IIIa and one in stage IIIb. All our patients benefited from a shortening of the radius with a good evolution and a return to activities. Discussion: By comparing the results of our study with those of the literature, we found a clear concordance concerning the clinical, imaging and therapeutic means. Conclusion: Kienböck's disease is a rare disease that should be diagnosed at the early stage to prevent its evolution.

Cytodiagnosis of multilobulated aggressive angiomyxoma clinically mimicking sarcoma – A case report

: Aggressive angiomyxoma is a rare but locally aggressive infiltrative mesenchymal tumour arising in the soft tissues of the lower genital tract. Incidence is very less (only about 350 cases have been recorded in the literature) with female to male ratio of 6:1. Average age at presentation is around 40 years.: A 32 years old female presented with multiple swelling in the vulval region for 1 and a half years associated with mild pain. The patient complains of dysmenorrhoea, pressure sensation, pelvic fullness, dyspepsia, weight loss and generalised weakness. She is married and has a 3-year old male child. Her menstrual cycle is regular with normal menses. FNAC of the vulval swelling was suggestive of angiomyxoma. The swelling was excised in the Gynaecological Operation Theatre and the specimen was sent to the Department of Pathology for Histopathological examination where it was diagnosed as aggressive angiomyxoma. On follow up, the patient was healthy with no complains of recurrence so far. : Aggressive angiomyxoma is an aggressive tumour because it has a high risk of infiltration and local recurrence. Therefore, it should be distinguished from other myxoid tumours. Preoperative cytological diagnosis helps in surgical management with appropriate wide local excision with clear margins.

Religious Orientation and Motivations in a Sample of Italian Catholic Volunteers

The aim of the research was to study motivations to volunteer, and their relationship with religious orientation in a sample of volunteers working in a Catholic organization. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 190 volunteers working in a Catholic organization based in a large city in northern Italy and devoted to ending poverty and situations of marginalization through the promotion of social justice. Of these, 160 (90 females, 70 males) agreed to participate. The main result was that all motivations, except Career, increased with the intrinsic religious orientation. The Social and Career functions increased with the extrinsic-social religious orientation. The Protective and Enhancement functions increased with all religious orientations. The result concerning gender differences showed that the creation of a social network through volunteering and the opportunities to create and maintain a positive relationship with others are more important to women than men. Managers could benefit from these findings to improve the recruitment and retaining of volunteers and to think strategically about the mission and the cultural/religious belief of the organization. The impact of two and a half years of Covid-19 policies, however, remains unclear.

TEACHERS' PERCEPTION ON ONLINE LEARNING OF ENGLISH FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN THE POST COVID-19 PANDEMIC

A global pandemic caused by Coronavirus or Covid-19 gave horrible impacts toward many important sectors, including education. This global crisis including Indonesia, forced educational institutions to switch their teaching methods into online teaching and learning for around two and a half years. In the post Covid-19 pandemic, the education was back to normal where schools and university accepted students to learn in the classes. Therefore, the use of online learning that was important during Covid-19 pandemic, might be useful to give variation in learning process in the post Covid-19 pandemic. This study was conducted to explore teachers’ perception on online learning of EFL in the post Covid-19 pandemic. The participants were 21 EFL teachers from university and secondary school in Indonesia. This study used a qualitative descriptive approach with online questionnaire. From the finding and result, it showed that teachers considered EFL online learning was still important because online learning provided flexible time in scope of teaching. Furthermore, the contents or materials of online learning could be saved on the internet for long time and could be seen or accessed again. In conclusion, EFL online still gave positive impact towards students and teachers in the post Covid-19 pandemic.Keyword: Post Covid-19 pandemic, EFL, perception, online learning

Distress following the COVID-19 Pandemic among Schools’ Stakeholders: Psychosocial Aspects and Communication

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many governments ordered school closures as a containment measure, with Israel being among over 100 countries to do so. This resulted in the abrupt shift to online and remote education for many students. Despite attempts to minimize the effects of disrupted education and create a dynamic virtual learning environment, the literature highlights various challenges including lack of communication with implications of distress faced by key stakeholders (students and their parents, teachers, and principals). In this cross-sectional study, we assess the perceived levels of communication and psychosocial aspects during both distance and frontal learning, as well as the long-term impacts (following over two and a half years of an ongoing pandemic) on distress among the key stakeholders of the Israeli education system- high school students, parents, teachers, and principals. The study findings demonstrate severe implications of distance learning on communication and psychosocial aspects, with lingering long-term impacts on distress, among all stakeholders (particularly among students). This reveals the need for tailored capacity building and resilience intervention programs to be integrated in the long-term response to the current ongoing pandemic to improve well-being and reduce distress among the various stakeholders, with particular attention to those that are most vulnerable and were hit the hardest.