Half Of XIX Research Articles

St. Petersburg University in the History of Training Kazakh Specialists in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries

St. Petersburg University in the History of Training Kazakh Specialists in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries

Juan Valera and Spanish prose of the second half of XIX

Juan Valera and Spanish prose of the second half of XIX

Activities of the architect and artist I. S. Stepanov on Sakhalin Island

The article reflects intermediate results of the research project “Architects and Engineers of Eastern Outskirts of Russia (Second Half of XIX – Beginning of XX Century)”. On the basis of archival material obtained from the Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East (RSHA FE), the author describes the creative and professional activities on the island of Sakhalin performed by Ivan Stepanovich Stepanov, a graduate of the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Fine Arts, architect and artist.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ЭТНИЧЕСКОЙ ИСТОРИИ НАРОДОВ СИБИРИ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННЫМИ УЧЕНЫМИ: ДИНАМИКА И ПЕРИОДИЗАЦИЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ

The article highlights the dynamics of the study of ethnic history of the peoples of Siberia in the XVI-XX centuries by Russian scientists. The following four periods of such studies are defined: 1) XVIII - the middle of XIX century - characterized by separate data on the topic in general works on ethnography and history; 2) the second half of XIX - 1930s - appearance of scientidfic interpretation of materials on ethnic history; 3) 1940-1950s - appearance of special works on ethnic history; 4) 1960-2020s - formation of ethnic history as a priority research direction in ethnology, development of theoretical foundations of ethnic history.

Gender aspects of musical performance: conductor, female conductor, woman conductor

The article is devoted to the history of opera and symphonic conducting, considered through the prism of correlation of professionalism and gender. The facts of women’s mastering the conductor's profession in the second half of XIX - the first half of XX centuries (J. Aman-Weinlich, C. Gonzaga, E. Leginska, F. Petrides, A. Brico, F. Belinfante, V. Kapralova) are presented, which are considered as the evidence of gradual sociocultural changes, caused by the feminism processes in USA and Western Europe. The study highlights the activities of the first domestic female conductors (E. Slavinskaya, O. Berg, V. Dudarova, M. Heifetz), possible due to the drastic political, economic and cultural reforms in the USSR. The author identifies the problem of “female conducting” connected with socio-political, psychological, and socio-cultural patriarchal traditions as a manifestation of gender asymmetry in the sphere of academic conducting.

“Early Christian Communism”: Russian Church Journalism in the Latter Half of XIX — Early XX Century About the Phenomenon of the Jerusalem Community

The article considers and analyzes the views of Russian church authors in the latter half of XIX – early XX century (orthodox clergy, scholars, teachers of theological schools) toward the phenomenon of the Jerusalem community and the attempts of supporters of socialist views to treat the patterns of life and thought of Jerusalem Christians as an “early Christian”, “apostolic” or “ancient Christian” communism. Through the example of the critical scrutiny by church authors of the book “The Acts of the Apostles”, the paper shows their interpretations of property relations established in the Jerusalem community, reasons of its unique character, exegesis of the fall of Ananias and Sapphire, as well as fundamental differences of life of first Christians from the communist ideal. It testifies that notwithstanding the insignificant disparity of valuations concerning the Jerusalem community, its experience, achievements and period of existence, church authors had an undivided opinion in terms of disagreement with the fallacy of division between property relations of the community with those proclaimed by ideologists of socialism and communism.

Study of development of regional railway system in Bukovyna

The article is devoted to the study, generalization and systematization of scientific knowledge about the history of the establishment, development and operation of the regional railway system in Bukovyna in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries. The authors attempted to analyze the process of creation and operation of railways in Bukovyna during the reign of the Austro-Hungarian Empire based on a wide range of previously unpublished archival documents, periodicals, statistical literature and memoirs. The article studies the development of organizational bases for the construction of railways, the activity of the communication network management, lists a whole range of requirements and tasks set for railway transport in Bukovyna, the progress of their implementation, considers successes and difficulties in this work. It is determined that private railways, as important transport arteries of Bukovyna, were of national importance and played a significant role in the transport system of Austria-Hungarian Empire. They served the leading economic districts of Bukovyna, acting as an integral part of production in each of them. In other words, they were used for development of local, intersectoral and interregional relations. Regional railways, first of all, played an important role in the social and economic life of Bukovyna region. In most cases, they did not carry the strategic cargo, but made it possible to connect the most remote corners of separate areas of the region into a single whole. In practice, local railways were a significant addition to the main central line, providing the latter with a greater intensity of cargo and passenger turnover and thus increasing their profitability. At the same time, the trade volume between the outskirts and the center of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was increased. It contributed to the intensification of economic development of certain districts of Bukovyna region.

PREFACE

PREFACE

АМЕРИКАНЦЫ О ЯРОСЛАВСКОМ КРАЕ (ВТОРАЯ ПОЛОВИНА XIX – НАЧАЛО XX В.)

The article analyzes materials about the Yaroslavl region, written by the representatives of the United States and pub-lished in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries, including personal travel experiences of the Americans who visit-ed the region. The first printed reports about Yaroslavl published on the American continent appeared in the middle of the 19th century. These publications differ in the degree of the authors’ awareness, their sources and style. What makes the materials collected in the article especially expressive is the sharp contrast in their content – from a reserved infor-mational reference book to a honeymoon diary and eye-witness notes of the pre-revolutionary situation in Yaroslavl in September 1917. The information provided by the Americans is of historical as well as cultural interest, and is analyzed in the interrelationship of the two perspectives. It is worth mentioning that travel notes, regardless of the individual characteristics of the author's text, are a reflection of how elements of different cultures meet, including education, art, politics, customs, everyday life habits, etc. Consequently, along with the historical aspect, the materials described serve as a means of contact between cultures, which provides opportunities to study the mutual perception of different socie-ties. Particular attention is paid to the comparative analysis of the data under consideration. In addition, the article examines the socio-cultural nature of the information contained in the foreigners' comments, which contributes to a deeper study of human activity at a certain period in history. Consequently, the multifaceted communicative interac-tion of cultures allows for a more complete and vivid characterization of the social scene at a certain point in history.

Aesthetic education of students of secondary education institutions in extracurricular activities in Henderson Guberniya (second half of XIX – early XXI)

Aesthetic education of students of secondary education institutions in extracurricular activities in Henderson Guberniya (second half of XIX – early XXI)

Historiography of the study of the system of penal prisons of Ukraine (second half of XIX – early XX century)

Historiography of the study of the system of penal prisons of Ukraine (second half of XIX – early XX century)

The Procedure of Joining the order in Belarus in the Second Half of XIX and at the Beginning of XX Century: Legislation and Practice

The article highlights the evolution of the legislation of the Russian Empire regarding the rules for joining the monastic order. It also shows how the approach to understanding the organization of monastic life in the Russian Empire has evolved: from the order as the main form to the monastery. On the examples of some people who wanted to join a monastic order, the discrepancy between the state legislation that allowed entry, and the practice that forbade them is shown.

CONTENT AND METHODS OF TEACHING THE GERMAN LANGUAGE IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS OF WESTERN UKRAINE (SECOND HALF OF XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY)

The article deals with the analisys of content and methods of teaching the German language in secondary schools of Western Ukraine in the second half of XIX – early XX century. It summarizes positive historical experience of Western Ukraine in teaching the German language, identifies distinctive features of content and methods of teaching the German language in secondary schools in this period and clarifies the importance of researches by Ukrainian scholars, educators and methodologists in order to improve school educational content in modern conditions. To make teaching of the German language more effective diferent tyres of exercises were used: explanatory reading, reading excerpts from prose and poetic works of the past with oral and written retelling, oral and written translation, copying from a texbook, explanatory dictations, memorizing poems and excerpts from prose and writing them from memory in class, grammar and lexical tests. It has been defined that the ideas about daily study of the German language is well worth noting. Grammatical material cannot underlie the study of the German language and should be used to explain complicated structures in the texts.

Stylistics of Ukrainian Fine Art, Architecture and Design in the Second Half XIX – Early XXI Centuries’ Period

The aim is to explore the key concepts of stylistics of Ukrainian fine arts, architecture and various types of design of the second half of the XIX – early XXI centuries in the relationship of individual fields of knowledge. Research methods – hermeneutic, axiological, historical-genetic, historical-chronological, comparative, culturological, formal-stylistic, art analysis. The selected tools allow you to compare the stylistic features of different types of design (industrial, graphic, clothing, environment), fine arts and architecture. A novelty is an overview of evolutionary processes in terms of styles in painting, graphics, architecture, various types of design activities (in particular, environmental design, industrial, graphic, clothing). The points of intersection of the conceptual and categorical sphere of the indicated branches of creativity are outlined, both common and different tendencies concerning the identification of stylistic features are observed. Conclusions. The differences of separate branches of knowledge of artistic creativity and common features of some types of design-designing, -construction, -modeling, art technologies bordering on graphic art and painting (graphic design, partly industrial design), architecture (environmental design and partly industrial design) are traced.
 Since the era of modernism, art deco, avant-garde, constructivism, functionalism, Stalin’s empire, which affected all forms of artistic activity, in the late twentieth – early twenty-first century established the classic, minimalism, high-tech, fusion, low-tech, shabby chic, provence, glamour, some oriental stylizations in the interior associated with architecture. Instead, clothing design, in addition to the classics, over the past few decades has creatively adapted the sports-classic style, manga, country, western, boho, military, glamour and etc. over the past few decades.
 If the shapes of the silhouettes of the cut look at the general tendencies of industrial design, the drawings of fabrics partially appeal to the visions of graphic design, which are related to the tendencies of fine arts – tendencies of modernism, avant-garde, postmodernism. Namely, they tend to functionalism, constructivism, boychukism, art deco, socialist realism, Stalinist empire, Ukrainian soviet empire, neo-functionalism, neo-primitivism, neo-folk style, polystylism, glamour.

Activities of Charitable Societies and Institutions in Nizhny Novgorod Province in Second Half of XIX — early XX Century

The article is devoted to the work of public charitable organizations and institutions in the Nizhny Novgorod province of the post-reform Russian Empire in various areas of the social sphere. The relevance of the study is due to the development of charitable activities in modern Russia, the need to get acquainted with the historical experience. A review of the activities of voluntary societies, both all-Russian, with branches in Nizhny Novgorod, and, in fact, regional, in the field of social security, health care and public education has been carried out. On the basis of the charters and reports of the companies, their goals, objectives, management structure, sources of funds, forms of assistance to those in need are considered. The author shows the possibilities of social self-organization in the conditions of autocracy, the nature and methods of cooperation between civil society and the authorities. The reasons for the development of charity in the Nizhny Novgorod province in the second half of the XIX century, the motives prompting various segments of the population to engage in it are revealed. The universalism of the work of organizations, in other words unification within the framework of one society of different areas of activity are emphasized in the article. The author comes to the conclusion that the second half of the 19th — the beginning of the 20th century was a period of activity of charitable societies and institutions, whose main obstacle in achieving their goals was a lack of funds.

Russian empire’s civil law codification in the second half XIX – the beginning of xx century

The article describes the history of the Civil code project of the Russian Empire. It also describes the progress of the Drafting Commission, its composition, objectives of activities and sources that formed the basis of the project. The Civil code project is an excellent example of the legal culture of Russia the thrifty and attentive attitude of its developers to the social and spiritual values of the people. The Civil code project as well as the history of its drafting can be used and should be taken into account today during the conduct of legislative activity the creation of legal structures of civil law. The Civil code became an important source of civil relationship in the Russian Empire.

Understanding of “Feeling” and “Self-Consciousness” on the Border of the XIX–XX Centuries and M. Loewy’s Concept of Depersonalization

The aimwas to review the understanding of the phenomena of “feeling” and “self-consciousness” in the concepts of the leading European scientists at the second half of XIX — beginning of the XX centuries.Method:H.R. Lotze, I.M. Sechenov, A. Bain, W. Wundt, G. Stoerring, Th. Lipps, K. Oesterreich, E. Kraepelin and some others are analyzed.Conclusion:while Th. Lipps, H.R. Lotze, W. Wundt and K. Oesterreich were striving for strict differentiation of the notions of “sensations” and “feelings”, A. Bain, I.M. Sechenov, G. Stoerring were not following an effi cient distinction of these phenomena. H.R. Lotze, I.M. Sechenov, A. Bain distinguished in the consciousness and self-consciousness the affective and intellectual components; Th. Lipps considered as the core of self-consciousness the feelings that were very manifold and accompanied different mental acts including the act of perception: “perceptions feeling”. G. Stoerring paid attention to the lack of the feeling of activity by depersonalization, and the Austrian psychiatrist and neurologist M. Loewy elaborated the concept of “ubiquitous” “action feelings” (Actionsgefuehle) that exist outside of “pleasure — displeasure” modality. According to M. Loewy’s concept every mental act is accompanied normally by two “feelings of act”: general and specifi c, in the abnormal case one or both of them may disappear. The clinical description of weakening or loss of the action feelings: impulse feeling, perception feeling of vital sensation, perception feelings of sensations from organs of sense, “feelings of the feeling process”, “thinking feeling”, M. Loewy accomplished by “personalizing” approach to the account of one of his patient, Russian female student. M. Loewy considered the depersonalization disorders in this case as a symbolic neurosis according to S. Freud and as a psychasthenia according to P. Janet. Although E. Kraepelin defi ned selfconsciousness as merely cognitive phenomenon he interpreted depersonalization as a kind of emotional disturbance including the disorders on the level of sensations in the frames of light depressive phase of the manic-depressive illness. The M. Loewy’s concept of the “action feelings” can be applied not only for the understanding of “neurotic” depersonalization but also for depersonalization cases on the ground of depressive and mixed phase affective states.

ARCHITECTURE OF THE RAILWAY STATIONS HOLOBY AND KOVEL IN THE WORK OF O. M. VERBYTSKYI

Annotation text. Architecture of the late XIX – early ХХ century causes great interest in researchers. At this time, railways and railway stations were actively built all over the world. At this time also, a new architectural style, called Art Nouveau, has distributed around the world. The representative of this style in Ukraine is the architect O. M. Verbytskyi, whose work is largely reflected in the architecture of railway station complexes.
 Today, the question arises of restoring the original appearance of historic architectural objects, including railway stations. Therefore, the research of history railway, and also the research of town-planning, planning, volume-spatial structure and stylistics of the railway station complexes as a type of buildings are relevant in the framework of historical and architectural researches of Volhynia in the second half of XIX – early ХХ century.
 The research methodology is based on general (observation, comparative analysis, etc.), interdisciplinary (structuring, classification, etc.) and disciplinary, that inlude architectural and town-planning (analysis of the urban situation, functional structure and morphology of individual buildings and their complexes) research methods.
 Holoby and Kovel railway stations are original and exquisite buildings by their architecture.
 The volume-spatial solutions of the Holoby and Kovel railway stations are characterized by the following features: innovation, architectural expressiveness, boldness of compositional solutions, combination of curvilinear forms with rectilinear ones, Art Nouveau style.
 The article deals with the history of creation, planning structure, volume-spatial composition and stylistics of the railway stations Holoby and Kovel, which are designed by the outstanding Ukrainian architect O. M. Verbytskyi and built in the beginning of the ХХ century.

The History of the Russian Far East during the Late Imperial Period in the Works of English- and German-language Researchers

The Russian Far East saw rapid development in the latter half of XIX – early XX centuries. The Eastern periphery of the Russian Empire attracted attention of foreign scientists. The objective of the present research was to analyze works published by American, British, and German researchers in the second half of XIX – early XXI centuries and devoted to the "late Imperial" history of the Russian Far East. Since the very first foreign publications on the history of accession of the Amur and Primorye regions, foreign studies focused not only on Russia’s foreign policy and military aspects of its eastward expansion but also on the geographical, demographic, social, and economic factors of the colonization. In the late XX century, Western publications featured mostly intercultural, inter-ethnic, and sociocultural problems, as well as ideological aspects of state policy and the changing image of the Russian Far East. English- and German-language scholars offered a great variety of concepts; however, two main trends stood out quite clearly. Most researchers emphasized the impact of the geopolitical context and the role of Russia’s expansionist policy, as the country fought for power in the Pacific Rim. However, some authors acknowledged Russia's objective necessity to strengthen its position on the Pacific coast, protect its Far Eastern territories, and develop their economy.

Industrial architecture of the Far East. Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk

The article is focused on industrial architecture of the Russian Far East. Studying the cases of the largest cities in Priamurye, Blagoveshchensk and Khabarovsk, the authors identify the main features of the architecture of factories and other industrial facilities, due to the specifics of the development of the region and its individual cities. The main types of industrial facilities of the second half of XIX – early XX centuries and the principles of their placement in urban areas are considered.