Half Of 20th Century Research Articles

Grevenius granulifer (Thulin, 1928) revised: a fresh look at one of the most intensively studied water bears (Eutardigrada: Isohypsibioidea)

AbstractRedescriptions of species established in the incipient stage of tardigrade taxonomy, in the first half of 20th century, have currently become a routine. Especially type species of all genera should undergo an urgent revision to allow more precise diagnoses and unravel species complexes. Herein, an aquatic species Grevenius granulifer is amended based on the topotypic population from a pond in the Botanical Garden of Lund. Detailed qualitative and quantitative characters alongside a full set of standard DNA barcodes (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, ITS-2, and COI) are provided. This will open a window for systematic works on other representatives of Grevenius and delivers new data on rarely addressed freshwater tardigrades.

Japan’s Educational Journalism and Joseon Education in the First Half of 20th Century

Japan’s Educational Journalism and Joseon Education in the First Half of 20th Century

Evolution of conception of cell electrogenesis and excitability and electrophysiological school of P.G. Kostuk

The formation and evolution of cell physiology in USSR was associated with the academician Platon Kostuk, an outstanding world-renowned scientist. His scientific activity occurred in the second half of 20th century, the period of burst-like progress in electrophysiology that provided a number of remarkable results rewarded with three Novel prizes. In biology of that time, electrophysiology was the only field, wherein methods and approaches were developed for the on-line analysis of physiological processes in cells and tissues. The goal of the given essay is to highlight retrospective aspects of the bioelectricity concept and to characterize the related contribution of the electrophysiological school of P.G. Kostuk to the field.

The Origins of the Idea of “Civilizational” Multipolarity in Russian Religious Thought (from 19th to First Half of 20th Century)

The article explores the development of the concept of «civilizational» multipolarity in Russian religious thought from the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century. This notion of «civilizational» multipolarity suggests that power centers, beyond forming a geopolitical balance, also represent distinct civilizations. During the first half of the 19th century, Russian conservatism was predominantly Eurocentric and semi-colonial. However, in the latter half of the century, Russian religious thinkers began to recognize the plurality of civilizations and their potential to emerge as independent power centers, thereby reevaluating Russia's role in the world. Thinkers like Nikolay Danilevsky, Vladimir Lamansky, and Konstantin Leontyev progressively moved away from a colonial mindset, leading to the crystallization of the idea of «civilizational» multipolarity.At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, thinkers such as Vladimir Gringmut, Lev Tikhomirov, Prince Esper Ukhtomsky, and Sergey Syromyatnikov further advanced these ideas. They identified an «awakening of the East» and advocated for Russia to align with Eastern civilizational powers in anticipation of an imminent world war. Post-1917 revolution, the concept of «civilizational» multipolarity persisted in the Eurasianist thought of the 1920s and 1930s, which is a focal point of this article. Leaders of the Eurasianist movement, such as Prince Nikolay Trubetskoy and Petr Savitsky, developed the doctrine of autarkic «worlds»-civilizations, envisioned as large economic blocs unified by common culture, ideology, and centralized authority. Religious ideas and rhetoric, including the trope of «Babylonian confusion», played a significant role in the Eurasianists' justification of their preferred international order.

INFLUENCE OF MODERNISM ON POST-INDEPENDENCE INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

The modern architecture, which was conceived as a reaction to the chaos and eclecticism of the earlier 19th century was taking its shape in the late 19th century and earlier 20th century. The exact timeline in which the modern movement in architecture started in the world cannot be described with precision. But ‘Modern architecture’ had its origin in the developments of the late 18th century with major thrust on the idea of progress. This movement of modern architecture in India started quite late in the first half of 20th century. Its development in India started with the isolated efforts of some foreign architects’ works. But the movement gained momentum only after the arrival of foreign trained Indian architects with imbibed policy of modernism in their mind. Final thrust to this movement was given by the political patronage bestowed upon the idea of modernism by the then Prime Minister Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru, when he invited Swiss born French architect Le Corbusier to design the state capital city of Chandigarh. This paper delves upon the Influence of Modern architecture of these foreign architects built in India on the Post independence Indian architecture.

르네상스기 프랑스의 아시아 인물 전기: 앙드레 테베의 『명사초상록』 제8부를 중심으로

In Italy and France in the mid-16th century, a novel trend arose to collect “portraits” of famous people and write elogies and biographies based on them, with authors such as Paolo Giovio and Giorgio Vasari in Italy and André Thevet in France as prime examples. The portraits of this period broke away from medieval stereotypes and sought to depict individuals realistically while revealing their inner characteristics through their outward appearance. In the second half of 16th century, French readers were interested not only in the experiences of overseas colonization but also in politics and the military matters, due to the religious conflicts and political turmoil during the French Wars of Religion. The biography written by André Thevet, Les Vrais Pourtraicts et vies des hommes illustres, grecs, latins et payens, published in 1584 reflects the historical context of this period. In particular, Book VIII of Thevet’s work is devoted to biographies of pagan celebrities from Asia, Africa, the Americas, as wells Europe. Among them, Tamerlane (Amir Timur), is the unique historical figure from the Tatars. His portrait and biographical text reveal the complex ambivalence of fear and reverence that Renaissance Europeans held toward him. Additionally, Tamerlane’s biography exemplifies Renaissance Orientalism and humanistic interests in exotic ethnicities, geography and language.

From Partition To Abrogation: Tracing the History of Article 370

Kashmir isn’t “just another city” or just another place that exists on earth. It is a place described by the famous poet Amir Khusrau in the following words, “Gar Firdaus Bar Ruhe Zamin ast, Hamin asto, Hamin asto, Hamin ast….” Which when translated, means, “if there is Paradise on earth, it is here, it is here, it is here…..” The place was once compared to the paradise .The region had been choice of many British officials for their holidays in the British raj period and it remained a frequent location for film shootings by many directors in the 80s and 90s. However, apart from being a great tourist attraction with amazing scenic valley, it also holds a long and painful history of political instability during the latter half of 20th century. The troubles began for Kashmir since the partition of India was proposed and it took a long line of governments and thousands of lives in pursue of the solution to its troubles. This article is an analysis to understand and highlight all the turbulence that valley of Kashmir went through from partition to present day. We will see phase to phase developments that took place in Kashmir from the time of partition to formation of Article 370 and its abrogation along with its impact on the nation in general and the state in particular.

Muslims of Tobolsk Province in Second Half of 19th Century: Marriage Dynamics

This study presents an analysis of the content of handwritten records from Muslim metric books of the mid-19th century at the Komarovskaya Yurt Mosque in Tobolsk Province. The analysis focuses on the second part, which includes information on marriages and divorces. Building upon previous research analyzing birth data from the first part of mosque records, this work introduces, for the first time, data on marriages and divorces of residents of Western Siberia belonging to a single ethnic group: the mosque’s parishioners were Bukharans — migrants from Central Asia. A total of 116 marriage records and six divorce records were analyzed. The statistics suggest that the institution of marriage was stable. The study reveals the ages of those getting married, marriage conditions, dowry amounts paid, reasons for divorce, and polygamy practices. It is proven that despite the lack of surnames among the Tatar population in the 19th century, recording the names of marrying individuals, their fathers, witnesses, and social status in mosque records allows for the identification of each individual. Interfaith marriage contacts were not recorded during the analyzed period. The relevance of this research lies in providing new insights into Muslim marriage customs and social processes in a specific territory during the specified period.

Terminology of the growing bone: A historical study.

Division of the growing long bone into individual basic parts, that is, diaphysis, metaphysis, physes and epiphyses, has become generally accepted and used. However, the origin of these terms is almost unknown. Therefore, we have analyzed the literature in order to identify their sources. The terms epiphysis and apophysis have been used since the time of Hippokrates, although with different meanings. During the time of Galen, the term apophysis was used to describe all types of bone processes, and epiphyses denoted articular ends. The term diaphysis denoting the middle cylindrical part of the long bone was used for the first time by Heister in 1717. The first to use the term metaphysis was Theodor Kocher in his books on gunshot wounds and on bone inflammation of 1895. On the basis of Kocher's study, Lexer published a radiological study of the vascular supply to bones in which he defined metaphyseal blood vessels as a separate group supplying a particular part of the long bone. The epiphyseal growth plate had no particular name from the time of its first description in 1836. During the second half of 19th century, this structure acquired different names. The term "physis" was therefore introduced in 1964 by the American radiologist Rubin in order to label the growth structure between metaphysis and epiphysis clearly. One year later, the term physis also appeared in the radiological literature, and during the following decades it spread in the orthopedic literature.

Myrmecofauna (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Gökçeada Island, Türkiye

Türkiye is a very important country for faunal and floral studies due to its geographical location, the zoogeographic importance of its location and the biological richness it brings. This important area has been the subject of research on ants since second half of 19th century. However, studies on the ant fauna of the islands of Türkiye are very old and insufficient. For this reason, the ant fauna of Gökçeada, the largest island of Türkiye, was investigated by direct collecting and litter sifting methods in 2017-2018. 72 species belonging to 4 subfamilies and 23 genera were identified from 1105 ant samples obtained from 73 different localities and 16 different habitats. Among these species, Messor maculifrons Santschi, 1927 and Tetramorium sahlbergi Finzi, 1936 are new records for the ant fauna of Türkiye. In addition, the ergatoid queen of Hypoponera eduardi (Forel, 1894) was recorded for the first time outside the Afrotropical region.

Aleksandry Czechówny dwie wyprawy „do wód” – do Iwonicza (1875 r.) i Szczawnicy (1880 r.). Wybór z „Dziennika”

Aleksandra Czechówna’s two trips “To the waters”– to Iwonicz (1875) and Szczawnica (1880) (Selected Works) Aleksandra Apolonia Czechówna (1839–1923) was the daughter of Tomasz Czech and Aleksandra nee Zielińska. The journal she was writing for her entire life – almost un interruptedly for 68 years (1856–1923) is kept in the National Archive in Krakow under file no. 29/1582/1–29/1582/44 (former file no. IT 428/1–428/44). It is a great source pre senting cultural and social life of Krakow during the second half of 19th century and first two decades of the 20th century. During hot summer months people were willing to leave the city. They would often go to the countryside but also the “the waters” – spa towns, which offered not only a ther apeutic activity but also leisure and entertainment. Numerous doctors were more and more often promoting spa treatment. Aleksandra Czechówna, living in Krakow, was also trying to spend the dog days of summer away from the city. She would often visit her family in the countryside or go for trips around Krakow. But to help her health or just accompanying her parents, several times she had also a chance to visit spa towns, mostly Polish ones but also abroad. The presented two accounts from Aleksandra Czechówna’s trips to “the baths” – to Iwonicz in 1875 and to Szczawnica 1880, create an interesting contributory studies of the daily life of that times when the habit of holiday trips and spa treatment was emerging and developing dynamically. The text comes from two volumes of Aleksandra Czechówna’s “Journal”: vol. 14 file no. 29/1582/14 (former file no. IT 428/14) and vol. 18, file no. 29/1582/18 (former file no. IT 428/18).

The Global Evolutionary History of Orf Virus in Sheep and Goats Revealed by Whole Genomes Data.

Orf virus (ORFV) belongs to the genus Parapoxvirus (Poxviridae family). It is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma (CE) that is an economically detrimental disease affecting small ruminants globally. Contagious ecthyma outbreaks are usually reported in intensive breeding of sheep and goats but they have also been reported in wildlife species. Notably, ORFV can infect humans, leading to a zoonotic disease. This study aims to elucidate the global evolutionary history of ORFV genomes in sheep and goats, including the first genomes from Central America in the analyses. In comparison to the last study on ORFV whole genomes, the database now includes 11 more sheep and goat genomes, representing an increase of 42%. The analysis of such a broader database made it possible to obtain a fine molecular dating of the coalescent time for ORFV S and G genomes, further highlighting the genetic structuring between sheep and goat genomes and corroborating their emergence in the latter half of 20th century.

When the specialization is a curse: distribution of Lolium remotum Schrank in Slovakia

Distribution of Lolium remotum in Slovakia, a typical linicolous weed, is presented in this paper. The species was recorded in 30 quadrants of the Central European mapping grid; the most of localities were found in the Carpathians which is related to the areas of flax cultivation for the linen industry. While in the 19th century it was relatively common in flax fields, after the First World War it began to decline (flax sown areas decreased by three quarters in former Czechoslovakia during the world economic crisis of 1929-1933). In the second half of 20th century, the synergistic effect of several agrotechnical measures (precise cleaning of the seed, simplification of crop rotation, deep autumn plowing and application of herbicides) manifested; only single locality was documented. At present, it belongs to the extinct species of Slovak flora (RE), it has not been detected for over 60 years.

Discovery and lectotype designation of Longitarsuscalifornicus (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Alticini).

The lectotype of Longitarsuscalifornicus (Motschulsky, 1845) is designated, described, and illustrated. An illustrated key to eight light-colored Longitarsus species known to occur in the western United States is presented. A brief history of Russian entomological collecting in North America during the first half of 19th century, with specimens preserved in Zoological Museum of Moscow University, Moscow and Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg, is provided.

Russian Tea Trade in Hankou during Second Half of 19th Century: Production of Brick Tea

This article addresses the issue of producing the socalled “brick tea” in China at Russian factories during the second half of the 19th century. Compressed teas constituted the second largest group after looseleaf teas highlighted in prerevolutionary Russian literature, sources, and statistics among Chinese teas exported to the Russian market. The study explores aspects of brick tea production that have been least covered in previous historiography. These include issues related to the procurement of raw materials for further pressing at Russian factories, pricing strategies for this product, and the accompanying competition. The experience of utilizing hydraulic presses for more efficient tea production, as well as the dynamics and volumes of brick tea production, are examined. The research revealed that in the latter half of the 19th century, Russian entrepreneurs in Hankou successfully organized the process of fabricating pressed teas, thereby contributing to the strengthening and further development of Russo-Chinese relations. Documents from central Russian archives were utilized in this study, enabling the unveiling of many previously unexplored aspects of the history of Russo-Chinese trade.

Troubled Minds, or Psychiatry in Vilnius in the Second Half of the 19th Century

This article presents an overview of the development of psychiatric centres in Vilnius in the second half of the long 19th century. The author analyses how, having undergone a whole range of infrastructural and conceptual changes, this branch of medicine was transformed from being a series of Medieval practices based on the forced isolation of patients to a science acknowledging modern methods of treatment. The most changes could be seen in the period from 1903 to 1905, when the Vilnius District Hospital, the largest psychiatric asylum in the Russian Empire, was established. This period coincided with the leadership of the new institution’s first director Nikolai Krainskii. It was then that the principles of non-restraint and the ideas of cultivating a patient’s work activities and social skills, which had been formulated in Western Europe at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, were implemented. On the other hand, the author also tries to show how, under the effects of degeneration theory, psychiatry in the Russian Empire adopted a conservative political bias, which seemed to be effective in constructing discriminatory models of interethnic relations. The conclusion arising from this research is that in Vilnius, much like in other multiethnic Imperial border cities, psychiatric asylums served not only as medical institutions but also as statistical centres. Data about patients collected each year by the clinics and then passed on to the Medical Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was a potentially useful tool for the stigmatisation of entire local ethnic communities.

Letters of Johann Jacob Ferber Geological descriptions of Slovenia from second half of 18th century

The two translations of letters by Johann Jacob Ferber (1743–1790), a Swedish geologist and mineralogist, who travelled through Slovenia in September 1771, are discussed. The first letter addressed to Ignaz von Born was published in the book »Briefe aus Wälschland über natürliche Merkwürdigkeiten dieses Landes an den Herausgeber derselben Ignatz Edlen von Born« published in Prague in 1773, and the second letter to Giovanni Arduino was published in the book »Raccolta di memorie chimico-mineralogiche, metallurgiche, e orittografiche« published in Venice in 1775. Both letters represent an Enlightenment scientific description of the geology of part of what is now Slovenia, based on the geological theories valid at the time. In the article, we provide brief biographies of the actors, translations of the two letters, their commentary and interpretation.

Resettlement of Foreign Subjects to North-Western Caucasus in Second Half of 19th Century

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the process of resettling foreign subjects to the North-Western Caucasus in the latter half of the 19th century. The study is based on a wide range of issues, from the reasons for this process, its legal framework, identification of major migration flows, to the course of resettlement and analysis of its results. The author concludes that the resettlement of foreign subjects was initiated by the Russian authorities as part of solving large-scale state tasks of settling a vast territory. It is noted that this territory was cleared of mountain people to be settled by populations loyal to Russian statehood and to develop the region's economy. It is shown that on the part of the Russian authorities, this process was ensured by corresponding legislative acts and measures of material support for migrants. It is claimed that the resettlement of foreign subjects to the North-Western Caucasus had a significant impact on the economic development of the region. The author pays special attention to the issue of adaptation of resettlers in their new place of residence. The conclusion is drawn that their natural-productive adaptation occurred more intensively than their socioethnic adaptation.

Изображения рыб на поливной византийской керамике XII–XIII веков. Стилистические группы

Introduction. The study of zoomorphic ornamental motifs on specific types of glazed ceramics is an important direction of Byzantine archeology. In this case, we will be interested in the images of fish that are found on some types of Byzantine glazed ceramics of the second half of 12th – second half of 13th century. Since the ceramic production of this group of vessels was a separate area, both the material and spiritual culture of the Byzantines, especially in the specified chronological period, it was chosen as the subject of research. The source base of the work is made up of all published and available materials of archaeological research, both Constantinople and the cities of the Byzantine provinces. Particular attention is paid to the correspondence of each of the highlighted images on a specific type of glazed ware to finds on the territory of medieval Taurica. Despite the publication of the material used, including the Crimean, these findings were not analyzed in the complex. Methods and materials. Standard methods of comparative stylistic analysis were used. Analysis. The use of a large number of sources allows for the first time to raise the question of the existence of several stylistic groups of fish within the same craft workshops. Results. The findings make it possible to distinguish five stylistic image groups and match them with two large groups of Byzantine glazed ceramics of Middle Byzantine Production, primarily Fine Sgraffito Ware and Incised Sgraffito or Aegean Ware. Images of fish on Cypriot ceramics are also briefly analyzed. The image of fish on the vessels of Italian workshops is a separate area of research and is not considered in the work.

Population of Bolshederbetovskii Ulus of Kalmykia during Transition to Settled Life in Second Half of 19th Century

This article analyzes the economic state of Kalmyk society in the Bolshederbetovskii Ulus of Kalmykia during the intensive process of transition to settled life. This transition led to significant structural changes in the economic system of nomads. The author provides a comparative analysis of the changes in animal husbandry practices among the Kalmyks in the Bolshederbetovskii Ulus during the second half of the 19th century. The gradual development of agriculture in Kalmyk society is also examined. The main conclusion of this article is that throughout the second half of the 19th century, there was a gradual impoverishment of the nomadic Kalmyk population due to changes in their traditional way of life and a decrease in available grazing land, which was a crucial aspect of their economy. As a result, the majority of ordinary nomads became part of the rural proletariat and served as a source of cheap labor in the region. The expansion of the all-Russian market and the inclusion of the steppe regions of the North Caucasus, as well as the settlement of peasants on these lands, along with the active policies of the Tsarist government towards nomads and transition to settled life, shaped significant structural changes in the economic and social structure of nomadic society.