Half Of 20th Century Research Articles

Moldavia and Poland in the second half of 15th century. Shortcut from a political vassal to the enemy

Moldavia and Poland in the second half of 15th century. Shortcut from a political vassal to the enemy

Malay Folk Beliefs and Rituals in the Prose Writings by Muslim Reformist Authors in the First Half of 20th Century

The study explores texts of Malay literature of 1920-s – early 1940-s focusing on pre-Islamic worldview and magic rituals. These topics were widely represented in Western research, but fiction of the time provides a unique opportunity to contemplate the attitude to traditional beliefs within Malay society itself at the important stage of its historical development. The authors’ evaluation of the whole complex of animistic beliefs and shamanistic practices is studied in the light of Islamic reformist thought. The first decades of the 20th century in British Malaya witnessed the rise of reformism with its preaching of socioeconomic progress based upon the purification of Islam from the remnants of archaic perception of being and upon public education. In the meantime, genres of modern literature were evolving with active participation of the writers who shared reformist ideas. On the one hand, the study reveals negative attitude of these authors towards what they called “dark superstitions”. This position is actualized in the texts of literature aiming to change the reader’s opinion through the revision of his convictions. The authors of early Malay prose aspired to expose the emptiness of traditional beliefs, powerlessness of magic rituals, amorality and deception of shamans. On the other hand, the analysis traces a number of motifs demonstrating the importance of traditional cults and the demand for their practitioners within the Malay community, that made them able to withstand the pressure of reformist thought. The paper specifies factors that contributed to the survival of traditional worldview.

Eastern and Western Influence in Wall Paintings of Abuna Yemata Guh Church (Ethiopia)

The rock-hewn church Abuna Yemata Guh, situated in the Gheralta Mountains of the Ethiopian Tigray region, houses one of the best preserved and least studied wall paintings of medieval Ethiopia. The pictorial program is dated to the second half of 15th century, by stylistic and iconographic characteristics. In fact, no well-proved date has been suggested so far. This research seeks to bridge the existing scholarly gap by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the iconographic and stylistic attributes of the paintings. It also considers the historical backdrop of the church, identifying key conduits of cultural influence. Furthermore, the study incorporates a scientific examination of the pigments employed in the paintings of Abuna Yemata Guh, comparing them with those found in other Ethiopian churches. The artistic motifs found within the paintings of Abuna Yemata Guh indicate an amalgamation of influences, notably drawing from Osman and Goan Christian art traditions. Additionally, traces of the iconographic style seen in the Roman icon Salus populi romani are evident, with a copy of this icon only arriving in Ethiopia after the 1570s. Consequently, the most plausible timeframe for the execution of the wall paintings falls within the latter part of the 16th c.

История изучения и предварительные данные по Chilopoda Приморского края, Дальний Восток России

History of the study and list of the Chilopoda species from the Maritime Province are provided. The first data on the centipede fauna of the Maritime Province were published in the end of 19th century, more active research was started from the second half of 20th century. To date, the fauna under consideration consists of 31 species from 12 genera, 7 families, and 4 orders. Seven species, namely Agnostrup striganovae (Titova, 1975), Arrup mamaevi (Titova, 1975), Escaryus dentatus Titova, 1973, E. krivolutskiji Titova, 1973, E. polygo-natus Titova, 1973, Lithobius fissuratus Attems, 1934, and L. kurchevae (Zalesskaja, 1978), are known from the Maritime Province only. Taxonomic status of the following species requires revision: Arctogeophilus sachalinus Verhoeff, 1934, Geophilus sounkyoensis Takakuwa, 1937, Strigamia hirsutipes (Attems, 1927), S. cf. transsil-vanica (Verhoeff, 1928), Arrup mamaevi, Escaryus dentatus, E. krivolutskiji, E. perelae Titova, 1973, E. polygonatus, E. sibiricus Cook, 1899, Lamyctes pachypes Takakuwa, 1941, Lithobius aberantus (Matic, 1973), L. orientalis (Sseliwanoff, 1878), L. sachalinus Verhoeff, 1937, L. brandtii Sseliwanoff, 1881, L. fissu-ratus, L. kurchevae, and L. nihamensis (Murakami, 1960). It should be recognized, the centipede fauna of the Maritime Province is still insufficiently studied.

Метафизика сердца как мировоззренческий сюжет в русской философии

The paper gives a summary of the views of various researchers on the meta­physics of the heart in Russian philosophy, and an analysis of the concept of the heart in Russian culture. The conceptual difference between the knowl­edge of heart and the knowledge of mind, included in the circle of problems of professional European philosophy only in the second half of 19th century, be­comes of essential character in the works of Russian thinkers. It allows to clear up the fundamental issue of human nature and the position of a human being in the world. Russian philosophers consider the truths of the heart as universal truths. This gives us the opportunity to bring the concept of the heart closer to worldview issues. This allows us to bring the concept of the heart closer to worldview issues, offering a new perspective on the acute dilemma of the rea­son and the heart discussed in contemporary philosophical anthropology and Christian philosophy. In addition to the classical statement of the heart as a cog­nitive alternative to reason, the worldview interpretation of the heart must also reveal the activity aspect of its nature. The peculiarity of a worldview as a cog­nitive phenomenon consists in a person’s constant openness to the Other, which results in a reconciliation of “rational” and “heart” ways of comprehension of the world. Such openness allows a person to regain their personal wholeness and bring it to cosmic completeness in the perception of the world. The cosmic nature of personality is revealed in overcoming the problem of solipsism and substantiating “conciliar consciousness” (sobornoe soznanie) as a special way of supraindividual thinking. Thus, the heart appears as the worldview center of a human being and can be the object of educational practice, hence, the world­view as a matter of the heart serves as the basis for moral guidance in life.

Industrial and oil ports: case studies and theoretical approaches

Industrial and oil ports have been mainly developed, after the Second World War, with the birth of large industrial systems and they established during the second half of 20th century. Large ports are built close to the industrial areas. Heavy and oil industrial sectors need huge loading capacity, direct connections without constraints on shapes, lengths and unit of loads. The iron and steel industry, the petrochemical, the power plants, etc., determine the birth of the so-called second-generation ports, as defined by UNCTAD. The technical characteristics are the following: large yards close to the quays, oil terminals with sophisticated security systems, starting points for oil pipelines and power lines. The paradigm of the second-generation ports is: firstly, the industrial plant was settled and, then, the port was built for serving the industrial plant. The ships that arrive at the industrial ports are specialized. The oil tankers are born, with the subsequent variations of hull and technology, they evolve up to the LNG ships. The economic system is therefore defined in a simple way: eliminating the distances between the heavy industry plants and the loading/unloading points that allow international connections. The economic model has not been enough studied in its basic components given by the flows of goods from the port to the industries and vice versa.The paper is articulated into two main parts. The first one presents a critical analysis of some representative case studies of industrial and oil ports for each continental area. The second one presents the proposed theoretical approaches, based on Transport System Models (TSMs) introducing the multi-modal approach considering that in the examined ports there is a pipeline network other than a road network. The multi-modal TSM explains the relationship of industrial and oil ports with trade partners who have built their cargo transformation facilities in the closer industrial area. The approach can be extended to the sea and land networks used for the oil transport. The work may be considered a step able to open several directions to study the characteristics of oil and petrochemical ports and their connection with the industrial areas by means of TSMs. The use of TSMs allows transport planners to integrate industrial ports into land development plans and researchers to investigate the structure of TSMs applied to freight transport during which physical and economic (value modification) changes occur in goods.

Studies on the Armenian-Kypchak manuscripts in Turkey

This article raises a question that has not been considered before. It refers to Turkish researchers’ studies of old Kypchak manuscripts, written in the Armenian alphabet in the 16th-17th centuries. During this period, due to historical events, Armenians and Kypchaks lived in the same settlement. Trade was especially active among Kypchaks and Armenians so kinship was established. This led to the formation of the Armenian-Kypchak language and writing. According to researchers, the Armenians who were living in Ukraine during the 16th-17th centuries forgot their native language and used the Kypchak as a spoken language and even they prayed in the Kypchak. In accordance with sources sources, only church ministers spoke Armenian. The Turkish-Armenian researcher K. Pamukchia, relying on the classification of Yak. Dashkevich, who studied the of Armenian-Kypchak written records, divides the development process of the Armenian-Kypchak language into three stages. The first is the mastery of the Kypchak language by the Armenians as a spoken language before the linguistic period (end of 13th -15th centuries). The second is the flourishing of the Armenian-Kypchak written language (start of 16th-first half of 17th century, i.e. 1524-1699). The third is the decline and death of the Armenian-Kypchak language (second half of 18th century).

THE PHENOMENON OF POWER: IRVINE WELSH FILTH

The “Word” is central to the “unconscious” of the individual. The "unconscious" is not a chaos of words, but a system, like the structure of language. The unconscious of Irwin Welsh's characters in the novel Filth reveals “lack” and “desire” in statements and reflections. The purpose of the research is to reveal the mechanisms of “lack” and “desire” in order to analyze the subconscious of the hero I. Welsh and the subconscious in general. In philology 2 half of 20-th century a new toolkit appeared for the analysis of texts: “desire” and “lack” in the characters of the characters of artistic works. I focus on the “desire” and “lack” of the hero Robertson I. Welsh, which are “keys” for understanding the psyche of a man and a woman at the turn of the 20-th-21-st centuries. An important dominant is “power”. “Power” is surrounded by “lack” and “desire” in the human mind. The thirst for “power” becomes a motive for actions and movement of the hero's life strategy. In the “desire” and “lack” of power, I find destructive consequences for the psyche of a person, who goes to his goal and violates humane values, morality, imposes his will on others, and above all, puts his own “ego” first. The hero's rejection of humane guidelines eventually destroys his success, his goal, his family, the hero himself. I. Welsh depicts the collapse of a person who is able to put his goal – “position” as the highest value - and refused decency, friendship, love. The phenomenon of power is the core around which the development of the plot of the novel Filth by Irvine Welsh is wrapped. The idea of the novel is the destruction and self-destruction of the hero, who strives with all his might to gain power. Harmful human vices of the 20-th-21-st centuries reveal post-colonial problems: national conflict in the collective subconscious Scotland / England. The writer debunks social institutions at the level of violation of the law, emphasizes that the thirst for “power” destroys a person, warns about the destruction of the environment in a situation, when a person is given “power” for which he is not ready

Исторические и методические аспекты преподавания латинского языка в Тобольской губернской гимназии в первой половине XIX в.

Исторические и методические аспекты преподавания латинского языка в Тобольской губернской гимназии в первой половине XIX в.

Reflections on Osip Mandelstam’s Poem “Erected on a Wet Stone …” (1909)

The poem “Erected on a wet stone …” was sent in the Autumn of 1909 first to Max Voloshin and them to Vyacheslav Ivanov and is part of “poems in letters” which were only published in the second half of 20th century. The central theme of the poem is the juxtaposition of love and death. Cupid finds himself standing on a tombstone (“green moss and wet stone”) and being surprised by what he discovers tries to avenge on death through love (“illegal flame of the heart”). The poetics of the poem represents another step in the development of Mandelstam’s inherent technique of subtexts and contexts. The “mentioning keys&8j1; here are combinations of nouns with uncommon adjectives (“illegal flame&8j1;, “naive valleys&8j1;, etc.), as well as pairs of rhymes: “nagoi – nogoi” (naked – foot), “kamen – plamen” (stone – flame), “grubiy – gubi” (rough – lips). The subtexts of the poem might be read on two levels, so that the motifs of classical poetry shine through the symbolist associations, linking together the poetry of the Russian Golden and Silver Ages. The key image of Cupid for the poem (the only context in the author's poetry) has, apparently, a literary origin.

Od drukowania rycin przez faksymilowanie starodruków do bartynotypii numizmatów, czyli o paskach i pracach Władysława Bartynowskiego

From the printing of engravings, through the facsimilation of old prints, to the bartynotype of numismatic items, or About the Stripes and Works of Władysław Bartynowski Władysław Bartynowski was a famous Polish numismatist active in the second half of 19th century in Cracow. Apart from coins, his collection included also old historical graphics, prints and books. He worked as an antiquarian and publisher, and his key aim was to protect Polish cultural heritage and works of art representing his areas of interest. Therefore, he was not only collecting and trading, but also cataloguing, maintaining and reproducing prints, graphics , books and coins. Motivated by patriotic feelings, he used to take care of the safety of relics he received and the availability of copies to all interested parties. He was one of the first Polish makers of old prints facsimiles, which he called the likenesses. As an editor of „Wiadomości Archeologiczno-Numizmatyczne”, he tried to improve the method of reproduction of coins and medals on paper. In relations to that, he invented own method of hollow graphic reproduction of numismates on paper. These prints, called bartynotypes, were used mainly for cataloguing of the collection of count Andrzej Potocki. Unfortunately, the collection, like many other relics, was damaged or dispersed due to World Wars. Bartynowski’s reproductions remain the only relic of the lost works of numismatic, graphic and printing art, as well as the art of medals. He donated the greater part of the collection to the Czapski Muzeum he established together with the count Emeryk Hutten-Czapski and his wife.

Phenomenon of Interaction between Italian and English Court Culture in the First Half of 17th Century

The purpose of the article is to identify the points of interaction between the English court culture and the Italian court culture of the first half of the 17th century and to highlight their characteristic features. The novelty of the study lies in understanding the interaction, similarities, and differences between the leading court genres of the Italian and English culture in the first half of the 17th century. The research methodology consists in applying the methods of analysis and synthesis, systematisation of facts, comparison, and generalisation of the research results. The system-historical method made it possible to consider the formation of Italian court culture in the Renaissance. The comparative method helped to reveal the similarities between court musical and theatrical performances in the above-mentioned countries. Conclusions. The attachment of the court culture of England, in general, and the genre of the English court mask, in particular, to the culture of the educated aristocracy of Italy, is verified by the cultural inclusion in the traditions of Italian carnival values and cult Italian dances. During the reign of the Stuart kings, the Italian carnival was well-known in England along with other European court entertainments. Italian dances, costumes, and scenery were used in court musical and theatrical performances in England. Italian choreographers and musicians were welcome guests at the Royal Palace of Whitehall, which contributed to the interaction and interpenetration of continental court culture with the culture of England. However, despite certain parallels between the court musical-theatrical entertainments of England and Italy, their difference was carried out due to the orientation of the performances to a narrow and, accordingly, wider circle of aristocratic participants.
 Key words: court culture, court mask, dance, Italian carnival, carnival mask, borrowed and creatively used.

Temporary Urban Interventions in Public Space

Insufficient research on the typology of temporary urban interventions, which has become a common tool for pointing out possible scenarios in the development of unused and neglected urban areas in recent 21st century projects, indicate the relevance of the article’s topic. A literature review has allowed for a definition and analysis of the typology of temporary urban interventions in order to determine their basic characteristics, the relationship between the intervention and public space, and the establishing initiatives. The paper determines the formative period through an analysis of architectural and artistic events in 20th century and distinguishes three direct predecessors: events in public space, experimental architectural projects of the 60s, and art installations in public space in the second half of 20th century. A synthesis of collected data is an important prerequisite for understanding the role and impact of temporary urban interventions on future public space. Based on the obtained results, the research emphasizes the importance of the relationship between temporary urban interventions and public space for the creation of contemporary urban space in 21st century.

„Verblassen des Staatsgedankens“ und „Totengesang“: Gesundheitskrise und Spanische Grippe in Oberschlesien

Upper Silesia was characterized by the struggle between two conflicting national movements, German and Polish/Silesian, the dominance of the Catholic Church and the accelerated industrialization since the second half of 19th century. It experienced a fast population growth, accompanied by the spread of infectious diseases. The First World war caused even more social disturbances and finally led to the erosion of the state’s legitimacy. In autumn 1918 the more serious second wave of the Spanish Flu caused death and severe illness. The provincial administration mostly stood by its own and struggled with the identification of the disease and the collection of verifiable numbers.

“Readable space” of Cossack foreman of second half of 18th century: personal library of Stepan Lashkevych

“Readable space” of Cossack foreman of second half of 18th century: personal library of Stepan Lashkevych

Activity of Russian Entrepreneurs in Field of Tea Production in Yangtze River Valley in Second Half of 19th Century

The development of the Russian tea industry in the Chinese provinces along the Yangtze River valley in the second half of the 19th century is examined in the article. It is noted that among the regions where Russian tea factories were located, the main role belonged to the province of Hubei, in addition, the presence of production in the provinces of Hunan and Jiangxi was revealed. The historical situation in which the Russian tea industry arose is studied. Based on archival and published material, the number of Russian factories in Central China is shown. It is revealed that in the 70s of the 19th century, Russian trading houses operating in China began to transfer factories from the interior of Hubei province to the port of Hankou. It has been determined that cheap brick tea has become the main commodity produced in Russian factories, while Russian entrepreneurs are gradually abandoning the production of long leaf tea. Separately, the features of tea production and the organization of the workflow were studied. It is proved that the Russian tea factory in China has become one of the important factors of not only economic, but also socio-cultural contact between Russian and Chinese civilizations.

A bibliographic review of the history of Dexiinae (Diptera, Tachinidae) taxonomy in the Neotropical Region with bibliographic notes on Dominik Bilimek and Fritz Plaumann

The knowledge of Dexiinae and Tachinidae diversity in the Neotropical Region, in contrast to other regions, e.g., the Palaearctic Region, is in a poor condition. The history of these taxa has gradually increased since the 18th Century from the works of European and North American authors such as Johan C. Fabricius, Christian R.W. Wiedemann, Jean B. Robineau-Desvoidy, Pierre J.-M. Macquart, Jacques M.F. Bigot, Francis Walker, Victor von Röeder, Ermanno Giglio-Tos, Friedrich M. Brauer and Julius E. Bergenstamm, Frederik M. van der Wulp, Charles H. Curran, John M. Aldrich, Charles H.T. Townsend, Henry J. Reinhard and William R. Thompson. It was only in the first half of the 20th Century that scientists born or established in South America began to enter tachinidology. Dipterists like Jean Brèthes and Everardo E. Blanchard from Argentina, Rául E. Cortés Peña from Chile and José H. Guimarães from Brazil, are the most memorable names for, not only to Neotropical Dexiinae, but, indeed for the whole family. Herein, a brief chronological review of tachinidology, with emphasis on Dexiinae and based on a literature review, is given. The history is divided into four periods: the pre-Linnaean period of the 16th and 17th Centuries, the 18th Century, the 19th Century and the first half of the 20th Century. After the first half of 20th Century, the emphasis is focused on European and North American dipterists with an overview of their contributions on Dexiinae taxonomy. Later, with presence of the South American dipterists, the emphasis is directed to them. Then a few notes are given on the Czech Dominik Bilimek, a poorly known collector from the 19th Century and Fritz Plaumann, a well-known German immigrant who collected in Brazil during the earlier 20th Century. Finally, some notes and perspectives about the 21st Century dexiinidology from the Neotropics is briefly discussed.

State Support for Activities of Siberian (East Siberian) Department of Imperial Russian Geographical Society in Second Half of 19th Century

Using the example of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society (IRGS) and its Siberian Department (SD), the topical problem of interaction between public organizations and government in Russia in the pre-Soviet period is touched upon in the article. The idea is substantiated that public organizations, depending on the significance of the work performed, received legal support and material and financial assistance from the state. The internal and external political prerequisites for the establishment of SD IRGS, the participation of the department in the development of Eastern Siberia and the Far East are shown. The influence of the higher Siberian administration on the organization of scientific and expeditionary activities of the department is considered. It is noted that the annual state subsidy was the core of the budget of the IRGS and its branches. Data that demonstrate the ratio of funds received by SD IRGS from the state treasury and other sources are given. It is emphasized that the participation of the state in the material and financial support of the department was not limited to the granting of a subsidy: the opportunity to use free postage of parcels and written correspondence was given to SD IRGS. The central authorities and the highest Siberian administration allocated additional funds for scientific expeditions and trips of members of the department. Based on the information provided, it is concluded that the state thereby guaranteed the existence of society.

The painting technique of Konrad Witz: An example of experimentation with innovative materials in 15th century

Konrad Witz represents an artist of great interest having worked in a period (first half of 15th century) of experimentation of materials, in the field of painting. The four paintings on wooden panels, kept at the Musée d'Art et d'Histoire in Genève (Switzerland), are a clear example of the artist’s will to pay attention to detail, to the brilliance of colours and to shades.A multi-analytical approach was applied in order to obtain information about materials, the technique used by the artist and the state of conservation of the four paintings, with the perspective of a restoration work. This purpose was achieved thanks to the application of non-invasive techniques, i.e. in situ X-ray fluorescence (XRF) through portable instrument, and micro sampling for Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled to microanalysis (SEM-EDS), micro Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas-Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analyses.Results showed the presence of a mixed technique “grease tempera” and the artist’s research in the use of innovative materials and technique for that period, i.e. the presence of small glassy violet particles inside a red lacquer layer, made of silicon, aluminium, potassium, sodium and manganese, as revealed by XRF and SEM-EDS analyses.

RUSSIAN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN KAZAKHSTAN AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE LOCAL POPULATION (the second halfof19th century and the beginning of the 20 century)

RUSSIAN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN KAZAKHSTAN AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE LOCAL POPULATION (the second halfof19th century and the beginning of the 20 century)