Half Of 1990s Research Articles

DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINIAN ANTHROPOLOGY DURING 1950s – FIRST HALF of 1970s. RISES AND FALLS

DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINIAN ANTHROPOLOGY DURING 1950s – FIRST HALF of 1970s. RISES AND FALLS

Urban Population of Nizhny Novgorod in First Half of 1920s: Leisure Practices

This study examines the leisure activities of Nizhny Novgorod residents during the NEP era. Various forms of urban leisure and their connections to state ideology are characterized. A total of 31 sources were analyzed, including legislative sources, statistics, and periodicals. Sources included articles from criminal and administrative codes, statistical data, and Nizhny Novgorod press. An overview of Nizhny Novgorod periodicals from 1921-1924 is provided. Results of a comparative analysis of legislative materials, statistical data, and periodicals are presented. Emphasis is placed on the ways and methods of shaping urban culture in line with state ideology. The issue of deviant behavior among city dwellers and its causes is raised. It is highlighted that new holidays aimed to replace religious celebrations. The study shows that the values of the urban community were influenced by ideological beliefs and spread through new leisure forms. It is proven that the structure of urban festivities contributed to the establishment of new societal values. The authors conclude on the significance of organized leisure in creating a socio-cultural urban environment. The role of periodicals in popularizing urban leisure forms is demonstrated. The relevance of the study lies in exploring the connection between ideology and the organization of urban leisure.

The Problem of Revising of US Trade and Credit Legislation and Issues of Technology Transfer in Soviet-American Relations in the Second Half of 1970s

The Problem of Revising of US Trade and Credit Legislation and Issues of Technology Transfer in Soviet-American Relations in the Second Half of 1970s

ЛЕОНИД БРЕЖНЕВТІҢ ДЕНСАУЛЫҒЫ МЕМЛЕКЕТТІК МЕХАНИЗМНІҢ ЭЛЕМЕНТІ РЕТІНДЕ

The article analyzes the role of health status of Leonid Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Central Committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, as a major element of the state apparatus in the USSR. Using numerous sources, including notes and diaries of Brezhnev himself, notes of Brezhnev’s secretaries, memories of Brezhnev’s political companions, doctors and family members, the authors have reconstructed the dynamic changes in the health status of Brezhnev, and in which way these changes have impacted his work efficiency. Despite the fact that Brezhnev came to power already burdened by diseases and bad habits, his first decade as a leader of Soviet Union was very fruitful. This conclusion contradicts an established historiographical opinion that Brezhnev belonged to a type of a quite healthy, but lazy leader, who could not and did not like to perform the duties of the state and party leader, trying to evade them at every opportunity. The last seven years of Brezhnev’s rule are characterized by a sharp deterioration in health status that led to the alternating periods of decline and rise of Brezhnev’s work efficiency, which severely affected entire state apparatus. Despite the efforts of Brezhnev himself and the fact that Soviet bureaucracy managed to mostly compensate the periods of “stalling” and even the temporary unavailability of the leader, the USSR’s specific power mechanism started to malfunction during the second half of 1970s. Another consequence of Brezhnev’s decreased performance was the delegation of significant political power to the group of companions, led by Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko. Having occupied the post of head of state almost for life, being the leader of socio-political system, which actually did not have mechanism for a legal change of power, except for the death of a predecessor, sick and decrepit Brezhnev had to work hard and remain “a leader” until his death, including at the cost of drug addiction.

企劃論文] 광학서포 연구 서설

Along with Hoedongseogwan(匯東書館), Gwanghakseopo(廣學書舖) is evaluated as one of the representative bookstores and publishers in the early modern eras. Nevertheless, even its basic information, such as the foundation year, its purpose and its promoter, has been wrongly known primarily because it was confused with Gwanghaksa which used the common headword, ‘Gwanghak(廣 學)’. In a w ord, G wanghakseopo w as t he p ub l isher which began a s Kimsangmanchaeksa(金相萬冊肆) that Kim Sangman founded under the Jungbu Pojeonbyeong(中部 布廛屛門下) around 1900 and then changed its name as Gwanghakseopo after 1906 and survived until the second half of 1920s. Its original purpose was to release imported books, but it began to actively publish books including 〈The Tears of Blood(血의淚)〉 after 1907, until the Japanese colonial rule prohibited the release of books and confiscated them in 1910. In particular, it established itself as the representative publisher intended for the enlightenment movement, by publishing the books of the contemporary enlightened intellectuals including Sin Chaeho(申采浩), Jang Jiyeong(張志淵), Yuwonpyo(劉元杓), etc. However, by the 1910s, Gwanghakseopo was not as active in publishing as it had been in the past. Because of this, it is undervalued as the place where Chinese classics were published. However, this is only a small part of the book that Gwanghakseopo has covered. Therefore, the evaluation of optical support needs to be rethought.

New Tools against the Soviet Union in the Political Work of the Latvian Diaspora in the 1970s–1980s: The Case of Human Rights Violations in the Soviet Union

Starting with, and initiated by, the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in the first half of 1970s, the topic of human rights violations in the Soviet Union, and specifically in the Baltic states, became part of the Latvian diaspora’s political argumentation when lobbying against the Soviet Union in host countries. Almost unknown before, this topic was very prominent in the political activities of the 1970s and 1980s up until the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The issue of human rights violations in the political argumentation of the Latvian and Baltic diasporas as a whole has always been inextricably linked to the main political goal of these diasporas – the restoration of the right to political self-determination for the Baltic states. Without self-determination, human rights cannot be realized – this is how the basic principle of the diaspora’s position could be summarized. The diaspora’s rapid focus on human rights violations in particular demonstrates its ability to react quickly to current trends in society and to use issues of current public concern to shape its communication and advance its political cause.

Mining Town of Kuzbass Prokopyevsk in First Half of 1930s: Problems of Miner’s Everyday Life and Improvement of New City (Local Periodicals)

The issues related to the everyday life of miners during the formation of the city of Prokopyevsk are being considered. The relevance of the study is determined by scientific interest in the history of daily life. A literature review on the research problem has been conducted. Over a hundred issues of the local newspaper “Zaboy” from the first half of the 1930s were analyzed, along with reference and statistical collections. The social aspects of urban life in Prokopyevsk during the formation of urban infrastructure were studied. Housing issues, urban improvement, and public catering were examined in relation to the professional affiliation of city residents. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that periodical publications allow researchers to explore topics that were previously either uninteresting or not characterized in such detail regarding daily life. The author concludes that each period in history has its specific problems. It is noted that there were difficulties in the 1930s, which were ultimately successfully overcome. The author asserts that certain problems are still observed in modern urban development stages. However, the author is confident that these problems can be successfully resolved with the correct interaction of all levels of the urban community.

Domestic Reindeer Herding in Arctic Regions of Yakutia in Second Half of 1990s: Experience of Decision-Making on Socio-Economic Issues in Industry

The experience ofsolving social and economic problems related to domestic reindeer herding in the Arctic regions of Yakutia during the early post-Soviet period is being studied. Attention is given to the adoption of the first program document in the republic— Resolution No. 521, dedicated to comprehensive support for traditional industries and social protection of workers in the Arctic regions. Archive documents on the activities of the relevant ministry in developing recommendations on wage payment in reindeer herding, adopting new decisions on one-time payments to reindeer herders and tent workers, and statistical data on some general economic indicators in reindeer herding are presented. The approach to calculating labor standards for reindeer herders and attempts at their social protection through professional tariffication of wage payment are presented in detail. Social directions included officially in the program for the development of domestic reindeer herding are highlighted. At the local level, it is shown that representatives of the relevant ministry responsible for managing traditional industries could not always rely on a positive experience in making decisions on socio-economic development of domestic reindeer herding as a leading traditional occupation of indigenous people, but they were fully aware of the real social situation of workers in the industry.

Eurasian dialectics of history in the views of G.N. Polkovnikov

On the turn of 19201930s the Eurasian movement was experiencing a crisis. Clamart Schism and financial problems hindered the ability to publish new books and attract new supporters. For various reasons many notable figures such as N.S. Trubetskoy, L.P. Karsavin, P.P. Suvchinsky, were distancing themselves from the movement. Eurasianism lasted until the second half of 1930s, largely due to the vigorous activity of P.N. Savitsky, and his associates in the Eurasian Group in Prague. During financial and personnel crises, one of the most important tasks was to preserve the publishing activities of the movement. It was in such conditions, in the early 1930s, that the book by Georgy Nikolaevich Polkovnikov, called Dialectics of History appeared. In it, the author made an attempt to describe a complex vision of the evolution of human society and its patterns in the West and in the East. Extensive attention was given to the problem of determining the place and role of Russia in the world community of nations and polities. Suffice to say that even the people who supported the movement had contradictory responses to the book. In 1930s only a few works of this volume were produced by Eurasian Publications, but in modern historiography it remains virtually unexplored and not inscribed in the history of the movement. The paper examines the role of the book and its significance in the evolution of the ideology of the Eurasian Movement.

Overcoming the Soviet-Yugoslav crisis. The translation of Serbian literature into Russian language during the second half of 1950-s

In the history of Yugoslavia, the period of 1948–1953 is called “the times of Information Bureau”, when all the relations between USSR and Yugoslavia were severed, including cultural ones. In the second half of the 1950s they began to recover. The most important part of this process was the translation of Serbian literature into Russian language. The main works of Serbian classic and modern literature were published (P. Negosh, R. Domanovich, B. Nushich, B. Chopich, D. Chosich). Special attention was given to the works of Ivo Andrich. The translators, authors of prefaces, comments and notes were mainly professional slavic scholars from Moscow State University and University of Saint Petersburg. The poets M. Zenkevich and I. Golenischev-Kutuzov had significant impact on the development of poetry translation from Serbian into Russian.

The USSR and Sweden During the Preparation of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (1969—1975)

In March 1969 in the Budapest Appeal of the Warsaw Pact member states’ Political Consultative Committee a proposal was made to convene a Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) was proposed. The Soviet Foreign Ministry undertook active efforts to implement this idea, including its promotion at the Nordic “direction”. Neutral Sweden was regarded by the Soviet political leadership as a country that could assist the USSR in the preparation and organization of the CSCE. It was considered that “the two sides’ positions in many cases are similar or close to each other”. On the basis of documents from the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation (AVPRF) the author of this article analyses Soviet-Swedish relations in the late 1960s — first half of 1970s with the preparation for and carrying out of the CSCE as a background.

KUIVOZOVSKY (TOKSOVSKY) FINNISH NATIONAL DISTRICT

The history of the Ingrian Finns in the Soviet Union has been very dramatic and difficult. Today historiography has a lot of research about violence against the Finnish minority since the second half of the 1930s. But there is no paper which describes the earlier years of their life: from 1920s to the first half of 1930s. Up to this point, historiography did not describe the actions of the Bolsheviks in relation to the Ingrian Finns, except for repression. Many studies focus on individuals and their families who have been resettled in other parts of the Union. This work is devoted to the Finnish national district with the center in the village of Kuivozi, and later in the village of Toksovo, which were one of the historical centers of residence of the Ingrian Finns. The aim of the study is to explore how the national policy of the Soviet Union was implemented on the example of the Finnish minority with the help of materials from the Toksovsky District Council. This article mainly uses documents left by the Bolshevik Party and local authorities. The analysis of new sources sheds light on previously unknown information about the relationship of the Bolshevik authorities with the local population. The paper shows how the Soviet Union tried to organize the life of ethnic Finns in a region so close to Leningrad - a large, strategic center of the country. The situation was also complicated by the proximity of the border and the danger of collaboration on the part of the Finns, because on the other side of the Sestra River lived the same people to whom the Ingrian Finns were close in language and culture.

The yen–dollar risk premium: A story of regime shifts in bond markets

We document a new risk premium in the yen–dollar currency pair that compensates for the uncertainty over regime shifts in the bond market. We estimate a no-arbitrage regime-switching term structure model, where the transition of volatility regimes is driven by the level of yields and is associated with a regime risk premium. We find that the currency excess return is explained by the regime risk premium in Japan in the second half of 1990s and in the US at the height of the Great Recession. The regime risk premium contains information beyond the affine model, the forward premium, and the carry and dollar factors.

Insurrectionary Movement of “White-greens” in Crimea in First Half of 1920s: National, Ideological, Structural Features

The features of the “white-green” rebel movement in the Crimea in the first half of the 1920s are considered. It is indicated that a comprehensive study of its national, ideological, structural features is of fundamental importance for a comprehensive scientific understanding of the characteristics of the final stage of the civil war in Russia, as well as for the projection of the historical situation on the recent history of the Crimea and the south of Russia as a whole. The materials of five collections of the State Archives of the Republic of the Crimea, the data of the periodical press of the period under review, published documentary and narrative sources are analyzed. The causes of the genesis, the main stages, national, ideological, structural features of the insurrectionary movement are revealed, the reasons for its final defeat are characterized. The conclusions obtained by the author in the course of the work make it possible to designate a new vector in the understanding of social movements that directly affect the nature of the ethno-national development of the post-revolutionary Crimea and southern Russia. It is noted that this study can be legitimately considered in the light of studying the history of the civil war in the south of Russia, which continued after the liquidation of its “external” fronts. The author offers a systematic approach to the study of the insurgent movement in the Crimea.

Forms and Practices of Interbudgetary Relations in USSR in 1950s — First Half of 1960s

The forms and practices of interbudgetary relations in the USSR in the 1950s and early 1960s are considered. It is noted that the term interbudgetary relations in its broad interpretation can be used to describe the processes that took place in the budgetary system of the USSR. But, with one amendment: interbudgetary relations in the period under review should be understood as relations between the levels of the unified budgetary system of the Soviet Union, and not relations between equal subjects, as is interpreted in modern scientific literature. Record keeping materials of organizations, institutions and departments involved at different levels in the regulation of interbudgetary relations were used as sources. It is shown that interbudgetary relations took place in several forms: 1) the formation of th regulatory part of the revenues of lower budgets from tax deductions and revenues received by higher budgets; 2) implementation of interbudgetary transfers in the form of grants, subsidies and subventions; 3) implementation of the mechanism for settling budget disagreements. The authors come to the conclusion that each of these forms contributed to the achievement of a balance between the incomes of individual levels of the budget system and the expenditure obligations assigned to them.

Unknown facts of Artek’s famous history

This sketch describes the historical period of the Artek establishment as a children’s camp in the first half of 1920s. The facts of not well-known story are presented, it was not so widely covered in publications, but the actions and decisions of subjected people made significant contribution to their job, to the success in which they believed, and to the development of self-awareness of those who lived in this period. People’s Commissariat of Public Health Nikolay Alexandrovich Semashko and first chief physician of Artek Feodor Feodorovich Shishmarev had significant impact on development of children healthcare and the strengthening of medical personnel during the most difficult years of “Red Terror” in Crimea.

Управление знаниями на примере машиностроительного предприятия и вуза

Thе article discusses the problem of knowledge management. Meaning of the role of human resources, organizational management and information technologies in efficiency advancement of modern companies is the reason why active research of the knowledge management problem got started in the second half of 1990s. Main aim of knowledge management is to transform knowledge and experience of employees into company capital. Information technologies today are the main drive for transformation of mo¬dern businesses which is the main factor for the fourth industrial revolution INDUSTRY 4.0. This is why today’s goal model of knowledge-intensive industry enterprises contains task of IT solution creation that handles knowledge management. Aim: creating a metamodel of knowledge management system (KMS) using TOGAF methodology. Developing a KMS architecture for it to be used on industrial enterprise and higher education institution. Research methods used: complex approach and structural analysis of the process of system design using SADT (Structured Analysis and Design Technique) and TOGAF (The Open Group Architecture Framework) methodologies. Results. Developed metamodel of KMS architecture shows application of SADT and TOGAF methodologies on a given subject area in order to create knowledge ma-nagement system of industrial enterprise and higher education institution. Developed functional model describes mechanism of how knowledge is collected and formalized in form of hypertext and productional knowledge bases when conducting collaborative projects and their transfer to industries KMS. Conclusion. Developed productional rules allow integration of organizational and functional structure of enterprise and higher education institution from point of advancing IT efficiency, to create a central intelligent sphere when conducting collaborative projects, to allow knowledge collection at local knowledge management systems and to transfer this knowledge in industry enterprises.

Very Large Scale PV Power Generation for Shifting to a Renewable Energy Future

In order to meet the environmental challenge in the 21st Century, renewable energy must play an important role. PV is one of the most promising renewable energy technologies. It may be no exaggeration to say that we’re now coming to the stage of energy transition by PV power plants. PV power plants came on the market first in the latter half of 2000s. Since then, a capacity of the largest PV power plant in the world has been broken every year. In 2014, some PV plants over 500MW started operation. Currently, a share of PV power plants will be 15% or more of the total PV installation in the world. The technical and economic feasibility of the large scale PV power plants are already proven, and the environmental and socio-economic benefits can make the project more attractive. To deploy large scale PV power plants as a major power source, the feasibility and expected benefits of PV power plants are analysed, as well as a potential for global energy system.

Soviet Film Policy of the Second Half of 1950s — Late 1970s

The subject of this article is the film policy of the Soviet leadership in the period of “cold warming.” The term is used as a conditional-instrumental designation of the period — the second half of the 1950s to the late 1970s, clearly manifested as a management style in which elements of “détente” in the field of culture, cinematography, which appeared much earlier than this phenomenon in international relations, continuously coexisted with an atmosphere of tension between the USSR and the USA. On the basis of a wide range of sources, including archival documents used here or are subjected to in-depth analysis for the first time, this article addresses political, ideological, institutional, media, and communicative aspects of Soviet film politics in historical dynamics, from Khrushchev’s “modernization” to Brezhnev’s “conservative appeasement”. The leading role of such structures as the USSR State Committee for Cinematography, film export organization, and Ideological Commissions of the Central Committee of the CPSU in following established traditions of state pragmatism is established. This was expressed in the opening of external information “gateways” on the principle of duality. Import and “free” transmission of foreign film production, the assumption of private and departmental interaction with Western, American cinema figures, the reception of “alien” artistic and administrative-organizational experience of improving the filmmaker, were interrupted by strict control, demonstrative strengthening of censorship, and control and supervisory activity of party-state structures to counter “bourgeois media attacks”. As a result, this led to the return of excessive ideological and political principles, the inertial construction of barriers, the re-conceptualization of figurative-visual stereotypes and dogmatic prejudices.

UN Relief Agency for Palestine Refugees in Near East in 1956–1967: a Case of a Humanitarian Action

Following the outbreak of hostilities between Israel and the Arab states in 1948, a problem of Arab refugees from Palestine appeared. Presence of a large group of destitute people in such a strategically valuable region was posing a threat to the interests of the Unites States and the United Kingdom pressuring them to conduct measures of humanitarian relief. In 1950 United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) was established to facilitate material and rehabilitative needs of the Palestine refugees. A period of Agency’s history between the Suez Crisis of 1956 and the Six-Day War of 1967 was a time of relatively stable and peaceful development. Its works and services were developing in general accordance with trends established in the first half of 1950s. Basic food rations remained the same, while the Agency continued to eliminate more self-sustaining refugees from the ration roll. Building programs took place in the refugee camps, aimed at replacing huts and tents with houses for Palestinians to live in. Public health improved dramatically due to the Agency’s advancements in preventative medicine. By the end of 1950s the UNRWA change its approach to refugees’ rehabilitation and integration in the socio-economic systems of the Arab states bordering Palestine. From 1958 onwards education became a focal point in the Agency’s efforts to ensure refugees’ self-sustenance. Despite visible progress and pragmatic measures, the UNRWA was not able to solve the humanitarian problem. The number of refugees continued to grow in spite of the Agency’s efforts to roll out an effective educational program. One of the primary reasons behind its inability to fully address the issue was lack of finances. Over-reliance on UN member states for funds made it impossible for the Agency to sustain costly operations necessary for full relief and rehabilitation of displaced persons. It is possible that most of the UN member states did not view large donations as a venture worth perusing, forcing UNRWA work with very limited resources.