Half Of 20th Century Research Articles

Carlos de Arellano: poeta minor de la época Trastámara

Carlos de Arellano es un poeta de la primera mitad del siglo XV. Nos ha legado un reducido corpus poético, dos composiciones recogidas LB2 y ME1, lo que explica que no haya recibido la debida atención en los estudios literarios. Es preciso, no obstante, tomar en cuenta a los muchos poetas con poca producción que encontramos en los cancioneros, como Arellano, pues solo así dispondremos de una visión completa del fenómeno cancioneril. En este caso, resulta, además, imprescindible revisar algunos datos poco seguros empleados en la construcción de la biografía de este personaje, como la confusión con el Arellano representado en 16RE y 11CG, la identificación con un celebrado mártir de amor o la mención de su nombre en las Coplas de la Panadera. A pesar de su origen navarro, este caballero estuvo estrechamente relacionado con la corte de Álvaro de Luna y, de hecho, su obra pudo haber sido compuesta en el entorno de este condestable. En cuanto a la poesía, de tono amoroso, destaca su originalidad formal y el juego en torno al lexema part-.

Антропоморфизация японского государства и его эмоциональная жизнь (вторая половина XIXв. – 1945 г.)

Вторая половина XIX в. – 1945 г. время радикальных перемен в японском обществе, эпоха создания общенационального государства и японской империи, основанной на единении всех обитателей Японии. Политические реформы и идеология этого периода достаточно подробно изучены в историографии. Исследований, посвященных тому, как изменились сами японцы и их мировосприятие, гораздо меньше. Статья посвящена изучению эмоциональных трансформаций японцев, произошедших в этот период. Материалом исследования послужили официальные исторические документы, публицистика, поэзия и проза. Изменения оказались настолько быстрыми, что японская психика не выдерживала, в период Мэйдзи резко увеличилось количество душевных заболеваний и самоубийств. Общая экзальтация была характерной чертой эпохи, важнейшие государственные решения принимались под влиянием эмоций. Литература (в особенности новая поэзия синтай) играла важную роль в возбуждении народных чувств, в ней открыто транслировалась ксенофобия. Вера в то, что японский дух сильнее материи, диктовала безумные с военно-практической точки зрения решения. В 1941 г. Япония напала на главную военно-морскую базу США на Тихом океане – Пёрл-Харбор. Решение, которое привело к краху империи.

МИСТЕЦЬКИЙ ВИСТРІЙ РЕПРЕЗЕНТАТИВНОЇ ГРУПИ ПРИМІЩЕНЬ В ГРОМАДСЬКИХ БУДІВЛЯХ ЛЬВОВА У ДРУГІЙ ПОЛОВИНІ ХІХ СТ.

The article considers the characteristic features and distinctness of the artistic design of representative rooms of public buildings in Lviv in second half of 19th century. Traced the main factors that influenced their formation, both architecturally and artistically. Highlighted in detail the Viennese historicism and its features in interior decoration, which is had influenced and reflected to the Lviv’s public buildings. For a more detailed analysis of the artistic structure, a representative sample was made of key public buildings, both, in Lviv and their analogues in other cities of the empire. There are was included: theaters, universities, Sejms and parliaments, museums, courts and other buildings, which have a wide representative group of premises. Also highlighted there are common trends, direct and indirect quotations, both in the artistic elements and in the overall composition. In addition, was also show up the key figures in art and architecture who were active in the second half of the 19th century in Lviv who made a significant contribution to the formation of the artistic arrangements of public buildings. Instead, was indicate and considered main impact factors: administrative, cultural, artistic, social and educational. There was administrative influence, both direct and indirect. Along with funding from imperial exchequer, the facts of straight directives on the style of decoration of representative premises are known. There was also a direct influence on the formation of schools, workshops and in general on the field of architecture and art. Another important factor is that, both the elites and society was focused in the all spheres of life on the capital of the empire. Especially in the culture, architecture and art. For conclusions, in stylistic terms, the artistic design of representative public buildings in Vienna followed the pan- European tendency of historicism, but stood out in its characteristic features. Since Lviv was part of the administrative structure of the Austrian part of the empire, by analogy with the capital, it had a corresponding list of key public buildings. Comparative analysis reveals many similarities, from the layout of the premises, to the decorative and applied elements of artistic design, and in some cases there is a direct citation. Among the main factors are administrative, cultural, educational and economic, which are manifested both in the form of directives and in socio-cultural imitation the current trend at that time in architecture and art.

Les méthodes d’évaluation de nouveaux remèdes dans la première moitié du 19ème siècle: l’exemple des médecins genevois

Recent research on the history of medicine has shown that during the 18th century, the pharmacological market has steadily expanded. For medical practitioners, this influx of novelties triggered constant challenges to the process of cure assessment. This study analyses six historical controversies surrounding new remedies in Geneva during the first half of 19th century. The overview of fifty years of therapeutic questioning shows how Genevan practitioners managed to judge the usefulness of a specific remedy on the basis of observations – usually quite numerous – and how they started to elaborate methodological principles underlying a populational approach.

Образ культури України середньовічної доби на сторінках "Чтений в историческом обществе Нестора Летописца"

The Historical Society of Nestor the Chronicler was one of the organizations in the second half of 19th – the first half of 20th century which researched the culture of Ukraine. Members of the society published their studies in various periodicals. Beginning from the year 1888 their annual journal "Chteniya v Istoricheskom obshchestve Nestora Letopistsa" appeared regularly. The purpose of this article are to identify topics from the cultural history of the 10th -16th century which were of interest for the members of the society, as well as studies published by them on the journal pages. The other purpose is to systematize interpretations of problems of cultural history raised by the members, and to define the role which was given to the medieval culture in the development of this region by the above-mentioned researchers. It was found, as a result of the study, that beginning from the second half of the 19th century the scholars increasingly turned to the topics predeceasing the Cossack period for emphasising the cultural originality of lands of Southern Ruthenia (Rus'). Researchers turned to the study of monuments of literature to discover local traditions and possible foreign influences. The identified borrowings were often interpreted that they had reflected the existing diversity of the language and culture. Yet there were also some attempts to prove a close connection with the culture of Northern Ruthenia (so called: "Great Russian" culture) on the basis of the established facts. On occasion of the 900th anniversary of the baptism of Ruthenia the researcher intensified their studies on the history of religions. The most attention was paid to the adoption of the Eastern Christianity by Eastern Slavs and the development of Orthodoxy in the area they inhabited. However, researchers were also interested in the history of the Roman Catholic Church, Judaism, Protestantism and their influence on the culture of the region. The members of the society discovered andanalysed landmarks from the Middle Ages and from the beginning of Early Modern times. Artworks from this period survived worst of all. The researchers studied sacral buildings, the interior decoration of temples, icons, as well as what were left from the secular architecture, including castles and fortifications. They also tried to identify distinctive elements of artistic development and possible foreign influences. In addition, cultural relations of Ruthenia with other countries were studied. The special attention was paid to the marriage unions, to the connection between economic and cultural interactions and to the religious factor of the relations between various states. The image of the culture of Middle Edges as an important period of Ukraine's cultural history was being created by publishing research results on the pages of the journal.

The ascertainment of individual composition style in Ukrainian chamber instrumental music of the second half of 18th century

The ascertainment of individual composition style in Ukrainian chamber instrumental music of the second half of 18th century

КНИГОЗБІРНЯ «СТУДІОНУ» У ФОНДАХ ЛЬВІВСЬКОЇ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ НАУКОВОЇ БІБЛІОТЕКИ УКРАЇНИ імені В. СТЕФАНИКА: ФРАГМЕНТИ ІСТОРІЇ, ПРОБЛЕМИ ВИВЧЕННЯ І ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ

Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv (VSNSL of Ukraine in Lviv) is considered as an inheritor and successor for major Ukrainian libraries and institutions that constituted its base consequently to geopolitical upheavals of first half of 20th century. These are books, manuscripts, old prints, periodicals, notes and fine arts collections etc. from the libraries of Shevchenko Scientific Society, People’s Home in Lviv, monasteries, private collections, as well as Studion’s Library collection, whose substantial part now is being dispersed along the shelves of VSNSL of Ukraine in Lviv. The author defined the role of Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyi and Klymentii Sheptytskyi in establishing and maintaining this biggest specialized scientific library in Galicia at that time. The paper describes the rise and evolution of the Studion’s Library collection drawing on archival documents and revealing main stages of its formation, outlines objectives that Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyi determined for it and highlighted Metropolitan’s activity in church and social fields resulted in formation of national and cultural institutions. The author also defined the outstanding role of Studion’s in the religious life of Ukrainians. The Studion’s Library collection was officially integrated into Lviv Branch of the Library of the Academy of Sciences of USSR on February 12, 1940. So the dispersion of the once rich collection started. Now those books and periodicals are parts of Rare Book Department, Manuscript Department, Ucrainica Department, Exchange and Reserve Department, Department of European book of 19th–20th cc. and others. These collections were repeatedly examined within several bibliological studies conducted by the Library’s researchers. Thus, it is marked that unique collections of Studion’s like other historical libraries at VSNSL of Ukraine in Lviv need writing their history as well as their bibliographical reconstruction what is now composing one of main objectives of Library’s staff Keywords: Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv, Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyi, Klymentii Sheptytskyi, the Studion’s Library collection, Byzantine Library.

Population Growth and Land Use Land Cover Change Scenario in Ethiopia

Land use and land cover change (LULC) is widespread, accelerating, and significant processes driven by human actions but also producing changes that impact humans. These changes can alter the availability of different biophysical resources including soil, vegetation, water, animal feed and finally it leads to a decreased availability of different products and services for human, livestock, agricultural production and damage to the environment as well. Understanding land use land cover change with relation to population growth at various scales is vital for development of management strategies to tackle further decline of natural resources. In connection to this, a seminar paper was done to assess the relationship between population growth and land use land cover change in Ethiopia. Recently published articles, books, proceedings, dissertations and government reports were used as a secondary data source for this review paper. The result reveals that in Ethiopia there were considerable LULC changes in the second half of 20th century particularly in the highland part of the country. Forest and woodlands coverage of the country was declined from 40% in the early 20th century to 15%. Similarly, the population was rapidly growing from 41.2 million in 1985 to 63.5 million in 2000 and it was reached 96.6 million in 2015. Based on these results it can be concluded that, LULC change and population change have a strong relationship; as population increases the need for cultivated land, grazing land, fuel wood; settlement areas also increases to meet the growing demand for food and energy, and livestock population. Similarly, rapid population growth exerts pressure on the existing land resources through increasing the demand for food, wood for fuel and construction purposes, and other necessities.

Эволюция образа православного паломника в российской периодике второй половины XIX в.

Эволюция образа православного паломника в российской периодике второй половины XIX в.

The Institutionalization of Philosophy: Victor Cousin and Hegel’s Legacy in France

The article points out patterns in the institutionalization of philosophy during the first half of 19th century when French education was revamped by Victor Cousin and the school of eclecticism as part of the educational policy of the doctrinaire political faction. Cousin’s public statements and correspondence stating his views about how to properly conduct education in philosophy and what obligations that education had toward the political forces of the 1830s and 1840s are interpreted in the context of the structure of the French educational system, changes in the socio-political situation, the lingering influence of Jesuit colleges after they had been banned in the 18th century, the continuity of the administrative and personnel structure of secondary and higher schools, and the Napoleonic reforms. The main focus of the article is on how institutionalization influenced the spread of Hegelian studies and Hegelianism in France and on the inertia in the system that was introduced to maintain the canon of works and figures selected for France’s philosophers to study. The features of the French system of philosophical education that Cousin devised are analyzed, the role of the competitive agrégation in philosophy from the 19th to the 21st century is examined, and the advantages and problematic aspects of institutionalized philosophy are explained. The immediate conclusion reached is that Cousin’s educational policy had a direct and long-lasting impact on the development of Hegel studies and Hegelianism in France from the middle of the 19th century through the first third of the 20th century. That impact came in the form of a wide-ranging abandonment of translating, studying and teaching certain material, and the German idealist’s legacy was the most affected by it. The author also argues that this example reveals more than the role played by a person who pursued well-intentioned goals under particular circumstances with considerable success, although that success came at a cost for the study of the history of philosophy. The example illustrates how the outcome of philosophical studies depends on the institutional arrangement for training and selecting qualified consumers and producers of philosophical knowledge, and this brings up the question of the meta-position of philosophy.

The stronghold on Kirkut Hill in Lublin. The state of recognition of the remains of the former stronghold and its role in the medieval Lublin agglomeration

The aim of the article is to present the state of the research conducted on the remains of a medieval stronghold on Grodzisko Hill, also known as Kirkut Hill (due to the Jewish cemetery from the late Middle Ages and early modern period located on its top), as well as to show the latest approach to dating the remains of the stronghold and its role in the medieval Lublin agglomeration. Archaeological research carried out on the hill and at its foot in the 1960s and 1970s was of limited range due to the existence of the Jewish cemetery. However, it can be considered that they provided an amount of data that enables the reconstruction of stratigraphy of the stronghold and recognition of the structure of its rampart running along the edge of the hill. After many discussions, both among historians and Lublin archaeologists, a certain consensus regarding the chronology and the function of the former stronghold on Grodzisko Hill has now been reached. It seems that it was in the 13th century that the stronghold was built and, then, before the century ended, it was destroyed. It coexisted with an older structure – probably built in the 12th century – namely the castellan stronghold on Zamkowe Hill. Recent research indicates that during the second half of 13th century, or at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries, a new line of ramparts was built on Staromiejskie Hill. This is how three parts of the Lublin agglomeration were distinguished. Perhaps, in this structure, the stronghold on Kirkut Hill could have functioned as a guard post for a part of the long-distance route located in the area of today’s Kalinowszczyzna Street. The 13th century, and especially its second half, was the time of numerous Yotvingian, Lithuanian, Mongolian, Ruthenian and Tatar invasions.

Image of a Blacksmith in the Traditional World View of Kazakhs in 19th – first Half of 20th Centuries

The article analyzes the multi-faceted personality of the Kazakh blacksmith in ethnotraditional perception compared with the culture of other nations. Such parameters as birth and “magical” diversion of hereditary gift, professional etiquette and the social status of the blacksmith have been considered. The attention has been paid to such qualities of the blacksmith as spiritual self-control, lack of greed, strength and nobility of character. The mentioned is justified by the idea that the moral defects of a master can enter into conflict with his sacred activities which could lead his family to misfortune.

Pb-Rich Slags, Minerals, and Pollution Resulted from a Medieval Ag-Pb Smelting and Mining Operation in the Silesian-Cracovian Region (Southern Poland)

Since the 12th century in the Silesian-Cracovian area, lead, litharge, and silver have been produced by the pyrometallurgical processing of Pb-Ag-Zn ore. Slags and soils contaminated with heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe, Mn, As) were the subject of this research. Samples were collected during archaeological works in the area of early medieval metallurgical settlement. The main goals of the analyses (Scanning Electron Miscroscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Electron Probe Microanalyzer (EPMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)) were the determination of the mineralogical composition of furnace batches and smelting temperatures and conditions. In soils, the anthropogenic phases enriched in Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, P, and primary minerals like goethite, ferrihydrite, sphalerite, galena, smithsonite, minrecordite, cerussite, gypsum, anglesite, jarosite, and hemimorphite were identified. The soil from former metallurgical settlements contained up to 1106 mg·kg−1 Pb, 782 mg·kg−1 Zn, 4.7 mg·kg−1 Cd in the fine fraction. Much higher heavy metal concentrations were observed in the waste products of ore rinsing, up to 49,282 mg·kg−1 Pb, 64,408 mg·kg−1 Zn, and 287 mg·kg−1 Cd. The medieval smelting industry and Pb-Ag-Zn ore processing are marked by highly anomalous geochemical pollution (Pb, Zn, Cd, Fe, Mn, Ba) in the topsoil. The methods of mineralogical investigation, such as SEM-EDS or EMPA, can be used to identify mineralogical phases formed during metallurgical processes or ore processing. Based on these methods, the characteristic primary assemblage and synthetic phases were identified in the area polluted by medieval metallurgy and mining of Pb-Ag-Zn ores, including MVT (Mississippi Valley Type) deposits. The minerals distinguished in slags and the structural features of metal-bearing aggregates allow us to conclude that batches have included mostly oxidised minerals (PbCO3, ZnCO3, CaZn(CO3)2, FeOOH), sulfides (PbS and ZnS) and quartz (SiO2). The laboratory experiment of high-temperature heating of the examined slags showed that smelting temperatures used in the second half of 13th century were very high and could have reached up to 1550 °C. The results indicate, that geochemical and mineralogical methods can be used to obtain important information from archaeological sites, even after archaeological work has long ceased.

14세기 전반 고려 사경발원문의 내용과 특징

14세기 전반 고려 사경발원문의 내용과 특징

ФЕНТЕЗІ ЯК НЕОМІФ У КІНЕМАТОГРАФІ

The genre of fantasy started taking important shapes in the second half of 20th century. But even more importantly it emerges in the 21st century, pacing its way in the literature and on the screen.One can even consider it being a ‘meta-genre’ or ‘poly-genre’.It is worth starting with the definitions. What is fantasy? Previously, we talked only about the fantastic and science fiction. Fist one was putting on the screen some fairy tales, and the second one was an attempt to predict the future with its incredible discoveries, fantastic inventions, and journeys into some unknown and endless outer space.However, as early as in the first half of the 20th century, the works, which are different from the traditional fantastic start emerging. Their authors create very strange simulacrum worlds, which appear to have nothing in common with the existing ones. But in the meantime, the reader recognizes in their inhabitants the heroes of the ancient legends and sagas, of the myths and legends. In most of the cases they remind us of the Middle ages, about which we know more from the myths then from the history of science.The worlds are inhabited with the magic forces, elves and fairies, wizards, dragons and incredible monsters. Their existence is taken as given, it does not violate the laws of that universe. Other characters, from flesh and blood, who look like the heroes of myths and sagas, leave side by side with those creatures.That is how the genre of fantasy has emerged, where the fantastic events, taking place either in the depth of the history, or inside the Cosmos, are taken as absolutely natural ones. This makes it different from the fairy tales, where one know right away that everything is unreal and fantastic.The modern scientific literature makes an accent on the neo-mythological character of fantasy. Fantastic worlds created by the author’s imagination, acquire their ontological justification, carry multifaceted life meanings.The fantasy world has its own system of coordinates. Authors of novels of create the geography of unknown lands, where dramatic and tragic events unfold. The time of fantasy is very close to that of mythology. As a rule, events unfold cyclically according to the pattern of "eternal return". What has happened in the ages must be repeated in the present.However, it is not for nothing that a surge of interest in the genre occurred in times that were called the era of postmodernism. The ambiguity, the fluidity of forms, the displacement of certain moral values, the transformation of the cosmos into chaos, their unity and mutual flow, the emergence of chaos is characteristic of postmodern texts.The analysis was centered around the films of the "Arthurian cycle", such as "Lord of the Rings" and the series "Game of Thrones".

Historische Meinung

Abstract Shortly before his ninetieth anniversary, one of the most pre-eminent American theorists of historiography in the second half of 20th century died: Hayden White (1928–2018). This article confronts White’s ideas on metahistory and the fundamental narrativity of historiography, which at least for the decades to follow have revolutionized the theory of history, with important scholarly sources from German intellectual history, such as Nietzsche, Bloch, Kracauer und Blumenberg, to conclude that the central focus of White’s thought-provoking theoretical experiment, to conceive of historiography as an interplay of four directional literary forms – romance, satire, comedy and tragedy –, grounded in the epistemology of the basic tropes (metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche and irony), inadvertently induced a neglect of rhetoric in the scholarly enterprise of understanding the past and of finding argumentative plausibility and consensus in the dialogue of historiographic negotiation.

Historische Meinung

Abstract Shortly before his ninetieth anniversary, one of the most pre-eminent American theorists of historiography in the second half of 20th century died: Hayden White (1928–2018). This article confronts White’s ideas on metahistory and the fundamental narrativity of historiography, which at least for the decades to follow have revolutionized the theory of history, with important scholarly sources from German intellectual history, such as Nietzsche, Bloch, Kracauer und Blumenberg, to conclude that the central focus of White’s thought-provoking theoretical experiment, to conceive of historiography as an interplay of four directional literary forms – romance, satire, comedy and tragedy –, grounded in the epistemology of the basic tropes (metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche and irony), inadvertently induced a neglect of rhetoric in the scholarly enterprise of understanding the past and of finding argumentative plausibility and consensus in the dialogue of historiographic negotiation.

The Importance of Connections: The Rise of Jewish Business Elites in Galicia

Abstract The article explores relations within the milieu of Jewish elites involved in the oil industry of two towns in Eastern Galicia – Drohobych and Boryslav – in the second half of 19th century. The oil industry, one of the unique examples of early industrialization in Galicia, attracted numerous Jewish participants, especially in the initial stages. They became workers, overseers and entrepreneurs, less or more successful. The Jewish communities of both cities were socially and culturally diverse. This article examines the formation and structure of Jewish economic elites, arguing that kin relations and connections with elites in a non-Jewish environment helped a group of oil entrepreneurs to distinguish themselves from others and sustain business. Though 19th-century industry in Galicia inspired writers with the idea of the oil magnate gaining wealth overnight, the formation of Jewish elites in Drohobych and Boryslav was a long process, which required the ability to connect with different networks.

Translation, Culture and the Loss of Meaning in K R Meera’s Aarachar

Translation, as a practice, has existed ever since the birth of civilization even though, its inclusion in the domain of scientific research did not take placeuntil the second half of 20th century. The ability of translation to transcend the linguistic barriers has always been used to its advantage to promote traditions, practices and even ideologies. However, it is widely accepted that translation is incapable of the complete transference of meaning when the source culture and target culture are significantly divergent. The aim of the paper, therefore, is to analyze this loss of meaning through the comparative reading of K R Meera’s Aarachar and its translation Hangwoman by J Devika. The source text was chosen for its significant contributions to the modern Malayalam literary tradition and the strong presence of cultural elements. Through this article, the researcher intends to trace the difficulties translator had to face during the process of translation and the extent to which the translator has succeeded in achieving an equivalence of meaning bound in a cultural setting. The concept of equivalence in translation defined by Nida andNewmark’s and Vermeer’s understanding of culture in translation is employed for this comparative reading.

Gustave Flaubert e Maxime Du Camp: diferentes concepções de obra literária

In this article, I discuss questions about the differences between Gustave Flaubert and Maxime Du Camp relating to each one's style, projects and the way they insert themselves in the literary camp in the last half of 19th century.