Half Of 20th Century Research Articles

Grypa w polskich podręcznikach o chorobach zakaźnych, drugiej połowy XIX w. i okresu dwudziestolecia międzywojennego (do roku 1937)

Influenza in Polish textbooks on infectious diseases from the second half of 19th century and the interwar period Influenza, as a disease, is still relatively unknown to the general public, despite the fact that it has quite an extensive pedigree, both in terms of etymology – the history of the term itself – as well as the period when it first became recognizable as a specific type of ailment. The following analysis attempts to uncover the regularities connected with learning about this disease, which has been known to plague mankind since ancient times. Another interesting aspect – besides reaching the reason for the phrasing used – is the question of the naming convention, which developed in Europe, one could say, along with the disease itself, which in turn was often known to take the form of an epidemic or even escalating to a pandemic. This analysis is based on the first Polish medical textbooks describing infectious diseases, which started being published in the Congress Kingdom of Poland in 1870s. Moreover, it should be added that initially those books were published on the basis of foreign literature and were passed on to the Polish public through translations. However, from the beginning of the 20th century, textbooks by native authors, the first national specialists in this field, started being written. The last position used for the purposes of the above analysis is a publication entitled doctors), edited by Leon Karwacki and Feliks Malinowski, published in Warsaw in 3 volumes, two years before the outbreak of the Second World War, in the year 1937.

Relationship between Lords and Gentry in England in Second Half of 15th Century in Context of ‘Bastard Feudalism’ Concept: a Prosopographic Analysis

“Bastard feudalism” is a system of patronage-client relations that existed in England in the late Middle Ages, opposed to the vassal-seigneurial relations of classical feudalism. This concept has been used in historiography since the 19th century, but is still debatable. The relevance of the study is due to the question of the degree of “bastard feudalism” relations distribution in society. Based on the sources, a prosopographic database of active participants in the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487) was formed, a significant part of which were secular lords and representatives of the middle and lower nobility (gentry): knights, squires and gentlemen. The retinues of the lords had a motley social composition, but, as a rule, included precisely the nobles. Analysis of the database showed that at least 16 % of the representatives of the gentry were in the service or were part of the entourage of the lords who supported the Lancasters or Yorks. Most of the gentry did not belong to the retinue of the lords, but were dependent on them and were recruited into military service in cases of aggravation of the socio-political conflict.

Digital Survey of the Late 1960's Villa in Ustroń: Creating a Virtual Model of a Heritage Site of Polish Post-War Modernist Architecture

Abstract The paper undertakes the topic of architectural heritage of post-war modernism in Poland. Beside the typical single-family housing solutions from the second half of 20th century (the so-called “Polish cube”) it is possible to point out some examples of houses designed according to the world's leading design tendencies of that time. Those buildings were established on individual requests of the social elites including scientists, directors and government officials. One of such objects is a modernist villa from the 1960s located in Ustroń – a popular resort at the foot of the Beskid Mountains and built for General Jerzy Ziętek. There is a lack of its accurate, systematic documentation, which would become a basis for a conservation project. Here, we demonstrate a response to this problem which results in the development of a precise inventory documentation and representation of the investigated object, which is a valuable heritage of post-war modernism architecture. Methodology presented in this paper is based on combination of digital tools such as UAV photogrammetry and HBIM modelling and by adding a rich database obtained through thorough research.

“Mon adorable Mécène…” Ranieri Calzabigi’s correspondence with Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz-Rietberg

The paper focuses on presenting a unique, exceptionally rich, but still basically unprocessed correspondence from the second half of 18th century between the Count and later Prince Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz-Rietberg, a well-known and respected figure in European history, and one of his important sources of information, Italian poet, librettist, opera reformer, writer and intellectual, Ranieri de Calzabigi. The edition of the correspondence is the main ouput of the grant project Vienna „à la française“: The role of Wenzl Anton von Kaunitz-Rietberg’s Parisian stays to his Viennese cultural patronage, which is briefly presented. The main questions in case of this paper are: Calzabigi´s position within Kaunitz´s social-informational network, his sources of information and also the relationship between the Prince and the poet

Regionalism, membership and leadership: insights from Asia and beyond

Drawing inspiration from a Chinese proberb, this paper offers an alternative interpretation of regionalism, with a special reference to its membership. This alternative interpretation provides insights into the exclusionary aspect of regionalism, for which mainstream international relations theories lack a certain efficacy in providing plausible explanations. We hypothesize that a state forms a regional group in which it can be a leader, excluding states that are more powerful than it is. A state values the leading position in a regional group, even in a small regional group. To test the hypothesis, this paper investigates regionalism launched in Asia during the second half of 20th century, with special attention to the inclusion and exclusion of the US. By analyzing diplomatic records obtained at four national archives (Australia, Japan, the UK, and the US), as well as memoirs by retired officials and other studies, this paper shows that regionalism in Asia was often pursued in an exclusionary manner, mainly by Japan, and to a lesser degree by Indonesia. The paper also discusses whether and how regionalism in Europe can be explained with this alternative theory.

O colapso do cognitivo no social: Kant à luz de Benjamin, Adorno e Horkheimer

This article intends to identify how the cognitive procedure of Kant’s critical philosophy is related to the enlightened principle of expanding the world. My hypothesis is that the task of the critical philosophy on knowing “how is it possible the synthetic a priori judgements?” takes to the enlargement of the faculty of judgment and the possession of objects by the intellect. Notions such as Copernican Revolution, Experience, and Space-Time are forms which cannot be seen as bare principles for knowing objects but also as elements that allow to have the world through judgments; this expresses a model of modernization as well. That was noted by the young Benjamin and the elders Adorno & Horkheimer, which, despite to have different views on Kant’s philosophy, realized its strength in a way that these principles could still be observed at the social domain in the first half of 20th century.

Պարսկական վավերագիտությունը Հայաստանում և զարգացման հեռանկարները

Persian source studies, especially the study of Persian historical documents, have long established traditions in Armenia. It is strongly connected with the importance of these documents in protection of the rights of the Armenian Church and its subjects under the rule of the foreign powers, using Persian as official language The start of the studies of Persian documents in Armenia may be considered the second half of 18th century and was connected with the activities of Catholicos Simeon Yerevanc‘i. The author examines the valuable contribution of some specialists in this field and focuses on the achievements of H. Papazian. The article considers the methods of work and main principles of publiccation of Persian documents in Soviet Union, which were the basis also for Papazian’s work. The author draws also some aspects for future developments in this field.

The Polish Village in the Face of Political, Social and Economic Changes From 1772-1815: A Study of Western Lesser Poland (Małopolska)

The article examines the impact of social, economic and political changes of the second half of 18th century and the beginning of 19th century on the functioning of rural society of Lesser Poland province. The study considers the situation of peasants, nobles and the clergy. The first part of the article presents the state of research on the problem and the available sources. The second part is devoted to the presentation of selected examples of social relations observed in contemporary Lesser Poland rural society. Conflicts between landowners and lease owners over abused peasant labour, debates over tithes, abuses of state officials and peasant resistance (i.e. peasant desertions, court cases) are discussed.

Folwarki trynitarzy łuckich w latach 1799–1832

The possessions of Roman Catholic Church during the 18th and first half of 19th centuries consisted of many elements owned by: parishes, orders, chapters, seminaries and schools, hospitals, economics of diocesan bishops and bishops suffragans. Among the Orders existing in lands taken by Russian Empire in 18th century important role played the Order of the Most Holy Trinity and of the Captives. One of trinitarian monasteries have been located in Lutsk since the first half of 18th century. During this period monastery’s benefices consisted of sums, alms and incomes generated by estates. Between 1729–1842 Trinitarians of Lutsk owned three land estates. The 1st one contained two villages Jarowica and Wyszkowa, the 2nd some part of Boruchowa and the 3rd village Siekierzyca and three parts of Wólka Siekierzycka. Each of folwarks took care of agriculture and animal husbandry. Moreover the trinitarian’s subjects produced yarn. Annual income generated by land estates depended of many factors – natural ones as well as some depending of men’s will. In 1812 trinitarian’s villages have been plundered by the Russian Imperial Army. This event caused impoverishment of trinitarian peasants and financial troubles of the whole Lutsk monastery.

Rehabilitation of Mass Housing as a Contribution to Social Equality: Insights from the East-West European Academic Dialogue

Mass housing neighbourhoods (MHN) represent the leading pattern of urban transformation and expansion in the second half of the 20th century, and accordingly evaluation, regeneration and redesign of the MHN represent a necessary and challenging task in the contemporary research context. In the practical scope of MHN rehabilitation, various holistic approaches and design strategies are identified that affirm both ecological transition and social transformation of these urban settings. However, the level of application of such approaches across Europe varies greatly, and requires research initiatives of a comparative nature that open a cross-geographical debate at the European level. Although there is a series of evidence-based studies that define the conceptual framework of MHN, i.e., large-scale housing settlements, through historical-interpretative and chronological analyses, the academic debate on practical and feasible MHN rehabilitation and their sustainable integration into the urban development of cities at European level is underdeveloped. The specific objective of this paper is to establish preliminary insights into the current level of MHN rehabilitation and to identify challenges for further actions through (1) a comparative analysis of MHN role models from the second half of 20th century, and through (2) insights from an implemented expert questionnaire. The research engages a comparative case study analysis as the primary method and analyses MHN in Germany (as a representative of Western Europe) and in the two ex-Yugoslav countries, North Macedonia and Serbia (as representatives of Eastern Europe). This research has highlighted the main obstacles and challenges for MHN rehabilitation and demonstrated the importance of a multiscale approach to MHN analysis, having in mind that through the distribution of design values at the analysed spatial levels (neighbourhood level, building level, and apartment level) the application of affirmative indicators within different design values group is recognised.

THE FORTRESSES OF THE GREAT LITHUANIAN PRINCIPALITY ON THE TERRITORY OF THE KIEVAN AREA (HISTORY OF RESEARCH)

The study of fortresses on the territory of the Kyiv area in the Lithuanian period is one of the actual tasks of the formation of a new look on the Ukrainian history. As it is known it was the stage of the castell tower system of fortification, taking not only defense, but social and political, economic position, status of administrative centers and places of living of the social elite.
 In the course of the Lithuanian period, the following stages of the development of system of castell constructing are fixed: At the end of 14th — at the beginning of 15th century the castell tower system of fortification had been formed;
 On the second stage at the middle of 15th — in the second half of 16th century — the period of adaptation of the castell tower system to the artillery and the appearance of the system of basteja.
 In the Kyiv area two types of fortress constructing were fixed. The North and central parts of the area: the continuation of Old Rus traditions of the fortification on the base of wooden and earth constructions with two or three flour wooden towers. The transmission to the arm stage on the base of artillery took place. Planning structure: triangle and rectangular forms.
 On the South — the transition to the stone tower system, fortificated with wooden-earth constructions and stone counterforts, two or three flour towers, distribution of European types artillery. Planning structure: triangle and rectangular forms.
 For example: the Kyiv Castle which became the center of statehood in the time of Vladimir Olgerdovich; the system of castles in the rest of the territory; the creation of the fortification system of the South by Prince Vytautas, which facilitated trade in Europe from Krakow to the Black Sea coast and composition of the new federal state.

O idei „Polski Ludowej” i jej orędownikach. Ludowa i socjalistyczna wizja niepodległej Polski – uwagi krytyczne

In this essay I present a book titled Ludowa i socjalistyczna wizja niepodległej Polski [ People’s and Socialist vision of the Independent Polish State ], edited by Janusz Gmitruk and Tadeusz Skoczek. It is a collection of papers which are focused on different aspects of history of modern socialist and peasant movements in Poland during first half of 20th century. I argue, that the idea of „People’s Poland”, currently strictly associated with propaganda of communist „Polish People’s Republic” (1944/45–1989), has deeper historical roots and played a key role in political imagination of democratic and pro-independence movements. In this essay I offer not only a critical review of articles collected in the book, but also try to propose new, potentially promising perspectives for further research on history of mass and plebeian political movements.

The Initial Stage of the Establishment of the Orthodox Church in the European North-East

The Orthodox Church has played a major role in the history of many nations of the Russian state. Historians believe that the beginning of Christianization of the European North-East is dated to the second half of 14th century. Archaeological discoveries over the past 35 years have provided new data for researchers. The article deals with a collection consists of 11 Christian symbols obtained during the study of medieval settlements in the European north-east. All the artifacts have been dated to the 12–13th centuries. The publication defines the typological and chronological composition, provides analogies from the excavations of other archaeological sites in Russia. These findings indicate that the ancient population of the region was acquainted with Christian culture before the 14th century. The author suggests that Christianization of the region began together with Old Russian colonization in the early 12th century. The spread of items with Christian symbols and ideas of Christianity was associated with the inhabitants of settlements in the valleys of the Vym, Vychegda and Sysola Rivers. These settlements were founded by immigrants from the territory of Russia and became centres of population concentration.

Sources of different types of Ukrainian musical creativity of the Baroque period (17th - first half of 18th century): codicological and musical-stylistic aspects

Sources of different types of Ukrainian musical creativity of the Baroque period (17th - first half of 18th century): codicological and musical-stylistic aspects

Evolution of Office Work in State Institutions of Russian Empire in First Half of 19th Century (on Example of Department of Appanages)

The article is devoted to the history of office work in the first half of the 19th century, using the example of the workflow of the Department of Appanages. On the basis of published materials and archival sources, the author examines the general principles of office work of state institutions of the Russian Empire, explores the evolution of document flow in the first half of the 19th century, evaluates the effectiveness of measures to reduce document flow, and identifies common and different features of the evolution of office work of the Department of Appanages. The office work reform in the Russian Empire had a complex character. Both the form of documents and the principles of circulation of documents have undergone changes. The effectiveness of the work of the governing bodies was assessed by the number of incoming and outgoing documentation. Despite the fact that the basic principles laid down by the office work reform were of a nationwide nature, they could acquire their own specific features in the state institutions themselves. In the Department of appanages, this was due to the gradual removal of the management of the appanage from the competence of other authorities of the Russian Empire. In the second quarter of the XIX century the exclusive right to manage all internal issues relating to the department was finally assigned to the specific authorities, which were directly subordinate to the emperor through the minister.

Tracing the origins of incunabula through the automatic identification of fonts in digitised documents

Incunabula are the texts printed mainly during the second half of 15th century that are a key cultural element in a revolutionary period of the history and evolution of the book and the printing. In these books, the identification of their origin largely affects its academic, cultural, patrimonial, and economical value. This paper proposes a process to automate the identification of the origin of a digitised incunable document using the Proctor/Haebler method, a commonly established procedure in the field. This process has been validated with a selected dataset obtained from the incunabula collection at the digital repository of the University of Zaragoza.

Delegated Papal Jurisdiction and the Religious Orders in the Diocese of Veszprém in the First Half of the 13th Century

The paper is a short contribution to the history of papal delegated jurisdiction in Hungary in the first half of 13th century. The main aim of the study is to analyse the participation of the monasteries of religious orders in the diocese of Veszprém at the practical work of the system of papal judge-delegation. The connection could be formed in two quite separated ways: their officials, or as legal persons the convents themselves could function either as papal judges-delegate in foreign litigations, or they could be contestants of their own cases. The paper introduces the known cases of the second group from the selected era, since the main characteristics of the activities as papal judges-delegate are presented as well.

IFLA supports bibliographic studies

The author reviews the activity of the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) in the area of bibliography and bibliographic studies since the second half of 20th century. IFLA bibliography-oriented divisions with the account to the recent structural changes are named. The changes are approved at 2021 World Library and Information Congress. The key projects in blbliography and cataloguing are discussed: Universal Bibliographic Control (UBC), UNISIST (United Nations International Scientific Information System); National Information Systems; International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD). The current technological projects, e. g. FRBR, FRAD, FRSAD, FRBRoo, PRESSoo, IFLA LRM, are to regulate and standardize requirements to bibliographic records to support multiaspect information retrieval. The author argues that IFLA has transformed its bibliographic activities from large-scale global projects intended to embrace various types of documents and to unify bibliographic records toward narrower technological projects oriented toward disclosing data on format and contents of documents and efficient utilization of bibliographic information. The author emphaszes that IFLA is now focusing on the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals agenda and 2030 Culture Coalition.The author based her article on the paper delivered at the Third World Bibliographic Congress (Novosibirsk, 27–29 April, 2021).

Juvenile Justice System in Pakistan: A Critical Appraisal

This research delineates the concept of Juvenile Delinquency and unfurls the rudimentary underpinnings, requisites and contours of the Juvenile Justice System in Pakistan. In the second half of 20th century, the concern for protection of best interest of juveniles has attracted attention under international conventions and national legislation, whose overarching and overriding aim is to deal and manage this crucial issue of juvenile delinquency while keeping in view the ‘best interests of the child’ and ‘safeguard of their fundamental rights’. However, unfortunately some basic shortcomings persist in the overall Criminal Justice System of Pakistan to which Juvenile Justice System is a part, inter alia, overcrowding and inhuman conditions of detention centers, incapacitated staff of the prisons, callousness, abuse and exploitation at the hands of police, pathetic prosecution system and an overwhelmed judicial system whose eventualities culminate in problems for pre-trial offenders awaiting their trials, a fragile probation and parole system and lack of other diversionary measures to detention that can help reduce a great chunk of prisoners from already brimmed prisons. Juvenile Justice System particularly focuses upon not bringing the juvenile offenders encounter formal Criminal Justice System rather puts emphasis on alternate measures for the rehabilitation, re-socialization, and re-integration of the juveniles into the society. This research elaborately seeks to highlight the issues surrounding Juvenile Justice System in Pakistan and puts forward certain recommendations for the improvement of the said System with the aim of assisting policy and law makers to establish practicable strategies, translating Juvenile Justice System ‘on paper’ to ‘in practice’. For conduct of research doctrinal method has been employed with analytical and critical approach.

History of Present-Day Bulgarian Military Intelligence in the Study of Dr. Yordan Baev (Second Half of 20th Century – Early 21st Century)

Serhii A. Falko, Assoc. Prof. National Academy of the National Guard of Ukraine https://doi.org/10.53656/his2022-2-5-baev [emember_protected for='16-3-19' format_protected_msg='1' custom_msg='Влезте в системата,