Hakkari Province Research Articles

The Relationship Between Nurses’ Perceptions of Spirituality and Spiritual Care and Their Attitudes Towards the Nursing Profession

This descriptive study was carried out with the aim of determining the relationship between nurses’ perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care and their attitudes towards the nursing profession. This study was conducted with 213 nurses out of a total of 295 nurses, who agreed to participate in the research and worked in health institutions in Hakkari province and its districts. The research data were collected by the Attitudes Scale for Nursing Profession (ASNP) and Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale (SSCRS). As a result of the data analysis, it was determined that the average score of the ASNP was 153.78 ± 20.48 and the mean score of the SSCRS total score was 62.52 ± 7.13. In the study, all of the correlations between the total scores of the ASNP and SSCRS were statistically significant in the right direction (r = 321, p

Detection of Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) in Cucurbits by TaqMan Real-Time RT-PCR in Hakkari Province, Türkiye

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is among the important viruses that can infect many crops. In 2022, this study was conducted in the Kırıkdağ, Otluca, and Merzan areas of the Hakkari province of Türkiye to investigate the presence of CMV in cucurbits exhibiting viral disease symptoms (yellowing, necrosis, mosaic, and deformity). A total of 50 samples; 7 watermelons (Citrullus lanatus), 3 melons (Cucumis melo L.), 17 cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.), 8 zucchinis (Cucurbita pepo L.), 9 pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata), 2 gourds (Lagenaria siceraria) and 4 gherkins (Cucumis melo var. flexuous) were collected. The presence of CMV in the samples was investigated by TaqMan real-time RT-PCR using probes and primers specific to the 105 bp region of partial the coat protein gene of the virus. CMV-specific viral RNA was detected in 6 (12%) of the 50 samples analyzed. CMV was detected most commonly in the Otluca area and melon (33.3%) among cucurbit varieties. CMV agent was not detected in the samples collected from the Merzan area. The TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assay used in this study demonstrated that the method can be widely used for the general detection of CMV in a wide range of hosts. This is the first report on the detection of CMV in cucurbits in the Hakkari province of Türkiye.

A new Drusinae (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) species from the Zagros Mountains in the Kurdistan Province, Iran.

A new species of the Drusinae subfamily, Drusus chelchamaensis Ibrahimi & Mohammadi sp. nov., is described based on male genital morphology. The male of the new species is most similar to that of Drusus bayburtii akin 1983 (known from several places in Anatolia, Turkey), Drusus ketes Olh & Mey 2017 (in Olh et al. 2017) (known from the Hamedan Province, Iran), and Drusus kazanciae akin 1983 (known from the Hakkari Province, Turkey) and differs in the formation of superior appendages, intermediate appendages, inferior appendages, parameres, spinate area of segment VIII, and segment IX. The species is currently known only from Chel Chama Mountain in the Kurdistan Province of Iran and is the second known species of the Drusus caucasicus Species Complex from Iran. Chel Chama is part of the Zagros Mountains, which is rich in freshwater ecosystems, but currently with only a few reported species of caddisflies.

Two new species of Phalangium (Opiliones: Phalangiidae) from Turkey.

Two newharvestmenspecies,Phalangium nalanae sp. n. and Phalangium taylani sp. n., are described, diagnosed and illustrated based on male material from Hakkari Province, Turkey. Also, the differences between two new species and similar species of the genus Phalangium are discussed.

Anlık Güneş Işınımı ve Meteorolojik Parametrelere Bağlı Olarak Fotovoltaik Panel Güç Üretiminin Değerlendirilmesi

The solar radiation incident on the surface of photovoltaic (PV) panels, dependent on the inclination 
 angle, and the temperature of the panels are the most significant parameters affecting power 
 generation. These two parameters are necessary to accurately evaluate the electrical performance by 
 enabling the calculation of cell and module temperatures. In this study, the efficiencies and electrical 
 power behaviors of PV panels positioned towards the sun at a 37° inclination angle in Hakkari province 
 were examined under real solar radiation and ambient temperature values. In addition, the effect of 
 wind speed parameters was also considered, and the impact on panel efficiency and PV panel output 
 power was evaluated. When the results were evaluated, it was confirmed that the effect of wind 
 increases the efficiency of PV panels, resulting in an increasing in PV output power.

Callus Production in Geranium (Pelargonium quercetorum Agnew) Growing Naturally in Türkiye

Pelargonium quercetorum Agnew grows naturally in the Hakkari province of Türkiye. Although P. quercetorum Agnew has potential use as a medicine and ornamental plant, it is especially used as a medicinal plant for the cure of various diseases by local people. In vitro tissue culture methods are favorable for the propagation, conservation, and breeding of medicinal plants. We aimed in this study to achieve regeneration of P. quercetorum Agnew from different explant types. Seeds of P. quercetorum Agnew were germinated in vitro conditions and explants were taken from these germinated sterile plantlets. Totally four different experiments, containing three of them embryogenic and one of them organogenic culture, were established to achieve regeneration in P. quercetorum Agnew. Leaf, petiole, cotyledon, cotyledon stalk, and root collar disc were used as explant. Different concentrations of 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D), 6-Benzylaminopurine (BA), 6-Furfurylaminopurine (Kinetin), 6-(γ,γ-Dimethylallylamino) purine (2iP), and Thidiazuron (TDZ) were used to induce embryogenic or organogenic regeneration. Explants were cultured in half-strength or full-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. In the embryogenic experiments, callus formation from different media ranged from 63.5% to 100%, and for explant types ranged from 39% to 100%. In the organogenic experiment, callus formation from different media ranged from 12.5% to 100%, and for explant types ranged from 71% to 93%. Also, embryo-like structures were obtained from embryogenic experiments. However, these structures could not grow more and transformed into plantlets.

Studies on the Ennominae Fauna and Taxonomy of the Dağlıca (Geometridae, Lepidoptera)

Ennominae is an important group in the Geometridae family that contains problematic species with very similar external morphological characters. In this study, Ennominae species collected from Yüksekova Dağlıca town of Hakkari Province between April and September 2017 were evaluated from a faunistic and taxonomic perspective. 28 species were identified in the study. Charissa onustaria, C. subtaurica and Crocallis tusciaria species were identified for the first time from Hakkari Province. C. loebeli, Neognopharmia cataleucaria, and Ramitia kufrana were detected in the region are also important endemic taxa for the Turkish fauna. Rhoptria mardinata and Eumera hoferi, known only in Türkiye and Iran, are other rare species found in the region. R. mardinata was presented with photographs of male genitalia for the first time. Morphological and taxonomic aspects of the species under the genera Dicrognophos, Gnopharmia, Crocallis, Bellachima, Charissa, Synopsia and Nychiodes are discussed

Intimate Partner Violence Against Women: The Case of Hakkari

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is an important public health problem in both developed and developing countries. Violence against women is an important problem all over the world. Violence against women basically takes four forms: physical, emotional, sexual, and economic violence. Exposure of women to this type of violence negatively affects their health both physically and psychologically. Some factors affect women's exposure to IPV, such as education level, economic status, social support. The aim of this study is to determine the factors affecting IPV against women. This research is descriptive. 100 women between the ages of 18-60 in Hakkari participated in the study. Hakkari province, located in the Southeast Anatolian region of Turkey, which is known to have a high representative ability in this regard, was chosen. In the findings; Factors such as low education level, lack of income, early marriage, having children at an early age and lack of support from social and public institutions have been identified as important reasons for IPV. Since these are the Continuity correction (Yates Square Test), the smallest theoretical value is 5<the smallest theoretical frequency is <25 and the p-value is<0.001, the compared binary parameters are considered dependent. Fisher's Test for the analysis of the frequency values greater than 25 Freman Halton Exact 99% confidence interval using the Monte Carlos simulation of the significant value of 0.001(p<000,1) in comparison, because it has been recognized that the binary parameters are related to each other.

Microfungi species observed on various weed species in the Yüksekova Basin, Türkiye

Studies on biological control for the sustainable management of weeds that exert serious ecological, economic, and human health problems are attracting increasing attention. Detection of potential biological control agents (pests, pathogens, etc.) on target weed species is the first step in the biological control program. This study aimed to determine the microfungi species found on noxious weed species in the Yüksekova basin situated in Hakkari province, Türkiye. Continued traditional agricultural practices, minimum or no use of pesticides and fertilizers, and better protection of natural flora/fauna compared to other parts of Türkiye were reasons for the selection of the basin in the current study. Field surveys were carried out in different periods during 2020 and 2021. A total of 101 microfungi species were recorded on 79 weed species belonging to 29 families in the basin. The most common fungi species in the basin were in genera Puccinia (29 species), Alternaria (18 species), Uromyces (14 species), and Curvularia (4 species). Weed hosts of the above-mentioned fungi species mostly belonged to Asteraceae (20 species), Fabaceae (7 species), Poaceae (7 species), and Lamiaceae (6 species) families. While 84 microfungi species were recorded on a single host, and the remaining 17 were found on more than one weed species. It has been observed that Puccinia cyani (Schleich.) Pass., Puccinia chondrillina Bub & Syd., and Uromyces polygoni-aviculariae (Pers.) P. Karsten significantly inhibited the growth and development of their host weed species (Centaurea spp., Chondrilla juncea L., and Polygonum aviculare L.) and were able to suppress the populations of the weeds in the fields. The results revealed that it would be beneficial to review the recorded pathogens in terms of biological activity and to carry out detailed field studies in the region.

A Research on Fish Consumption Structure and Preferences in Yüksekova District of Hakkari Province

Araştırmada, Hakkâri ili Yüksekova ilçesinde bireylerin balık tüketim yapısı ve tercihleri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Araştırma materyalini Hakkâri ili Yüksekova ilçesinde ikamet eden ve oransal örnekleme yöntemi ile belirlenen 170 kişiden toplanan anket verileri oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada ankete katılan bireylerin ortalama yaşının 35.50 yıl, %37.6’sının ortaokul mezunu, %75,3’ünün balık tükettiği ve %24,7’nin balık tüketmediği, balık tüketen bireylerin %11.7’sinin haftada bir ve balık tüketmeyen bireylerin %42.9’unun tüketim alışkanlığı olmaması nedeniyle balık tüketmediği belirlenmiştir. Hane başına düşen aylık ortalama balık tüketim miktarı 3.39 kg olup, ortalama aylık balık tüketim harcaması hane başına 116,9 TL olarak hesaplanmıştır. En çok tercih edilen deniz ve tatlı su balığı sırasıyla hamsi ve alabalıktır. Kovid-19 döneminde tüketicilerin %69.5’inin balık tüketiminde değişiklik olmadığı , bireylerin önemli bir kısmının balığı taze ve kızartarak tüketmeyi tercih ettiği belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre; bireylerin önemli bir bölümünün balık tükettiği ancak tüketilen balık miktarının yetersiz olduğu, soğuk zincir ve balık çeşitlerinin arttırılmasının tüketimi arttıracağı söylenebilir.

Description of a new species of solifuge of the genus Gylippus from Turkey (Solifugae: Gylippidae)

A new solifuge species of Gylippinae Roewer 1933, Gylippus (Gylippus) merganus sp. n., is described and illustrated based on both sexes from Hakkari Province, southeastern Turkey. The details of the characteristics of both sexes are discussed and compared with related species. The number of species in the genus Gylippus found in Turkey is hereby increased to nine. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:89246671-9380-43DB-B47F-0B0DDE474DEA

Improvement of spatial estimation for soil organic carbon stocks in Yuksekova plain using Sentinel 2 imagery and gradient descent-boosted regression tree.

Carbon sequestration in earth surface is higher than the atmosphere, and the amount of carbon stored in wetlands is much greater than all other land surfaces. The purpose of this study was to estimate soil organic carbon stocks (SOCS) and investigate spatial distribution pattern of Yuksekova wetlands and surrounding lands in Hakkari province of Turkey using machine learning and remote sensing data. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from 10-cm depth in 50 locations differed with land use and land cover. Vegetation, soil, and moisture indices were calculated using Sentinel 2 Multispectral Sensor Instrument (MSI) data. Significant correlations (p≤0.01) were obtained between the indices and SOCS; thus, the remote sensing indices (ARVI 0.43, BI -0.43, GSI -0.39, GNDI 0.44, NDVI 0.44, NDWI 0.38, and SRCI 0.51) were used as covariates in multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLP) and gradient descent-boosted regression tree (GBDT) machine learning models. Mean absolute error, root mean square error, and mean absolute percentage error were 3.94 (Mg C ha -1), 6.64 (Mg C ha-1), and 9.97%, respectively. The simple ratio clay index (SRCI), which represents the soil texture, was the most important factor in the SOCS estimation variance. In addition, the relationship between SRCI and Topsoil Grain Size Index revealed that topsoil clay content is a highly important parameter in spatial variation of SOCS. The spatial SOCS values obtained using the GBDT model and the mean SOCS values of the CORINE land cover classes were significantly different. The land cover has a significant effect on SOC in Yuksekova plain. The mean SOCS for continuously ponded fields was 45.58 Mg C ha-1, which was significantly different from the mean SOCS of arable lands. The mean SOCS in arable lands, with significant areas of natural vegetation, was 50.22 Mg C ha-1 and this amount was significantly higher from the SOCS of other land covers (p<0.01). The wetlands had the highest SOCS (61.46 Mg C ha-1), followed by the lands principally occupied by natural vegetation and used as rangelands around the wetland (50.22 Mg C ha-1). Environmental conditions had significant effect on SOCS in the study area. The use of remote sensing indices instead of using single bands as estimators in the GBDT algorithm minimized radiometric errors, and reliable spatial SOCS information was obtained by using the estimators. Therefore, the spatial estimation of SOCS can be successfully determined with up-to-date machine learning algorithms only using remote sensing predictor variables. Reliable estimation of SOCS in wetlands and surrounding lands can help understand policy and decision makers the importance of wetlands in mitigating the negative impacts of global warming.

Performance analysis of a solar-assisted dual-tank heat pump system for climatic conditions in Turkey

This study aimed to analyze the performance of a solar-assisted dual-tank heat pump system under climatic conditions in Turkey. This system and its components were modeled and simulated using transient system simulation software. The system was designed not only to supply domestic hot water for a restaurant, but also to heat it in winter and cool it in summer. The modeled system works on the principle that a water-to-water heat pump operating between dual tanks transfers the heat from the cold water tank (source side) to the hot water tank (load side). The hot water for both heating and domestic hot water is supplied from the hot water tank throughout all seasons, whereas, the cold water is supplied from the cold water tank for cooling the space in summer. A photovoltaic thermal collector was integrated into the cold water tank to support the source side of the heat pump and also to generate electricity for the system in winter, but was used only for producing electricity in summer. Analyses were carried out for five provinces (Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Hakkari, and Trabzon) located in five different regions of Turkey. According to the simulation results, the highest seasonal performance factor (2.65) was obtained for Izmir, whereas the lowest seasonal performance factor value (1.74) was obtained for Hakkari. The system worked 52% more efficiently in Izmir than in Hakkari. With the photovoltaic thermal collector, 17.68% of the total electrical energy consumption of the system was compensated for Izmir Province and 12.09% for Hakkari Province.

Habitat Classification of Cilo Glaciers and Their Surroundings

This study was carried out in 2018-2019 for the purpose of habitat classification of the Cilo glaciers and their surroundings, which have significant biodiversity within the borders of the National park of Hakkari Province and have been under serious threat especially due to global climate change in recent years. As a result of the studies, 11 habitat types were determined on the area according to habitat types of The European Nature Information System (EUNIS) and observations about these habitats were given. In addition, 4 types of vegetation are determined according to the plant density with satellite images of the area. This research reveals the importance of habitat type determination studies for important nature areas

Investigation of Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) by Real-Time TaqMan RT-PCR in Hakkari province, Turkey

Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) belongs to the Nepovirus genus in the family Secoviridae. It has a wide host range and is listed as a quarantine virus in Turkey. In this study, 80 leaf samples were collected from tomato, pepper, cucumber and grapevine cultivation sites located in three different parts of Hakkari province: Şemdinli, Çukurca and Center districts. Real-time TaqMan reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was used for the detection of the virus. Amplification was carried out in reaction mix including QuantiNova Probe RT-PCR kit (Qiagen, Germany) using primers and TaqMan probe based on 3'-UTR (untranslated region) of virus, which amplified a 182 bp product of the genome. ToRSV was detected in 13 of the 80 samples and threshold cycle (CT) values ranged from 23.9 to 37.4. It was found that 16.25% of the samples collected from the districts of Hakkari province were found to be infected with ToRSV whereas no ToRSV was detected in the samples collected from the center of the city. The virus was detected on pepper and cucumber samples in Çukurca district, and it was also detected in tomato, pepper, cucumber and grapevine samples in Şemdinli district. To our knowledge, this study is the first report of molecular detection of ToRSV by real-time TaqMan RT-PCR in Turkey.

A preliminary research and notes on Orthoptera (Insecta) Fauna of Hakkari Province.

To date several studies have been carried out on Orthoptera fauna throughout Anatolia; however, there is no comprehensive study on the Orthoptera fauna of Hakkari Province. This study is a preliminary comprehensive research that deals with the less known Orthoptera (Insecta) fauna of Hakkari Province. In this respect, the records and possible localities were examined between the years 20182020 (except Kurdia uvarovi) for the Hakkari Province. Specimens were collected with the help of an insect sweep net or by hand. As a result of the field studies and literature research, it has been determined that the Orthoptera fauna in the province is represented by 51 genera and 69 species/subspecies belonging to 19 subfamilies in 8 families. In the study, 24 new records were noted for Hakkari Orthoptera fauna and Isophya iraca Maran, 1977 (syn. n), which is established as a new synonym of I. hakkarica Karabag, 1962. According to our preliminary research, the Orthoptera fauna of Hakkari includes 32 Ensiferan and 37 Caeliferan members. In the Ensifera suborder (long antennae katydids, crickets and allies), 25 species belonging to the Tettigoniidae, 5 species belonging to Gryllidae, and one species for the each of Myrmecophilidae and Gryllotalpidae families have been identified. Caelifera suborder includes 26 species belonging to the Acrididae, 9 species belonging to the Pamphagidae, and one species for each of the Pyrgomorphidae and Tetrigidae families. During the field studies, it was observed that the Uvarovistia satunini (Uvarov, 1916), Uvarovistia zebra (Uvarov, 1916) and, Bradyporus (Callimenus) latipes (Stl, 1875) species have high population densities. They swarm and damage the agricultural areas especially in the Durankaya, Bayky, Bal, and Krkda regions. For this reason, it is suggested that the populations of these species should be routinely monitored in agricultural areas.

Onosma satensis sp. nov. (Boraginaceae: Lithospermeae), a new species from Hakkari (eastern Anatolia, Turkey)

A new species of Onosma L. (Boraginaceae: Lithospermeae), from the Hakkari province of eastern Turkey, is described and illustrated. The new species is endemic and distributed in a narrow area in the Sat Mountains. Taxonomically the closest relative of Onosma satensis sp. nov. is O. polioxantha Rech. f. which also occurs in Turkey. In addition, it is primarily distinguished from O. polioxantha by its navicular leaves, longer and reticulate cauline leaves, longer pedicels and calyx, longer and densely patent short setulose outside, reticulate corolla and bigger nutlets. The geographical distributions and map, detailed photographs, habitat description, vernacular name, an IUCN conservation status and identification key for O. satensis sp. nov. and O. polioxantha were also provided. Nutlets and pollen micrographs of O. satensis sp. nov. are presented using scanning electron microscopy.

A new species of the solifuge genus Galeodes Olivier, 1791 from southeastern Turkey (Solifugae, Galeodidae).

The family Galeodidae Sundevall, 1833 is the most speciose family of order Solifugae. A new galeodid, Galeodes hakkariensis sp. n., is described and illustrated on the basis of both sexes from Hakkari Province in Turkey. The flagellum, flagellar complex setae, setal arrangements on the tarsi and metatarsi of pedipalps and walking legs, shape and number of the stridulatory setae, dentition, and the other characteristics are described and illustrated in details. With this description, the number of known species of Galeodes Olivier, 1791 is raised to 174.

Contributions to The Moss Flora of Muş and Hakkari Provinces in Turkey

Bu çalışmanın amacı; öncelikle Muş ve Hakkari illerinin karayosunu floralarına ve ayrıca Türkiye karayosunu florasına katkı sağlamaktır. Karayosunu örnekleri 2019 yılı Nisan, Temmuz ve Eylül ayları içerisinde Türkiye'nin güneydoğu bölgesindeki Hakkari ilinin Çukurca ve Derecik ilçelerinden, ayrıca Türkiye'nin doğu bölgesindeki Muş ilinin Varto ve Merkez ilçelerinden toplanmıştır. Topladığımız karayosunu örneklerinin teşhis edilmesi sonucu, Henderson’un Türkiye Kareleme Sistemi’ne göre B9 (Muş) karesi için 3 ve C15 (Hakkâri) karesi için ise 9 taksonun yeni kare kaydı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, floristik listedeki tüm taksonlar, onlarla ilgili bütün literatürlerin gözden geçirilmesi sonucu belirlenen, Türkiye dağılımları ve Avrupa için IUCN kategorileri, yaşam formları ve bazı ekolojik özelliklerine (nemlilik, ışık ve asidite) ait bilgilerle birlikte sunulmuştur.

Description of the new solifuge Gylippus (Paragylippus) hakkaricus sp. n.(Gylippidae, Solifugae).

A new solifuge species of Gylippinae Roewer 1933, Gylippus (Paragylippus) hakkaricus sp. n., is described and illustrated on the basis of both sexes from Hakkari Province, Southeast Turkey. The flagellum, flagellar setal complex, pedipalp in male and genital operculum in female are discussed and compared with related Gylippus (Paragylippus) species.