Haiti Earthquake Research Articles

The social aftershocks of a migration crisis: racial threat and racial drift in the Dominican Republic

ABSTRACT In this paper, I explore how the racial structure of an immigrant-receiving Latin American society informs the strategies that are available to its members when they are confronted with the arrival of perceived racial outsiders. Using survey data, I explore how Dominicans responded to the rapid influx of displaced Haitians in the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, and find that when surveyed after the earthquake, Dominicans were more likely to self-identify with the popular and nationalist identity category of indio. I argue that this signaled a heightening of anti-Haitian sentiment in a moment of perceived increased racial threat to the Dominican racial order, and that this shift was facilitated by Latin American racial dynamics that allow for movement between enumerated racial categories in societies structured around the logic of mestizaje.

A review of soil liquefaction in the Caribbean Greater and Lesser Antilles in reconsidering the ground motion effect of the M7.0 2010 Haiti earthquake in the Port-au-Prince Seaport and Léogâne Plain

On 12 January 2010, the M7.0 Haiti earthquake caused infrastructure damage induced by extensive soil liquefaction and foundation failure in the Port-au-Prince International Seaport and Léogâne Plain. This study re-examines the soil liquefaction effects of the main shock and aftershock events by exploring the existing studies on calcareous sands, reviewing the phenomenon of liquefaction in the Caribbean Islands, and associating them within the seismic history of the Greater and Lesser Antilles. Due to the geomorphology of the Islands, urban development has typically been concentrated along the coast, in locations vulnerable to soil liquefaction. This study demonstrates that the liquefaction that occurred at sites in the M7.0 Haiti event was triggered by the main shock even at low peak ground accelerations (PGAs), the first aftershock effects were significant, and soil liquefaction was not rare in the Antilles. It identifies the elements that characterize historical cases of soil liquefaction caused by earthquakes in the Caribbean Islands. In addition, it points out the characteristics and findings of paleoliquefaction and paleoseismicity investigations conducted in the Caribbean region. Investigations and studies on the calcareous sand liquefaction and paleoseismology are essential to improve the seismic hazard and risk assessment of the Caribbean Islands. The existence of a large number of studies making reference to this topic highlights its significance.

(Un)just post-disaster mobilities in small island developing states: Revisiting the patterns and outcomes of three major environmental disasters in the Caribbean

Research on post-disaster mobilities in small island developing states has largely offered global-level analyses, and if regional, mostly focused on the Pacific. This article helps fill this gap by offering a Caribbean perspective on environmental risk and response—it uses de Haas' [1] aspirations-capabilities framework to revisit the mobility patterns and outcomes of three large-scale geological and hydro-meteorological disasters, representing the two most prevalent hazard types in the region. It draws on secondary sources to qualitatively contextualize the structural factors that affected mobilities following the eruption of the Soufriére Hills volcano in Montserrat in 1995, the 7.0 magnitude earthquake in Haiti in 2010, and the passage of Hurricane Irma across Barbuda in 2017. It generates disaster- and region-specific results, and finds several factors that exacerbate inequalities at the individual and household levels, including the nature of the country's historical relationship with receiving States, and a reliance on ad hoc disaster responses by foreign actors. In concluding, the article proposes three policy foci for facilitating more just post-disaster mobilities in the region. These center the need for more coordinated mobility governance, including the strengthening of regional and international legal frameworks to protect those forced to leave their homes.

Investigation of the LAIC mechanism of the Haiti earthquake (August 14, 2021) using CSES-01 satellite observations and other earthquake precursors

A powerful Mw = 7.2 earthquake occurred in Haiti on August 14, 2021 at 12:29:08 UTC (18.434° N, 73.482° W, depth ∼10 km). In this study, in a period of three months from June 1 to August 31, 2021, the variations in electron density and temperature parameters obtained from CSES-01 satellite measurements in the Dobrovolsky’s area the Haiti earthquake are considered. With the aim of investigating the proposed mechanisms for interactions between different layers of the Earth in the process of earthquakes (LAIC-Lithospheric Atmospheric Ionospheric Coupling), the behavior of 48 other precursors obtained from the data of other satellites in the same location and time period were analyzed. These precursors are 1) TEC obtained from GPS satellite data, 2) scalar and vector magnetic field data as well as electron density and temperature measured by the related sensors of three Swarm A, B and C satellites during day and night and 3) Variations in lithospheric and atmospheric parameters NO2 and SO2 obtained from OMI satellite measurements and also Ozone, carbon monoxide and surface temperature parameters obtained from AIRS data. By analyzing the above mentioned precursors, abnormal behaviors are observed around 30 and 50 days before the earthquake, and especially 1 to 15 days before the earthquake and by comparative study of the observed anomalies, possible LAIC mechanisms are discussed. The findings of this study can acknowledge the sequence of seismic anomalies observed in the lithosphere, then the atmosphere and finally the ionosphere. Therefore, this study once again emphasizes the necessity of performing multi-precursor analysis with the aim of justifying the LAIC mechanism and also observing seismically prone anomalies in the time period of about 10 days before powerful earthquakes.

The 2021 Mw 7.2 Haiti earthquake: Blind thrust rupture revealed by space geodetic observations and Bayesian estimation

On 14 August 2021, a large earthquake struck the southern region of Haiti. The epicenter of this earthquake is located relatively close to the Enriquillo–Plantain Garden Fault (EPGF) zone, a major active fault with a strike-slip mechanism in the southern part of Hispaniola. Since the epicenter of this earthquake is located relatively close to the Enriquillo–Plantain Garden Fault zone, one might think that the EPGF is the causative fault. Using a Bayesian approach, the Sentinel-1 data is then utilized to investigate the seismogenic fault responsible for the 2021 Haiti earthquake. The Bayesian inversion indicated that the mainshock ruptured a north-dipping fault with a strike and a dip of 270.9° and 69.2°, respectively, and buried at a depth of 10.3 km from the earth’s surface. The preferred slip model showed that the rupture did not reach the surface and was confined at a depth of ∼6 km to ∼32 km. The preferred fault geometry is in good agreement with the relocated aftershock distribution and is inconsistent with the EPGF system configuration. It indicates that the EPGF is probably not the seismogenic fault responsible for the 2021 Haiti earthquake. Instead, results suggested that the 2021 Haiti earthquake ruptured an unmapped blind fault.

In the arena: contesting disaster creation in cities.

Space is a feature of all disasters, and it is through decisions on how space is developed, used, and reproduced that disasters manifest themselves. Critical urban theory sees urban space-cities-as an arena of contestation expressed through the relationship between people, power, and the built environment. Cities allow for an unpacking of this process of contestation through the interpretation of various temporal, spatial, social, and physical elements that together create complex issues and 'wicked problems'. In these urban spaces in all their complexity, disasters reveal both the worst injustices and inequalities present in a society. By drawing on three well-known cases-Hurricane Katrina in 2010; the Haiti earthquake in 2010; and the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami in 2011-this paper not only explores the opportunities that critical urban theory presents for gaining a deeper understanding of disaster risk creation, but also it encourages disaster scholars to engage with it.

Monitoring of Local Earthquakes in Haiti Using Low-Cost, Citizen-Hosted Seismometers and Regional Broadband Stations

Abstract Seismic monitoring in Haiti is currently provided by a mixed network of low-cost Raspberry Shake (RS) seismic stations hosted by citizens, and short-period and broadband stations located mainly in neighboring countries. The level of earthquake detection is constantly improving for a better spatio-temporal distribution of seismicity as the number of RS increases. In this article, we analyze the impact of the quality of the signals recorded by the RS—low-cost seismometers with the smallest magnitude that the network can detect by studying the ambient noise level at these stations. Because the RS stations are installed as part of a citizen-science project, their ambient noise estimated by the power spectral density (PSD) method often shows a high-noise level at frequencies above 1 Hz. In the near field (<50 km), we show that the network detects seismic events of local magnitude on the order of 2.2 with signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) greater than 4. Improving the network detection threshold requires densifying the network with more RS stations in locations that are less noisy, if possible. In spite of these limitations, this mixed network has provided near-field data essential to rapidly understand the mechanism of the mainshock of the 14 August 2021 Mw 7.2 earthquake, to monitor its sequence of aftershocks in near-real time, and to monitor background seismicity in Haiti on a routine basis.

Surviving the Immediate Aftermath of a Disaster: A Preliminary Investigation of Adolescents' Acute Stress Reactions and Mental Health Needs after the 2023 Turkey Earthquakes.

On 6 February, southeastern Turkey and parts of Syria were struck by two powerful earthquakes, one measuring a magnitude of 7.8 and the other, nine hours later, at a magnitude of 7.5. These earthquakes have been recorded as some of the deadliest natural disasters worldwide since the 2010 Haiti earthquake, impacting around 14 million people in Turkey. For trauma survivors, the stressors associated with an event can lead to the development of acute stress disorder (ASD) or other psychiatric disorders. Trauma experiences during adolescence can impact development and affect adolescents differently than adults. Although ASD in adults has been addressed in several studies, there is much less information available about how younger populations respond to acute stress. The aim of our study was to assess the occurrence of ASD among individuals seeking help at the Şanlıurfa Mehmet Akif İnan Research and Training Hospital Child and Adolescent Outpatient Clinic following the 2023 Turkey Earthquakes and the factors associated with acute stress reactions. A child and adolescent psychiatry specialist conducted psychiatric interviews with the adolescents, and the individuals were also asked to complete 'The National Stressful Events Survey Acute Stress Disorder Short Scale' (NSESSS) to evaluate acute stress symptoms. ASD diagnoses were established according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria. Results showed that 81.6% of the participants (n = 49) were diagnosed with ASD, and drug treatment was initiated in 61.7% of the cases (n = 37). It was determined that ASD rates did not differ according to gender, and patients without physical injury had higher acute stress symptom scores (p > 0.05). According to the logistic regression models, paternal educational levels and adolescents' own requests for psychiatric assistance were predictors of acute stress disorder (OR 10.1, β = 2.31, p = 0.006 and OR 16.9, 95 β = 2.83, p = 0.001, respectively). Our findings revealed striking results in demonstrating the need for careful evaluation of adolescents without physical injury in terms of acute stress disorder and the need to pay close attention to the psychiatric complaints of adolescents willing to seek mental health assistance. Moreover, our study suggests that the proportion of adolescents experiencing acute stress symptoms after earthquakes might be higher than previously reported. Estimation of the incidence rate and symptoms of psychiatric distress in the short-term period following a disaster is important for establishing disaster epidemiology and implementing efficient relief efforts in the early stages. The outcomes of this study have the potential to yield novel insights into the realms of disaster mental health and emergency response policies, as well as their pragmatic implementations.

Learnings from rapid response efforts to remotely detect landslides triggered by the August 2021 Nippes earthquake and Tropical Storm Grace in Haiti

AbstractOn August 14, 2021, a Mw 7.2 earthquake struck the Tiburon Peninsula of western Haiti triggering thousands of landslides. Three days after the earthquake on August 17, 2021, Tropical Storm Grace crossed shallow waters offshore of southern Haiti triggering more landslides worsening the situation. In the aftermath of these events, several organizations with disaster response capabilities or programs activated to provide information on the location of landslides to first responders on the ground. Utilizing remote sensing to support rapid response, one organization manually mapped initiation point of landslides and three automatically detected landslides. The 2021 Haiti event also provided a unique opportunity to test different automated landslide detection methods that utilized both SAR and optical data in a rapid response scenario where rapid situational awareness was critical. As the methods used are highly replicable, the main goal of this study is to summarize the landslide rapid response products released by the organizations, detection methods, quantify accuracy and provide guidelines on how some of the shortcomings encountered in this effort might be addressed in the future. To support this validation, a manually mapped polygon-based landslide inventory covering the entire affected area was created and is also released through this effort.

Combining remote sensing techniques and field surveys for post-earthquake reconnaissance missions

Remote reconnaissance missions are promising solutions for the assessment of earthquake-induced structural damage and cascading geological hazards. Space-borne remote sensing can complement in-field missions when safety and accessibility concerns limit post-earthquake operations on the ground. However, the implementation of remote sensing techniques in post-disaster missions is limited by the lack of methods that combine different techniques and integrate them with field survey data. This paper presents a new approach for rapid post-earthquake building damage assessment and landslide mapping, based on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. The proposed texture-based building damage classification approach exploits very high resolution post-earthquake SAR data integrated with building survey data. For landslide mapping, a backscatter intensity-based landslide detection approach, which also includes the separation between landslides and flooded areas, is combined with optical-based manual inventories. The approach was implemented during the joint Structural Extreme Event Reconnaissance, GeoHazards International and Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team mission that followed the 2021 Haiti Earthquake and Tropical Cyclone Grace.

Reporting under extreme conditions: journalists' experience of disaster coverage

IntroductionMedia presence on site and reports on disasters are crucial parts of disaster communication. Aside from authorities, civil society, concerned businesses and citizens, the media constitute an important actor. The working conditions, situational competence and management among journalists on duty in a disaster area are important factors within the complex area of crisis management and disaster communication. This study aims to explore the working conditions, challenges, and coping strategies among journalists covering the Haiti earthquake in 2010.MethodsTen months after the event, Scandinavian journalists (n = 32) provided free-text responses about their work on site through a web survey. The free- text responses underwent content analysis. In addition, self-report questionnaires were used to assess general mental health and posttraumatic stress.ResultsWe found that journalists faced five main challenges in Haiti: situational (technicalities, practical, collegial), professional (mission, approach, roles), personal (traits, emotions, coping), traumatic (general mental health and posttraumatic stress) and experiential (learning and growth). They described a difficult and challenging mission, but also an eye-opening and life-changing experience. Most respondents' questionnaire responses indicated low risk for both poor mental health and posttraumatic stress, with a few significant exceptions. Being properly equipped and mentally prepared, getting collegial support and maintaining professional focus were seen as important, and good leadership and clear instructions from editors at home were highlighted.DiscussionCorroboration of the present findings would strengthen our knowledge of their experiences, and may provide valuable insights for designing preparedness activities in the future as well as for applying to other communication functions in disasters.

Psychometric Properties of the Haitian Creole Brief Religious Coping Scale (RCOPE) with a Sample of Adult Haitians Impacted by the 2010 Earthquake.

The current study investigated the psychometric properties of the Haitian Creole version of the Brief Religious Coping Scale (Brief RCOPE). A total of 256 adult survivors of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti completed the Brief RCOPE and measures of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, resilience, general coping, and posttraumatic growth. The results showed the Brief RCOPE to have excellent internal consistency reliability α = .94 and α = .85 for the positive religious coping and negative religious coping, respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis showed construct validity for the Brief RCOPE subscales. The results also showed evidence of convergent validity of the Brief RCOPE in relation to measures of positive spiritual change and religion. Independent t-tests revealed statistically significant gender differences in scores on the positive religious coping subscales as women scored higher than men. These findings suggest that the psychometric properties of the Haitian Creole version of the Brief RCOPE are adequate for the assessment of religious coping with Haitian adults exposed to a natural disaster.

Exploring MapSwipe as a Crowdsourcing Tool for (Rapid) Damage Assessment: The Case of the 2021 Haiti Earthquake

Abstract. Fast and reliable geographic information is vital in disaster management. In the late 2000s, crowdsourcing emerged as a powerful method to provide this information. Base mapping through crowdsourcing is already well-established in relief workflows. However, crowdsourced post-disaster damage assessment is researched but not yet institutionalized. Based on MapSwipe, an established mobile application for crowdsourced base mapping, a damage assessment approach was developed and tested for a case study after the 2021 Haiti earthquake. First, MapSwipe’s damage mapping results are assessed for quality by using a reference dataset in regard to different aggregation methods. Then, the MapSwipe data was compared to an already established rapid damage assessment method by the Copernicus Emergency Management Service (CEMS). Crowdsourced building damage mapping achieved a maximum F1-score of 0.63 in comparison to the reference data set. MapSwipe and CEMS data showed only slight agreement with Cohen’s Kappa values reaching a maximum of 0.16. The results highlight the potential of crowdsourcing damage assessment as well as the importance for a scientific evaluation of the quality of CEMS data. Next steps for further integrating the presented workflow into MapSwipe are discussed.

Updated seismic hazard curves, maps, and spectra for the northern Dominican Republic using a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis

This article presents updated seismic hazard curves, spectra, and maps of ground motion intensity measures for the northern region of the Dominican Republic (DR) obtained using a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA). The analysis performed uses as input data an earthquake recurrence model based on fault slip rates derived from GPS measurements published in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake. The seismicity rate data are used to calibrate a composite characteristic earthquake model, which is combined with a Poisson process to provide a temporal characterization of earthquake occurrence. The seismic hazard curves and maps presented include parameters such as (horizontal) peak ground acceleration and pseudo-spectral response accelerations at 0.2s and 1.0s periods for 5% damping at firm rock sites. The results show that the ground motion parameters with a 2% probability of exceedance (PE) in 50 years determined in this study are up to 46% larger than the corresponding parameters specified in the current DR building code seismic hazard maps for the northern DR. Moreover, the design response spectra for a site in the city of Santiago specified in the code is significantly lower than the 2% PE in 50 years uniform hazard spectra determined in this study for vibration periods smaller than 0.5s, a range that includes the majority of the structures that define the built environment of the DR.

Bodies, Temporalities and Archives: Literary and Filmic Production after the 2010 Haitian Earthquake

Le silence d’une ville pulvérisée où errent quelques fantômes. Les murs défoncés, les maisons tassées exhibent leurs plaies blanchâtres, poudreuses. Des toits affaissés à perte de vue. Par moments on tombe sur une porte, un miroir, un fauteuil, un lit, une armoire, absurdement seuls au milieu des gravats.1 In this extract from Failles, Yanick Lahens contemplates the destruction caused by the earthquake that struck Haiti on 12 January 2010. Of especial note in this passage is the use of disjointed syntax. As Lahens surveys the landscape of Port-au-Prince, she uses a series of sentences that lack syntactic coordination. Here, techniques of parataxis and enumeration mimic the devastation wrought by the earthquake. The third sentence behaves much like the damaged walls and houses in Port-au-Prince: the omission of conjunctions after both ‘défoncés’ and ‘blanchâtres’ seems to inscribe within the very structure of the line the tremors of an earthquake. More significantly, in the final sentence, the use of asyndeton mirrors the earthquake’s scattering of objects as a string of uncoordinated noun phrases performatively heap up ‘au milieu [de la phrase]’. Lahens’s text, like the Earth itself, advances jerkily and is never quite at ease.

The association between the distance from the epicenter of the Haiti earthquake (2021) and medical diagnoses: A report from the field

Background: Following the earthquake of August 2021 in Haiti, humanitarian agencies provided support to the local population. NATAN, a voluntary based non-governmental organization, had arrived in the field five days after the earthquake and provided medical support based on a mobile clinic in seven villages close to the epicenter of the earthquake. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on data collected from 331 persons of concern, as part of ‘good clinical practice’. They received basic treatment such as antibiotics and minor surgical interventions following a diagnosis. The main variables that were collected in this intervention included demographic data, main diagnoses, and main treatments. We also examined the distance from the earthquake epicenter (DfE) and its effects on the diagnoses and treatments. Results: Several interesting findings were observed. A significant association between the DfE and the diagnoses was found, where within the group closest to the epicenter, the most prevalent diagnosis was internal medicine problems (40.3%). Conclusions: It is possible that since five days had passed since the earthquake, the expected diagnoses of traumatic injuries were reduced, leaving sub-acute problems to be diagnosed and treated. Finally, mental health symptoms and stress levels should be assessed systematically and with validated measures.

A Comprehensive Coalition-Based Regional Approach to Pediatric Disaster Planning

Introduction:Children, who comprise 25% of the US population, are frequently victims of disasters and have special needs during these events. To prepare NYC for a large-scale Pediatric Disaster, NYCPDC has worked with an increasing number of providers that initially included only a small number of hospitals and agencies. Through a cooperative team approach, stakeholders now include local public health, emergency management and emergency medical services, 28 hospitals, community-based providers, and the Medical Reserve Corps.Method:The NYCPDC utilized an inclusive iterative process model whereby a desired plan was achieved by stakeholders reviewing the literature and current practice through repeated discussion and consensus building. NYCPDC used this model in developing a comprehensive regional pediatric disaster plan.Results:The plan included disaster scene triage (adapted for pediatric use) to transport (with prioritization) to surge and evacuation. Additionally, site-specific plans utilizing guidelines and templates now include Pediatric Long-Term Care Facilities, Hospital Pediatric Departments including Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Services and Outpatient/Urgent Care Centers. A force multiplier course in critical care for non-intensivists has been provided. An extensive Pediatric Exercise program has been used to develop, operationalize and revise plans based on lessons learned. This initially included pediatric tabletop, functional and full-scale exercises at individual hospitals leading to citywide exercises at 13 and subsequently all 28 hospitals caring for children.Conclusion:The NYCPDC has comprehensively planned for the special needs of children during disasters utilizing a pediatric coalition based regional approach that matches pediatric resources to needs to provide best outcomes.The NYCPDC has responded to real time events (H1N1, Haiti Earthquake, Superstorm Sandy, Ebola), and participated in local (NYC boroughs and executive leadership) and nationwide coalitions (including the National Pediatric Disaster Coalition). The NYCPDC has had the opportunity to present their Pediatric Disaster Planning and Response efforts at local, national and International conferences.

Kinematic Rupture Process and Its Implication of a Thrust and Strike-Slip Multi-Fault during the 2021 Haiti Earthquake

A devasting Mw7.2 earthquake struck southern Haiti on 14 August 2021, leading to over 2000 casualties and severe structural failures. This earthquake, which ruptured ~70 km west of the 2010 Mw7.0 event, offers a rare opportunity to probe the mechanical properties of southern Haiti. This study investigates the kinematic multi-fault coseismic rupture process by jointly analyzing teleseismic and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) datasets. We determined the optimal dip of different segment faults through finite-fault inversion, and the results show that the dips of the first, second and third faults are 62°, 76° and 76°, respectively, coinciding with the relocated aftershock distribution. The results estimated from our joint inversion revealed that the slip was dominated by reverse motion in the first segment and strike-slip motion in the second and third segments. Three slip patches were detected along the strike, with a peak slip of 3.0 m, and the rupture reached the surface at the second segment. The kinematic rupture process shows a unilateral rupture with a high centroid rupture velocity (5.5 km/s), and the rupture broke through the stepover and caused a cascade rupture. The rupture front experiences a directivity pulse of high ground motions with high amplitude and short duration, which may be an additional factor explaining the many landslides concentrated on the western end of the fault. The Coulomb failure stress change result indicates the increases in the probability of future events to the east and west of the 2021 main shock.

Detection of electromagnetic anomalies over seismic regions during two strong (MW > 5) earthquakes

Ionospheric disturbances (such as electromagnetic emissions) in connection to strong earthquakes have been reported in literature for over two decades. In order to be reliable, the identification of such disturbances requires a preliminary robust definition of the ionospheric background in the absence of both seismic activity and any other possible input (e.g., transient change in solar activity).In this work, we present a new technique for the assessment of the electromagnetic (EM) background in the ionosphere over seismic regions. The background is estimated via a multiscale statistical analysis that makes use of most of the electric- and magnetic-field datasets (2019–2021) from the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01).The result is a map of the average relative energy in a 6° x 6° LAT-LON cell centered at the earthquake epicenter (EE). Only EM signals that statistically differ from the background should be considered as events suitable for investigation.The method is tested against two strong seismic events, the 14 August 2021 Haitian earthquake (7.2 MW) and the 27 September 2021 Cretan earthquake (6.0 MW). In the former case, a signal (with characteristic frequency of 250 Hz) can be identified, which emerges from the background. In the latter one, the concurrent strong geomagnetic activity does not allow to tell any distinct signal apart from the background.

Competition and Collaboration on Fundraising for Short-Term Disaster Response: The Impact on Earmarking and Performance

Problem definition: Most humanitarian organizations (HOs) allow donors to earmark their donations (i.e., designate their contributions to a specific purpose). Allowing earmarking may increase donations; however, it creates operational inefficiencies that undermine the impact of those donations. Extant literature has mainly studied earmarking and its operational consequences in the absence of funding competition. We examine how competition for funding impacts earmarking decisions, fundraising costs, and HO performance in short-term disaster response. In addition to the competition model, we analyze two collaborative fundraising models: (i) full collaboration, where HOs contact donors as a unit and donors cannot donate to specific HOs on the fundraiser, and (ii) partial collaboration, where HOs contact donors as a unit and donors choose among the contacting HOs. Methodology: We use game theory to model the interactions between multiple HOs and a market of donors and build a multinomial logit model for the donor choice problem. Results: We find that competition for funding contributes to the prevalence of earmarked donations, increases fundraising costs, and hurts HO performance and utility. We show that two collaborative fundraising models can mitigate these issues depending on the availability of funding resources. When funding is abundant, full collaboration improves HO utility and reduces earmarking and fundraising costs. When funding is scarce, partial collaboration reduces fundraising costs and improves performance and HO utility. When funding is intermediate, these two forms of collaboration do not necessarily benefit HOs. Managerial implications: We illustrate how funding availability drives earmarking and fundraising decisions and key performance metrics of different funding models during short-term disaster response. Using data from the 2010 Haiti earthquake, our numerical study indicates that partial collaboration benefits response to disasters with funding shortage, whereas full collaboration suits disaster response with sufficient funding. HOs competing for funds can use our insights to improve their response effectiveness.Supplemental Material: The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2023.1202 .