Hairy Fungus Beetle Research Articles

Mechanical stirring of bulk-stored maize in steel bins to suppress maize weevils and other beetle populations

This study investigates the effectiveness of periodic stirring as a non-chemical approach to suppress maize weevils, Sitophilus zeamais, and other beetle populations in large-scale grain storage bins. The research was conducted in a farm steel bin with a diameter of 9.8 m holding 127 Mg of maize, and a control bin of diameter 7.3 m holding 102 Mg of maize. Both bins were loaded with maize at 13% moisture and infested at a commercial tolerance rate of 2 weevils/kg of maize. Probe traps monitored beetle populations except for S. zeamais before stirring was initiated. Maize samples were collected at depths of 0, 0.9, 1.8 and 2.7 m with a vacuum-probe sampler prior to stirring and at 10, 20, 30 and 40 days of continuous stirring machine operation. Stirring achieved 100% control of live S. zeamais while the control bin experienced an increase in its S. zeamais population after 40 days. The stirring process also led to a significant reduction in dominant beetle populations such as hairy fungus beetles, Typhaea stercorea, and foreign grain beetles, Ahasuerus advena. Although the quality of maize in both bins changed at different depths and storage times, the treatment bin had higher bulk density (732.7 ± 3.98 kg/m3 to 768.9 ± 2.41 kg/m3), lower insect damage (0.02 ± 0.02% to 0.9 ± 0.28%), and higher allowable storage time (>249 days). Moisture content and molded kernels increased in the control bin, reaching 26.4 ± 1.29% and 3.2 ± 0.53%, respectively. The average percentage of broken corn and foreign material (BCFM) in the sweepings on the floor of the emptied treatment bin was 6.5 times higher than that in the control bin. Calculated packing factor values below 1.5 from the sweepings indicated that BCFM concentrations did not affect airflow. Stirring maize provides an alternative to the use of chemicals to control stored maize insect pests at a production scale.

New and rare species of Cryptophagidae, Latridiidae and Mycetophagidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) for the fauna of Bulgaria

Cryptophagus intermedius Bruce, Dienerella filiformis (Gyllenhal) and Melanophthalma rhenana Rücker et Johnson, 2007 are first time recorded for the fauna of Bulgaria as the first and third species are also first noted from the Balkan Peninsula. Left unmentioned for the country in the latest catalogues, but earlier noted in other announcements, other two species, Berginus tamarisci Wollaston and Melanophthalma taurica (Mannerheim) are confirmed for Bulgaria, with first detailed data reported. All the aforementioned species (except C. intermedius) have been reared and thus first time reported from the European mistletoe (Viscum album Linnaeus). A checklist of the Bulgarian hairy fungus beetles including new and republished data is presented too.

A Note on the Insects Associated with Stored Onion in Khartoum State

A survey was conducted during 2011-2012 in Khartoum State. The surveyfocused on the identification of insects associated with stored onion. Insects encounteredwere, the fig moth (Ephestia cautella), the dried fruit beetle (Carpophilus hemipterus),the sap beetle (Carpophilus obsolitus), the humpbacked fly (Megaselia scalaris), the antbeetle (Anthicus floralis), the hairy fungus beetle (Typhaea stercorea), the confused flourbeetle (Triboleum confusum), the scavenger fly (Chrysomyza demandata), the dungbeetle (Aphodius lividus), the minute pirate bug (Orius leavigatus), and the rove beetles(Aleochara bipustulata, four Quidius spp. and Lithocharis sp.).

Characterization of Microbial Communities from the Alimentary Canal of Typhaea stercorea (L.) (Coleoptera: Mycetophagidae).

Simple SummaryHairy fungus beetle, Typhaea stercorea, is a secondary post-harvest pest of stored grains that thrives by feeding on mytoxigenic fungi. Bacterial communities residing in the alimentary canal of most insects contribute to their host’s development. While there are many examples, little is known about the role of bacterial communities in the alimentary canal of T. stercorea. The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize the microbial communities residing in T. stercorea and (2) compare the microbial compositions of field-collected and laboratory-reared populations. In this study, we were able to identify bacterial communities that possess mycolytic properties and track mark changes in the microbiota profiles associated with development. The genus Pseudomonas was enriched in T. stercorea larvae compared to adults. Furthermore, field-collected T. sterocrea adults had a lower species richness than both larva and adult laboratory-reared T. sterocrea. Moreover, the gut microbial compositions of field-collected and laboratory-reared populations were vastly different. Overall, our results suggest that the environment and physiology can shift the microbial composition in the alimentary canal of T. stercorea.The gut microbiomes of symbiotic insects typically mediate essential functions lacking in their hosts. Here, we describe the composition of microbes residing in the alimentary canal of the hairy fungus beetle, Typhaea stercorea (L.), at various life stages. This beetle is a post-harvest pest of stored grains that feeds on fungi and serves as a vector of mycotoxigenic fungi. It has been reported that the bacterial communities found in most insects’ alimentary canals contribute to nutrition, immune defenses, and protection from pathogens. Hence, bacterial symbionts may play a key role in the digestive system of T. stercorea. Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we examined the microbiota of T. stercorea. We found no difference in bacterial species richness between larvae and adults, but there were compositional differences across life stages (PERMANOVA:pseudo-F(8,2) = 8.22; p = 0.026). The three most abundant bacteria found in the alimentary canal of the larvae and adults included Pseudomonas (47.67% and 0.21%, respectively), an unspecified genus of the Enterobacteriaceae family (46.60 % and 90.97%, respectively), and Enterobacter (3.89% and 5.75%, respectively). Furthermore, Pseudomonas spp. are the predominant bacteria in the larval stage. Our data indicated that field-collected T. stercorea tended to have lower species richness than laboratory-reared beetles (Shannon: H = 5.72; p = 0.057). Furthermore, the microbial communities of laboratory-reared insects resembled one another, whereas field-collected adults exhibited variability (PERMANOVA:pseudo-F(10,3) = 4.41; p = 0.006). We provide evidence that the environment and physiology can shift the microbial composition in the alimentary canal of T. stercorea.

Aethiophenax mycetophagi sp. nov. (Acari: Trombidiformes: Acarophenacidae), an egg parasitoid of Mycetophagus quadripustulatus (Coleoptera: Mycetophagidae) from Iran

A new species of the genus Aethiophenax Mahunka, 1981 (Acari: Prostigmata: Acarophenacidae), A. mycetophagi Arjomandi and Hajiqanbar sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on adult females. Mites were collected from the beneath elytra of hairy fungus beetles, Mycetophagus quadripustulatus (Linnaeus, 1761) (Col.: Tenebrionoidea: Mycetophagidae) grazing on oyster mushrooms on a bough of a tree in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. The new species, as fourth representative of the genus, is characterized by all dorsal setae thin and relatively long (26–35) in comparison with those of congeners; all ventral setae thin, setae 2a longest and 1b shortest of venter of idiosoma; tibiotarsus I with solenidion φ slightly clavate and as long as ω; tarsi II with seta pl” modified and spine-like; genu III with two setae (l’ and v’). A key to the world species of the genus is also provided.

Temperature Stratification and Insect Pest Populations in Stored Wheat with Suction versus Pressure Aeration

<abstract> <b><i>Abstract. </i></b> A three-year study was conducted to compare temperature profiles in the headspace and in the bulk mass of wheat aerated through pressure aeration and suction aeration. Insect pitfall traps were used to measure naturally-occurring populations of stored product insects. Results show uniform distribution of temperatures in the headspace until the area immediately above the top of the grain mass. In general, suction aeration cooled the top portion of the grain mass more quickly than pressure aeration, based on measured temperatures, days above specified temperature thresholds, and total heat accumulations above those thresholds, for each of the three years. Populations of (Stephens), the rusty grain beetle, and Herbst, the red flour beetle, were generally at least 2x to 4x greater in pressure versus suction aeration, depending on the specific sampling date, during the first two years of the study. An extensive infestation that developed during the third year may have diminished the effects of aeration. The other two insect species caught in abundance were two fungus-feeding insects, (L.), the hairy fungus beetle, and (Waltl), the foreign grain beetle. Mixed effects were observed for these two species under the two aeration treatments. Results show that suction aeration may be preferable over pressure aeration, but afternoon temperatures lead to a buildup of heat in the headspace that affected the temperature of the upper layer of the grain mass. Installing a thermostat for controlled aeration utilizing the headspace temperatures as a set point instead of relying on outside ambient temperatures may increase efficiency of suction aeration.

The Mycetophagidae (Coleoptera) of the Maritime Provinces of Canada

The Mycetophagidae (hairy fungus beetles) of the Maritime Provinces of Canada are surveyed. Seven species in the genera Mycetophagus, Litargus, and Typhaea are found in the region. Six new provincial records are reported including Mycetophagus punctatus and Mycetophagus flexuosus, whichare newly recorded in the Maritime Provinces. The distribution of all species is mapped, colour habitus photographs of all species are figured, and an identification key to species is provided. The discussion notes that four of the species found in the region are apparently rare, possibly due to the history of forest management practices in the region; a situation similar to that of a significant proportion of other saproxylic beetles found in the Maritime Provinces.

Effect of three stored-grain fungi on the development of Typhaea stercorea

This study examined development times and ovipositional preference of hairy fungus beetles ( Typhaea stercorea [L.] Col: Mycetophagidae), when reared on pure cultures of Aspergillus flavus Link, Eurotium rubrum König, Spieck and Bremer, and Penicillium purpurogenum Stoll., and the ability of hairy fungus beetles to develop in the presence of high levels of aflatoxin when fed A. flavus grown on coconut agar medium. Results indicate that hairy fungus beetles can complete their life cycle when fed these mold species grown on a defined medium in pure culture. Developmental times were shortest and females laid more eggs on pure cultures of A. flavus compared to E. rubrum, and P. purpurogenum. Lastly, we tested to see the effects of aflatoxin on hairy fungus beetle development. Hairy fungus beetles can complete their life cycle while feeding on a fungal culture producing high levels of aflatoxin. The results suggest that the mold species in the grain mass can influence insect developmental rates and thus population growth rates.

FEASIBILITY OF SUMMER AERATION TO CONTROL INSECTS IN STORED WHEAT

Temperature profiles and insect populations were compared in wheat that had been aerated with low airflow ratesduring the summer in addition to two autumn aeration cycles, versus wheat aerated in autumn only or unaerated wheat. Testswere conducted in 2000-2001, 2001-2002, and 2002-2003, and data were analyzed separately for each year. Grain masstemperature profiles at depths of 0.9 and 1.8 m from the surface in the grain mass showed distinct declines in temperaturefor each aeration cycle during the first two years of the study, however, summer aeration did not result in as large oftemperature declines in 2002-2003, partly because the summer aerated bin was loaded with warmer grain. The effectivenessof summer aeration was estimated using confined insect populations in tube cages placed on the surface of the grain and bysampling the grain for natural insect populations using pitfall probe traps. At the conclusion of the summer aeration cycle,the number of lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius), red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and riceweevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) in the tube cages were consistently lower in bins that had not been aerated during the summer.Pitfall trap catch of rusty grain beetles, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), hairy fungus beetle, Typhaea stercorea (L.),foreign grain beetle, Ahasverus advena (Walt), and lesser grain borer was consistently lower in bins with summer aeration,indicating a reduction in natural insect populations. Field data support modeling simulation studies that predict lower insectpopulations when a summer aeration cycle is included.

Phenology and spatial pattern of Typhaea stercorea (Coleoptera: Mycetophagidae) infesting stored grain: estimation by pitfall trapping.

The hairy fungus beetle, Typhaea stercorea (L.), occurs frequently in stored grain, often in large numbers. Populations infesting stored barley in Minnesota, corn in South Carolina, and wheat in Florida were sampled by means of grain probe traps. Spatial distribution of the species was examined by contour analysis of trap catch. In South Carolina, corn was sampled at 2 locations over 2 storage seasons, and temperature, moisture content, and malathion residues were measured. These data were used to examine phenology as well as spatial distribution, and showed peak trap catch shortly after harvest in the fall, and in the spring. This pattern followed seasonal changes in grain temperature, but there was no apparent relationship of trap catch to either grain moisture content or malathion residue. The populations of T. stercorea were not distributed randomly, but were largely concentrated in 1 or very few aggregations associated with the "spoutline," a region high in foreign material and broken grain that forms near the center of a bin as it is loaded. However, the spatial patterns were dynamic, even on a very small time scale (week to week). Numbers of insects in aggregations rose and fell, the areas involved expanded and contracted, the centers shifted, and secondary centers appeared and disappeared. These changes were apparently in response to changing patterns of grain temperature and moisture content. Secondary centers of aggregation often formed in warmer grain along bin walls.

The potential use of entomopathogenic nematodes against Typhaea stercorea.

Four entomopathogenic nematode species, Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophoraand H. megidis, were tested in a petri dish assay against larvae and adults of the hairy fungus beetle Typhaea stercorea. In general, adults were less susceptible than larvae and the LC50 decreased with the duration of the exposure to nematodes. S. carpocapsae was the most effective species against adult beetles (LC50 after 96 hours exposure =67 nematodes/adult). Against larvae S.carpocapsae and H. megidis were comparablyeffective with an LC50 of 30 and 55nematodes/larvae, respectively. S. carpocapsaewas tested at 70 and 100% RH against adults in baits of either chicken feed or crushed wheat, both supplemented with horticultural capillary matting pieces in order to obtain a wet weight of 50–60%. At70% RH no significant effect of the nematodes was obtained due to desiccation of the bait. In chickenfeed at 100% RH the mortality reached 80% with 500nematodes/adult. In wheat significant mortality was obtained only at 5000 nematodes/adult. Heavy growth of mould probably limited the nematode infection. When the bait was used in tube traps, desiccation and growth of mould was prevented, but nematode efficacy dropped to 4.4% in the traps and 12% in the surrounding litter.

Efficacy of Malathion Against Coleopteran Populations in Newly-Harvested Versus Year-Old Stored Corn2

The impact of malathion treatment and duration of storage prior to treatment on species composition and relative abundance of beetle pests was investigated in shelled corn in newly-constructed galvanized steel bins. Corn was sampled monthly for insects with plastic probe traps from January through September 1989. Red and confused flour beetles, Tribolium spp., hairy fungus beetle, Typhaea stercorea (L.), flat and rusty grain and flour mill beetles, Cryptolestes spp., and foreign grain beetle, Ahasverus advena (Waltl), were most abundant in traps, but plaster beetle, Cartodere constricta (Gyllenhal), minute brown fungus beetle, Corticaria pubescens (Gyllenhal), antlike flower beetle, Anthicus spp., and larger black flour beetle, Cynaeus angustus (LeConte), also were trapped. Greater numbers of the four major beetle species were trapped in older corn and in corn that was not treated with malathion and, depending on species, trap catch peaked in August or September. Information gathered during this investigation adds to our knowledge of insect infestation and insecticide application to on-farm stored corn and confirmed earlier reports that T. stercorea and A. advena potentially are pests of stored shelled corn. Thorough inspection and sampling should be conducted throughout the storage period, but especially after grain temperatures warm above 20°C.

Typhaea stercorea (Coleoptera: Mycetophagidae), a carrier of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis in a Danish broiler house.

In December 1994, Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) was accidentally introduced into a Danish broiler house by stocking an S. Infantis-infected broiler flock of 39,900 day-old chicks. At the time of the study, the infection had persisted through 6 broiler cycles. Typhaea stercorea (L.), the hairy fungus beetle, was found in large quantities inside and around the broiler house. Various attempts to control the beetle had failed; T. stercorea had been uncontrollable on the farm since Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), the lesser mealworm, was eradicated approximately 10 yr earlier. We investigated the ability of T. stercorea to act as a carrier of S. Infantis in the broiler house between 2 broiler cycles. We examined the empty, cleaned, and disinfected broiler house for S. Infantis 3 d before stocking the 7th broiler flock, and S. Infantis was isolated from the beetles only. Of 20 singly examined T. stercorea, 9 (45%) were S. Infantis positive. A rapid spread of the infection was seen in the 7th broiler flock; 100% of the culled chicks were S. Infantis positive 3 d after stocking. Under experimental conditions chicks were observed eating beetles, and when 5 d-old, specified pathogen-free chicks were fed with S. Infantis-positive T. stercorea collected from the broiler house, all 5 chicks became infected in 4 d. We conclude that T. stercorea may act as a potential carrier of S. Infantis between successive broiler cycles.

Survey of Insect Pests in Shelled Corn Stored On-Farm in Kentucky

Shelled corn stored in metal bins was sampled for insects on farms in the three westernmost crop reporting districts of Kentucky during 1989 and 1990 to identify pest insects present, determine the relative abundance of insect pests, and determine their geographic distributions. Thirty-six species or species groups were found in this survey. The most abundant insects were maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky; Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier); flat grain, rusty grain, and flour mill beetles, Cryptolestes spp.; sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.); foreign grain beetle, Ahasverus advena (Waltl); red and confused flour beetles, Tribolium spp.; and hairy fungus beetle, Typhaea stercorea (L.). Greater densities and numbers of species were caught later during the storage season and greater numbers were captured from the center versus edges of bins. The unexpectedly high abundance and widespread distribution of maize weevil and Angoumois grain moth suggests that greater care needs to be taken to manage these pests because of direct feeding damage and the resulting increased susceptibility of grain to secondary insect pests (e.g., Cryptolestes spp., sawtoothed grain beetle, Tribolium spp., foreign grain beetle, and hairy fungus beetle, which were commonly found) and fungi.

Chilled versus ambient aeration and fumigation of stored popcorn part 2: Pest management

During the summer of 1994, a prototype grain chiller was tested to determine its efficacy as a pest management tool and its economic competitiveness with conventional pest management techniques. Four popcorn bins (121.5 tonnes) at a commercial facility were utilized. Two bins were managed using traditional ambient aeration and fumigation. The remaining two bins were managed with chilled aeration. Insect probe, larval, and pheromone traps were placed in each bin and monitored weekly. Significantly fewer Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) were trapped in the chilled aeration bins compared to the traditionally managed popcorn bins. Very few insect species were found in the probe traps, with the exception of hairy fungus beetles, Typhaea stercorea (L.) in July and August. Fewer beetles were found in the chilled bins when compared to the traditionally managed bins. Costs of chilled aeration (0.11 cents/kg) were competitive with the costs of conventional pest management practices (fumigation and ambient aeration) (0.096–0.17 cents/kg).

Early Detection of Insects in Stored Wheat Using Sticky Traps in Bin Headspace and Prediction of Infestation Level

Insect populations in 14 bins of newly harvested wheat on eight farms in Kansas were monitored with sticky traps in the bin headspace and with grain samples. Sticky trap catches during the first 3 wk of storage were used to provide an estimate of the species and densities of insects that were present in the headspace. Grain samples were taken every 2 wk during the first 3 mo of storage to provide an estimate of population growth under the grain temperature and moisture conditions in the bins. The sticky traps correctly predicted whether lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), and rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), would be found in the grain samples in 85.8 and 78.6% of the bins, respectively. Traps were less reliable for foreign grain beetle, Ahasverus advena (Waltl), and hairy fungus beetle, Typhaea stercorea (L.), with correct predictions in 57.1 and 42.9% of bins, respectively. Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), was found in both traps and grain samples in only one bin and red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), were not found in both traps and grain samples in any of the bins. The traps in the center of the bin caught 4.7–14.2 times more beetles than those on the bin walls, but only 1.3 times more P. interpunctella adults. The total numbers of C. ferrugineus adults in the grain samples could be predicted better from the product of mean grain temperature times maximum grain moisture than from sticky trap catch.

Accuracies and Sample Sizes Associated with Estimating Densities of Adult Beetles (Coleoptera) Caught in Probe Traps in Stored Barley

The surface of barley stored in a metal bin was divided into four concentric strata, and adults of six insect species in the top 16 cm of grain were sampled using 60 unbaited, perforated, plastic probe traps. Traps were left in grain for 1 wk on six consecutive weeks between 20 August and 2 October 1986. Except for the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), the greatest amount of variation (81-89% of the total) in trap catch of the remaining five species was found among traps within strata, followed by strata within weeks (8-19%), and weeks (0-8%). Fewer adults of all six species were captured in traps in the stratum closest to the bin wall compared with strata near the bin center. Variance-mean relationships indicated that adults of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), and R. dominica were randomly distributed among the probe traps. However, the distribution of adults of Cryptolestes spp.; hairy fungus beetle, Typhaea stercorea (L.); foreign grain beetle, Ahasverus advena (Waltl); and red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), was aggregated. Except for Cryptolestes spp., accuracies (expressed as a proportion of mean trap catch) in estimating mean trap catches of the remaining species improved with an increase in trap catch and the number of traps used. For Cryptolestes spp., the accuracy of estimates decreased with an increase in mean trap catch but improved with an increase in the number of traps used. Except for Cryptolestes spp., the number of traps required for estimating mean trap catches of the other species within 25 or 50% of the true mean decreased exponentially with an increase in trap catch. For all six species, the number of traps required increased with an increase in the mean trap catch when the accuracy was expressed as a constant value independent of trap catch. An upper ceiling on the number of traps required for estimating mean trap catches was determined by expressing the accuracy as a constant proportion of mean trap catch and as a constant value independent of mean trap catch.

Resistance of Hairy Fungus Beetle (Coleoptera: Mycetophagidae) to Pirimiphos Methyl and Malathion

Adult hairy fungus beetles, Typhaea stercorea (L.), were collected in Livingston County, Ill., from stored corn treated with pirimiphos methyl. When compared with a susceptible population exposed for 14 d to insecticide residues on corn in laboratory bioassays, the Livingston County population exhibited 38-fold resistance to pirimiphos methyl and 66- fold resistance to malathion at the LC50. This is the first report of insecticide resistance in the hairy fungus beetle. A laboratory colony of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), showed resistance to malathion but not cross-resistance to pirimiphos methyl. A laboratory colony of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, was susceptible to both insecticides.

Insects Infesting Barley Stored on Farms in Minnesota

Barley stored on farms in Minnesota in 12 storage facilities during 1985 and 17 facilities during 1986 was sampled for adults of insect species. Grain samples were removed with grain probing devices or a plastic scoop, and live insects were trapped with unbaited plastic probe traps. Analysis of grain and probe trap samples indicated that, on average, about 85.0 to 100.0% of the facilities holding barley were infested with more than one insect species. The insect species most commonly occurring in grain or probe trap samples were Cryptolestes spp.; red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.); foreign grain beetle, Ahasverus advena (Waltl); lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.); and hairy fungus beetle, Typhaea stercorea (L.). Cryptolestes spp. and O. surinamensis were the most abundant insect species. Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hu;bner), larvae or adults were rarely found in the grain or probe trap samples, although adult males were captured in pheromone traps that were placed above the grain. Temperature of the grain in July and August 1985 and grain samples between May and September 1986 was within the range (15.6 to 35.0°C) conducive for insect survival and reproduction. Moisture content of the grain samples during 1985 ranged from 12.0 to 16.0% and from 11.0 to 20.0% in 1986. These moisture levels were adequate to support insect infestations. Moisture content of the grain samples during 1985 and 1986 decreased by approximately 0.1 and 0.2%, respectively, for every 1°C rise in grain temperature between 7 and 35°C. Based on test weight of the grain samples, 5 of 12 facilities during 1985 and 3 of 17 facilities during 1986 held poor quality barley (U.S. Sample Grade). The amount. of dockage in the grain samples ranged from 0.0 to 4.6%. Comparison of probe traps and grain sampling devices indicated that probe traps were more sensitive than a deep-bin cup probe, a grain trier, or a plastic scoop in detecting adults of insect species that feed on broken or damaged barley kernels and dockage or mold on kernels.

Problems in Cucumber Crops caused by Slugs, Cuckoo‐spit Insect, Mushroom Cecid, Hairy Fungus Beetle and the House Mouse.

Plant PathologyVolume 26, Issue 2 p. 100-101 Problems in Cucumber Crops caused by Slugs, Cuckoo-spit Insect, Mushroom Cecid, Hairy Fungus Beetle and the House Mouse. G. N. Foster, G. N. Foster The West of Scotland Agricultural College, Zoology Department, Auchincruive, AyrSearch for more papers by this author G. N. Foster, G. N. Foster The West of Scotland Agricultural College, Zoology Department, Auchincruive, AyrSearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1977 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1977.tb01035.xCitations: 4AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume26, Issue2June 1977Pages 100-101 RelatedInformation