Hair Care Products Research Articles

Sachet marketing: buying behaviour and consumer attitudes

Selling products in small quantities is becoming a strategic marketing initiative used not only by small firms, but also by multinational companies across developing nations. There can be varied reasons behind such buying behaviour such as affordability, perceived value, ease of use, easy availability, etc. This study looks into consumers' adoption of sachet marketing in emerging markets, across varied socio-economic strata. The study looks at Indian consumers' buying behaviour, and their attitudes towards sachets of different products. Low income customers find affordability as the dominant reason to purchase in sachets, followed by ease of use. On the other hand, customers in high income groups buy products in sachets for their ease of use, followed by product trail, and affordability. Ease of use is important reason for buying hair care, skin care, and personal wash products in sachets. For food items, product trial is the prominent reason for buying in sachets.

Sachet Marketing: Buying Behaviour and Consumer Attitudes

Selling products in small quantities is becoming a strategic marketing initiative used not only by small firms, but also by multinational companies across developing nations. There can be varied reasons behind such buying behaviour such as affordability, perceived value, ease of use, easy availability, etc. This study looks into consumers' adoption of sachet marketing in emerging markets, across varied socio-economic strata. The study looks at Indian consumers' buying behaviour, and their attitudes towards sachets of different products. Low income customers find affordability as the dominant reason to purchase in sachets, followed by ease of use. On the other hand, customers in high income groups buy products in sachets for their ease of use, followed by product trail, and affordability. Ease of use is important reason for buying hair care, skin care, and personal wash products in sachets. For food items, product trial is the prominent reason for buying in sachets.

Henkel acquires DevaCurl to strengthen hair care product portfolio

Henkel acquires DevaCurl to strengthen hair care product portfolio

AVALIAÇÃO DA TRATABILIDADE DE EFLUENTES DE INDÚSTRIAS DE COSMÉTICOS CAPILARES POR PROCESSOS BIOLÓGICOS AERÓBIOS

A tratabilidade por processos biológicos de efluentes brutos provenientes de duas indústrias de cosméticos capilares de pequeno porte (Ind.A e Ind.B) e após pré-tratamentos físico-químicos em escala de bancada foi investigada por meio de testes de biodegradabilidade aeróbia, baseados na redução de carbono orgânico dissolvido. Também foram realizados testes de biodegradabilidade para misturas dos efluentes brutos industriais com efluentes sanitários, simulando tratamento conjunto. Todos os testes de biodegradabilidade aeróbia realizados indicaram a possibilidade do tratamento biológico para as amostras avaliadas, com redução superior a 70 % de carbono orgânico dissolvido. A redução de matéria orgânica pela adsorção ao lodo biológico pareceu ser menos relevante que pela volatilização, oxidação química e, ou sublação das amostras testadas. Em relação à toxicidade frente ao organismo-teste Daphnia similis, foi observada tanto a destoxificação de amostras quanto a manutenção das condições iniciais (tóxicas ou não-tóxicas) após os ensaios. Resultados similares foram obtidos para análises de taxa de consumo de oxigênio do lodo. Portanto, compostos dos efluentes ou subprodutos da degradação dos mesmos podem ter influenciado microrganismos do lodo e o microcrustáceo de formas distintas. De forma geral, pré-tratamentos das amostras por processos físico-químicos de coagulação/floculação e filtração por membranas não contribuíram para aumentar a biodegradabilidade das amostras.

Determination of panthenol enantiomers in cosmetic preparations using an achiral-chiral-coupled column HPLC system.

A new high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for separation and determination of panthenol enantiomers in hair care products was developed. Two types of detectors, low-wavelength ultraviolet (UV) and polarimetric, were used. Optimized conditions consisted of coupled achiral, amino type, and chiral, amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate), stationary phases, mixture of n-hexane/ethanol (60:40, v/v) as mobile phase under isocratic conditions and flow rate 0.8 cm3 min-1 . The effect of column temperature on retention and resolution of enantiomers was studied. The analysis runtime was 10 minutes, and the average retention times for d- and l-panthenol were 7.10 ±0.1 minutes and 8.21 ±0.2 minutes, respectively. The resolution of enantiomers on coupled achiral-chiral columns was Rs = 2.7. The solid-phase extraction method was employed for extraction and purification of analytes. The validated method was selective, accurate, and linear (R2 > .998) over the concentration range of 0.001 to 1.0 mg cm-3 for both enantiomeric forms. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) of each enantiomer were 0.3 and 1.0 μg cm-3 , respectively. The results demonstrated the occurrence of d-panthenol in hair care products.

Renewable sources: applications in personal care formulations.

A global tendency for products considered environmentally sustainable, and ecologically obtained led the industry related to personal care formulations to fund the research and the development of personal care/cosmetics containing ingredients from natural resources. Furthermore, consumers are aware of environmental and sustainability issueans, thus not harming the environment represents a key consideration when developing a new cosmetic ingredient. In this study we review some examples of active ingredients or raw materials used in cosmetics/personal care/biomedical products that are coming from either through biotechnological systems, or as byproducts of several industries. A skin formulation containing biosynthetic actives, prepared by us and the study regarding its dermocosmetic properties are also described. The need for the standardization processes, the safety assessment tools, the improvement of the exploitation methods of these renewable sources in order the production to be ecologically and economically better are also discussed.

Occupational Exposures Among Hair and Nail Salon Workers: a Scoping Review.

To review the literature published from 2014 to 2019 on hair and nail salon workers concerning exposure assessment, reproductive and respiratory endpoints, and endocrine disruption, in relation to workplace exposures. We identified 29 relevant peer-reviewed publications. Overall, there were insufficient studies to determine whether working in these settings is associated with reproductive health endpoints, although prior studies suggest that reproductive effects are of concern. There is consistent evidence that working in hair and nail salons may increase the risk of respiratory effects. Also, despite the fact that many hair and nail care products contain endocrine disrupting compounds, no recent studies have evaluated endocrine-related endpoints. Moreover, few studies have evaluated chemical exposures in these settings and biomonitoring studies are sparse. Improved exposure assessment of chemical hazards in hair and nail salons is necessary to properly characterize occupational exposures and assess their potential health risks. Further studies on endpoints related to endocrine disruption and reproductive health outcomes among hair and nail salon workers are needed. Improved exposure and epidemiologic studies will help inform chemical exposure mitigation efforts in a vulnerable occupational population, as well as policies related to workplace and consumer product safety.

Automated Measurement of Spatially Resolved Hair-Hair Single Fiber Adhesion.

The adhesion force between individual human hair fibers in a crosshair geometry was measured by observing their natural bending and adhesive jumps out of contact, using optical video microscopy. The hair fibers' natural elastic responses, calibrated by measuring their natural resonant frequencies, were used to measure the forces. Using a custom-designed, automated apparatus to measure thousands of individual hair-hair contacts along millimeter length scales of hair, it was found that a broad, yet characteristic, spatially variant distribution in adhesion force is measured on the 1 to 1000 nN scale for both clean and conditioner-treated hair fibers. Comparison between the measured adhesion forces and adhesion forces modeled from the hairs' surface topography (measured using confocal laser profilometry) shows they have a good order-of-magnitude agreement and have similar breadth and shape. The agreement between the measurements and the model suggests, perhaps unsurprisingly, that hair-hair adhesion is governed, to a first approximation, by the unique surface structure of the hairs' cuticles and, therefore, the large distribution in local mean curvature at the various individual contact points along the hairs' lengths. We posit that haircare products could best control the surface properties (or at least the adhesive properties) between hairs by directly modifying the hair surface microstructure.

A Study on Buying Behaviour of Females towards Selected Hair Care Products in Baroda City

A Study on Buying Behaviour of Females towards Selected Hair Care Products in Baroda City

Sign And Meaning Related To Hair Styles Found In Allure Magazine Cover

The article focuses on the hairstyle related sign and meaning found on the cover of Allure Magazine. Data are collected from 8 magazine covers issued from January 2012 to February 2013. The theory of Linguistics signs and Non-linguistics sign proposed by Ferdinand de Saussure together with the theory of order of signification by Roland Barthes are employed in analyzing the data. The analysis showed that the sentences related to hairstyle are used to persuade the female reader to pay more attention to their hair care, the appliances and hair care products used in order to have an appearance like the models on the cover.

Quantifying Polymer Deposition on Hair Fibers by Microfluorometry

Abstract

ヘアケア製品（染毛剤，シャンプー，リンス）による皮膚障害

ヘアケア製品（染毛剤，シャンプー，リンス）による皮膚障害

Cosmetic-Related Injuries Treated in US Emergency Departments: 2002 to 2016.

A retrospective analysis was conducted by using data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System for children <5 years who were treated in US emergency departments (EDs) from 2002-2016) for a cosmetic-related injury. An estimated 64 686 (95% confidence interval = 53 037-76 335) children were treated in EDs for cosmetic-related injuries during the 15-year study period. There was no significant change in the rate (slope = 1.1 per 10 000 children per year, P = .95) of injuries over the study period. Injuries were most commonly associated with nail care (28.3%), hair care (27.0%), skin care (25.0%), and fragrance (12.7%) products. Children aged <2 years were most frequently injured (59.3%), and poisoning was the most common diagnosis (86.2%). To our knowledge, this is the first study to use a nationally representative sample to describe the epidemiology of cosmetic-related injuries among children aged <5 years. Unintentional exposure to cosmetics is an important source of injury for young children.

The green gold rush

It’s natural, it’s been used since antiquity, and almost overnight, it’s become the ingredient to have in personal care products. Cannabis is the latest sensation showing up in creams, salves, massage oils, and hair care products. Some brands tout moisturizing effects, but many more suggest cannabinoids can relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and treat acne and other skin conditions, such as psoriasis and eczema. Call it marijuana or call it hemp, Cannabis sativa and its derivatives have taken off because of easing regulations globally. In the US, passage of the farm bill in December bestowed the federal government’s blessing on industrial varieties of cannabis with low levels of the psychotropic ingredient ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The bill does not legalize marijuana, a term that designates cannabis varieties with THC levels in excess of 0.3%. However, it is paving the way for widespread use of the low-THC plant, known as hemp, in applications such

894 Comprehensive patch testing in 22 patients with lichen planopilaris

Limited studies have identified an association between frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) and leave-on facial skin care products. Although debated, allergic contact dermatitis to these personal care products may contribute to the lymphocytic inflammation affecting the hair follicle unit. This case series sought to identify relevant allergens in patients with lichen planopilaris (LPP) and/or FFA who were seen in an alopecia clinic and referred to patch testing. Patients underwent patch testing with the American Contact Dermatitis Society Core Allergen Series I-VIII, Cosmetic and Hairdresser Series in addition to 8 other potential allergens. Patch tests were applied to the back and read at 48 and 96 hours. Equivocal (+/-) reactions were not included in the results. Between January 2018 and December 2018, 22 female patients with a mean age of 60 years old (range 30-75) underwent patch testing. The majority of patients were Caucasian (95%) and either peri- or post-menopausal (90%) with histological and clinical evidence of LPP (55%), FFA (36%), or LPP/FFA overlap (9%). In total, 77% of patients demonstrated clinically relevant allergens found in cosmetics and personal care products applicable to the head and neck. The mean number of relevant positive allergens was 2 (range 1-8) with more than one-fourth of patients having 4 or more relevant allergens. Half of the patients (50%) had allergens relevant to both facial skin and hair care products. Fragrance mix and fragrance cross reactors (23%), ammonium persulfate (18%), MI and MCI/MI (18%), and dodecyl gallate (18%) represented the most common relevant allergens in these patients. The overall prevalence of patients with relevant positive allergens in this case series (77%) was higher than previous studies which reported on all positive allergens in Brazilian (59%) and British patients (53%) with FFA exclusively. Given the prevalence of relevant contact allergens in females with LPP/FFA, clinicians may consider patch testing for this patient population.

Physico-Chemical Analysis of Gunja Tail and Its Conversion into Shampoo

ABSTRACT: &#x0D; Shampoo in simple terms is a hair care product designed to clean the scalp skin along with its hairs. Incidentally, the term shampoo entered the English language through the Hindi word “champoo” was used meaning to press or massage; it was used to denote cleaning through massage of the hair and skin [1]. Today’s shampoo formulations are beyond the stage of pure cleaning of the hair. Additional benefits are expected, e.g., conditioning, smoothing of the hair surface, good health of hair, i.e., hair free of dandruff, dirt, grease and lice and, above all, its safety benefits are expected. In the present scenario, it seems improbable that herbal shampoo, although better in performance and safer than the synthetic ones, will be popular with the consumers. The present study is about the preparation of Gunja shampoo and its comparative Physico-chemical study with the Gunja oil. Ayurvedic literature name Chakradatta Samhita had explained Gunja tail in Kandu rogadhikar, in this study conversion of tail will be done by shampoo as it is easily acquired by society.&#x0D;

Factors influencing hair lamivudine concentration among people living with HIV in Guangxi, China.

Hair antiretroviral concentration has served as an innovative and objective measure of antiretroviral adherence. However, some factors (for example, pharmacokinetics and hair characteristics) may contribute to the variability of hair antiretroviral concentration that may threaten the validity and reliability of the hair measure as a biomarker of adherence. This study aimed to examine the potential factors that may influence the measure of hair antiretroviral concentration. Hair samples from a cohort of 372 people living with HIV (PLHIV) receiving lamivudine (300 mg/day) in Guangxi, China. Lamivudine concentration was analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Multivariable linear regression was used to evaluate the associations of hair lamivudine concentration with age, sex, ethnicity, height, weight, body mass index, duration of HIV diagnosis, duration of current regimen, dosing schedule, concomitant antiretroviral medications, frequency of hair washing, hair care products use, hair cosmetic treatment and self-reported adherence. Multivariable models revealed that frequency of hair washing (β=-0.221, P=0.001), dosing schedule (β=0.141, P=0.036) and self-reported adherence (β=0.160, P=0.002) were associated with hair lamivudine concentration. We observed that, among those potential factors, hair lamivudine concentration was influenced by frequency of hair washing and dosing schedule. Therefore, frequency of hair washing and dosing schedule should be considered in future research using hair lamivudine concentration as a measure of lamivudine exposure and biomarker of adherence.

Coconut Oil Based Microemulsion Formulations for Hair Care Product Application

Coconut oil in microemulsion is a better option than conventional practice since it can incorporate bioactive ingredients with a stable control release property, especially for hair care products. This work aims to develop microemulsion systems based on coconut oil with the addition of Tween 20, Tween 40, and Tween 80 as non-ionic surfactants (S), and propylene glycol as a co-surfactant (CoS). The determination of microemulsion regions in the ternary phase diagram was carried out by water titration method and the properties of the microemulsion were analysed. Based on the results, the microemulsion system of coconut oil with Tween 80 produced the largest microemulsion region compared to Tween 40 and Tween 20. Microemulsion systems of coconut oil/Tween 80 with the addition of propylene glycol with the ratio of S/CoS at Km = 3:1, 2:1, and 1:1 resulted in a decrement of microemulsion regions compared to using merely Tween 80. The microemulsion system of coconut oil/Tween 80/water at the ratio of oil: surfactant = 1:9 was chosen for further characterisations. Viscosity and electrical conductivity studies showed that the microemulsion system was water-in-oil (w/o) type as there was no phase transition to bicontinuous (BC) or oil-in-water (o/w) type due to low percentage of water content. Stability studies showed that the microemulsion system remained clear and stable at 25 and 40°C upon one-month storage except at 4°C where the system became cloudy and turbid. For particle size analysis, the microemulsion system possessed particle size less than 100 nm.

Hair Care Cosmetics Regulation in Different Countries – A Comparative Study

Background: Hair care cosmetics are meant for the purpose of cleansing, modifying, promoting growth and grooming the hair. These products are designed to provide nourishment and prevent hair damage; these are mainly comprised of shampoos, conditioners, grooming products, etc. The products have gained prominent deliberations across the globe due to increasing issues of hair related problems. As these problems are enhancing at a greater rate, use of hair care cosmetics should be regulated in order to make them safe and effective to the consumer. However, manufacturers across the globe are conducting safety analysis to ensure the safety, non- irritating potential of these products and that the product should not cause any allergic reaction. &lt;/P&gt;&lt;P&gt; Objective: The review highlights several regulatory as well as clinical aspects of hair cosmetics that govern the use of hair products worldwide. Laws and regulations followed by various countries are highlighted. The write up also unfolds clinical and safety aspects of different hair care products. &lt;/P&gt;&lt;P&gt; Methods: Regulatory guidelines and clinical reports have been retrieved using sites www.usfda.gov and www.clinicaltrials.gov, respectively. Conclusion: The FDA has recommended that hair care cosmetics should be evaluated for the type of allergic reactions and the products should not be contaminated. An appropriate antimicrobial agent must be added in order to prevent any type of microbial contamination. The product&amp;#039;s safety should be observed in market-place via consumer comments and complaints.

Receptor-based aggregate exposure assessment of phthalates based on individual's simultaneous use of multiple cosmetic products

To estimate realistic exposure to a chemical, the aggregate exposure from multiple consumer products should be considered. A receptor-based aggregate exposure assessment was conducted according to individuals' exposure factors and simultaneous use patterns including co-use and non-use. A product-based aggregate exposure assessment was conducted by product usage rates of population and users’ exposure factors. Two aggregate exposure assessments were compared. Exposure factors for 31 cosmetic products were collected by face-to-face interviews with 1001 members of the Korean population through national representative sampling. The concentrations of phthalates in 214 cosmetic products were analyzed by GC-MS-MS. The average aggregate exposure dose (AED) determined by the receptor-based method for di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and diethyl phthalate (DEP) were 0.68 ± 0.87, 1.08 ± 5.71, and 2.47 ± 9.05 μg/kg/day, respectively. The cosmetics that contributed most to the receptor-based AED were skin care and body care products for DEHP, nail care products for DnBP, and fragrance and hair care products for DEP. The young female group showed the highest exposure. The product-based aggregate exposure assessment method underestimated high exposure but overestimated average exposure for DnBP and DEP. The receptor-based aggregate exposure assessment method would be used to determine high exposure groups.