Hair Spray Research Articles

Personal care product use and risk of adult-onset asthma: findings from the Sister Study.

Personal care products (PCPs) contain endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) linked to hormonally-sensitive diseases. Population studies have found associations between prenatal EDC exposure and childhood asthma; however, few have investigated adult-onset asthma. We investigated the associations between commonly used PCPs and the risk of adult-onset asthma in a prospective cohort study of U.S. women. We analyzed 39,408 participants from the Sister Study (2003-2009). The participants self-reported their usage frequency of 41 PCPs in the 12-month period before baseline. Latent classes were used to identify groups with similar usage patterns ('infrequent', 'moderate', 'frequent') within types of products ('beauty', 'everyday hair', 'hygiene', and 'skincare'). Multivariable Cox regression models were used to assess the associations between PCP use and incident adult-onset asthma. Over an average 12.5-year follow-up, 1,774 incident asthma cases were identified. Compared to infrequent users, moderate (hazard ratio [HR]=1.21 (95% confidence interval (CI):1.07,1.37)) and frequent (HR=1.22 (95%CI:1.08,1.38)) users of beauty products had significantly higher asthma risk. Similar associations were observed for hygiene (moderate: HR=1.14 (95%CI:1.01,1.29) and frequent: HR=1.20 (95%CI:1.06,1.36)) and skincare products (moderate: HR=1.21 (95%CI:1.06,1.38) and frequent: HR=1.20 (95%CI:1.06,1.35)). Several individual everyday hair products (hair spray, hair styling gel/mousse, and pomade or hair grease) were positively associated with asthma risk, but associations were not detected for everyday hair latent classes. Our findings suggest that PCP use potentially contributes to future risk of adult-onset asthma among women. These novel findings reinforce the need for regulation of PCPs and their components to reduce the burden of asthma.

Investigation of the effects of diisobutyl phthalate on rat testicular tissue: a histopathological and morphometric evaluation

Phthalates are a group of chemicals used to make plastics more durable, and they are often called plasticisers. Additionally, these chemicals are found in hundreds of products such as floor coverings, lubricating oils, and personal care products (soaps, shampoos, hair sprays). Consumer products containing phthalates can result in human exposure through direct contact and use, indirectly through leaching into the other products or general environmental contamination. In this study, the effects of Diisobutyl phthalate a commonly used phthalate, were investigated histopathologically and morphometrically to determine whether it is one of the causes of increased infertility in recent years. Two study groups of albino Wistar albino rats (total n: 40) were formed; the control group (untreated control group, solvent-corn oil the control group) and the experimental group. DiBP was administered by oral gavage to the experimental group in 3 different doses (0.25–0.5–1 mL/kg/day) mixed with corn oil every day for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, testicular tissue samples taken from all the experimental and control animals were evaluated histopathologically and morphometrically by light microscopy after routine preparation. Degeneration/atrophic tubules were quite prominent in the sections. Tubules containing degenerated germ cells and tubules devoid of germ cells were observed. It was determined that in most tubules, only tubules covered with Sertoli cells remained due to germ cell death. In addition, multinucleated giant cells were frequently encountered in such tubules. Dilatation and thickening in the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubule were accompanied by decreased PAS-positive reaction. The morphometric results supported the histopathological findings. Significant dose-related morphometrical changes (p<0.0001), including seminiferous tubule diameter, tubular lumen diameter, spermatogenic cell line height and basal lamina thickness were observed between the control and administration groups. According to the control, sham and G1, the number of these multinucleated cells (MGC) increased in G2 and G3 but these increases were statistically insignificant (p > 0.9999). In conclusion, it was observed that irreversible damage occurred in the testicular tissues of DiBP-exposed groups, and it was decided that this could be the cause of infertility. Therefore, we recommend the use of an alternative plasticiser with proven reliability.

Indoor Emission, Oxidation, and New Particle Formation of Personal Care Product Related Volatile Organic Compounds.

Personal care products (PCPs) contain diverse volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and routine use of PCPs indoors has important implications for indoor air quality and human chemical exposures. This chamber study deployed aerosol instrumentation and two online mass spectrometers to quantify VOC emissions from the indoor use of five fragranced PCPs and examined the formation of gas-phase oxidation products and particles upon ozone-initiated oxidation of reactive VOCs. The tested PCPs include a perfume, a roll-on deodorant, a body spray, a hair spray, and a hand lotion. Indoor use of these PCPs emitted over 200 VOCs and resulted in indoor VOC mixing ratios of several parts per million. The VOC emission factors for the PCPs varied from 2 to 964 mg g-1. We identified strong emissions of terpenes and their derivatives, which are likely used as fragrant additives in the PCPs. When using the PCPs in the presence of indoor ozone, these reactive VOCs underwent oxidation reactions to form a variety of gas-phase oxidized vapors and led to rapid new particle formation (NPF) events with particle growth rates up to ten times higher than outdoor atmospheric NPF events. The resulting ultrafine particle concentrations reach ∼34000 to ∼200000 cm-3 during the NPF events.

Fabric Flammability Changes Due to Hair Spray Exposure

Fabric Flammability Changes Due to Hair Spray Exposure

Carbon monoxide formation from total volatile organic compounds from the use of household spray products

Introduction: Air pollutants emitted from household spray products used in our homes and offices have adverse effects on human health. The quantification and identification of emission sources of air pollutants forms a foundation for an effective indoor exposure control. This study presents the results of a fundamental study conducted to evaluate the kinetics and emission trends Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOCs) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) from household spray products.
 Materials and methods: Fortyfive (45) commonly used household spray products were selected for this study. The experiment was conducted in an isolated empty room of dimension (2.72×2.82×2.00) m3 with no known/ significant indoor emission source(s). CO and TVOCs concentrations were measured with Aeroqual® 500 series monitor with CO and TVOCs head at 15 min, 1 h, 3 h, and 24 h, for all 45 samples of household spray products.
 Results: Spontaneous second – order conversion of TVOCs to CO was observed for most of the spray products in the indoor environment. For the insecticides samples, TVOCs initial concentrations were 7.2–73±19.76 ppm which after one hour the concentrations became 1.8 – 17±7.20 ppm. CO measured initial concentration were 0 – 4±1.08 ppm which the concentration levels reduced to 0–7±2.16 ppm. TVOCs concentration was above the permissible limit set by USEPA and CO concentration for some of the air fresheners, perfume, shoe impregnation spray and hair sprays fall short the limit of 40,081.89 and 25,562.37 µg/m3 set by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and World Health Organization (WHO), respectively.
 Conclusion: As the concentration of TVOCs decreased as the concentration the concentration, CO increased following a second order kinetics. The result obtained will help in the development of safer products and a proper guide on how to use them in a way it will not cause harm to both the user of the product and the environment.

PETROLEUM AND GAS CHEMISTRY AS A DRIVER FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY OF KAZAKHSTAN

As you know, petrochemical products are the main components for the production of a wide range of consumer goods, including detergents and cosmetics, deodorants, shampoos, toothpastes, hair sprays, shaving products, etc., not to mention products from polyethylene, such as bags, various containers, etc. Nevertheless, despite the sufficient amount of oil and gas resources, the petrochemical industry is still not developed in the republic.

Head Lice: What You Need to Know

Head Lice: What You Need to Know

My Mother's Facelift

My Mother's Facelift

Hair Spray Induced Cardiomyopathy.

Inhalants are common drugs of abuse. Hydrocarbons, the active ingredient in most inhalants, exert depressant effects on the central nervous system, causing a ‘high’. In the heart, hydrocarbon toxicity can predispose patients to arrhythmias and heart failure through increased sympathetic susceptibility. We present the case of a 28-year-old female who developed dilated cardiomyopathy in the setting of chronic inhalant abuse.LEARNING POINTSChronic inhalant abuse can lead to cardiac arrhythmia and heart failure.Chronic inhalant abusers should be screened for signs of heart failure.Severe hydrocarbon toxicity can cause sudden sniffing death syndrome.

Allergic contact dermatitis from shellac in an ecological hair spray occurring in a patient with frontal fibrosing alopecia.

Allergic contact dermatitis from shellac in an ecological hair spray occurring in a patient with frontal fibrosing alopecia.

Must Have Been A Lie

Must Have Been A Lie

Comparative reproductive toxicity of phthalate on male and female reproductive potential of rodent when exposure occurs during developmental period

Phthalates are esters of 1, 2-dibenzene dicarboxylic acid, widely used in a variety of commodities such as vinyl flooring, lubricants, and various personal-care products like soaps, shampoos, hair sprays, etc. Phthalates are also used as plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymers, which helps to make the plastics softer and more durable. Because of their widespread use, both adults and children get exposed to them. Given the fact that phthalates are not chemically bonded to the plastic matrix, they can leak out and pollute the environment around the plastic matrix.Number of studies have indicated that phthalate exposure relates to significant health hazards, including developmental and reproductive damage. Phthalates, according to the findings of the current review, are toxic to the reproductive organs of both male and female fetuses and weanlings when they get exposed during the pregnancy. Several studies have shown that organisms in their growth and developmental stages are especially sensitive to the harmful effects of chemicals, which may have a severe influence on the physiology of foetuses and young animals. Moreover, parameters such as age, gender, immunity, and other variables influence the impact of toxicants. When it comes to male reproductive organs, phthalates have mostly been found to have an adverse impact. While in adult females only few research studies have found harmful effects on female reproductive system. Phthalates have been shown to cause reduced fertility, decreased testicular weight, changes in accessory reproductive organs, and a variety of other female reproductive diseases, among other effects. These findings include an examination of mice female and male reproductive potential, as well as the impact of phthalates on their respective reproductive capabilities when exposure occurs during the formative stage of development.

Association of endocrine disrupting chemicals levels in serum, environmental risk factors, and hepatic function among 5- to 14-year-old children

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) might increase the risk of childhood diseases by disrupting hormone-mediated processes that are critical for growth and development during childhood, however, the association among the exposure level of EDCs such as Nonylphenol (NP), Bisphenol A (BPA), Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) in children and environmental risk factors, as well as hepatic function has not been elaborated. This study aimed to discuss this interesting relationship among NP, BPA, DMP concentrations in serum, environmental risk factors, hepatic function of 5- to 14-year-old children in industrial zone, residential zone and suburb in northern district of Guizhou Province, China. In Zunyi city, 1006 children participated in cross-sectional health assessments from July to August 2018, and their parents completed identical questionnaires on the environmental risk factors of EDCs exposure to mothers and children. Serum NP, BPA and DMP concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), AST/ALT, total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL) and indirect bilirubin (IBIL) were detected with automatic biochemical analyzer. The median concentrations of serum NP, BPA, and DMP in the participants were 45.85 ng/mL, 26.31 ng/mL and 31.62 ng/mL, respectively, which were higher than the environmental concentration limits of the U.S. National Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Hair gels used during pregnancy, types of domestic drinking water, nail polish and cosmetics used by children were significantly positive correlated with serum NP concentration (P < 0.05). Gender, feeding pattern, plastic water cup used during pregnancy, hair spray and perfume use for children, duration of children birth, materials for baby bottle or cup and ways to plastic products were significantly positively correlated with serum BPA concentration (P < 0.05). Gender, perms used during pregnancy, hair spray and perfume use for children, using plastic lunch box during pregnancy, duration of children birth, exposure to pesticides, parents’ occupations were significantly positively correlated with serum DMP concentrations (P < 0.05). Serum NP (β = 0.296, P = 0.036) and DMP (β = 0.316, P = 0.026) concentrations and TBIL level were significantly positively correlated. Serum NP concentration and the levels of IBIL (β = 0.382, P = 0.006) are significantly positively correlated. Cosmetics used during pregnancy significantly increased AST level (β = 2.641, P = 0.021). There was a positive correlation between the frequency of hair spray and perfume use for children and the AST (β = 4.241, P = 0.022). NP, BPA and DMP, which were commonly detected in the serum of children aged 5−14 years old in Zunyi City, Northern Guizhou Province, China, were closely related to the environmental risk factors of exposure environment during pregnancy, infancy and school age. Exposure to NP, BPA and DMP would have negative effects on hepatic function, and these effects showed differences in gender and geographical location. Notably,The relationships were more evident in girls than in boys.

Effects of pressure decay on Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) species distribution in domestic aerosol sprays with LPG propellants

Conventional aerosols sprays contain different Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). These organic compounds have different properties and can have detrimental impact on air quality. This study investigated the spray performance and variation of the types of Non-Methane VOCs (NMVOCs) expelled over the life of pressurised aerosol spray can. Three types of aerosol sprays – hair sprays, deodorants, and antiperspirants were selected from the solvent-based cosmetic products. Mass Ratio (MR) of solvent (ethanol) to propellant (LPG) for all the products was analysed at pressure decay sequences of 4, 3, 2, and 1.5 bar. It was found that the MR in hair sprays expelled was significantly higher than that of antiperspirants and body sprays by 53% and 54% respectively at 4 bar. As the pressure depleted, however, the antiperspirant and body sprays’ MR decreased while that of the hair spray increased. At the lower pressures (2 bar), the hair spray had the highest MR and antiperspirant had the lowest. This finding is important in evaluating the performance of the delivery pathways of aerosol spray products and will provide insight into the effective design of atomisers with alternative “green” propellants like compressed air replacing LPG as the primary propellant in spray products.

Contact dermatitis to hair cosmetics: Current diagnostic recommendations.

Hair cosmetics such as shampoos, hair dyes, bleaching agents or hair straightening creams contain frequent contact allergens. These can lead to allergic contact dermatitis especially in hairdressers, but also in their customers and in others who use hair products at home. While hairdressers suffer mainly from hand dermatitis, in customers and home-users, dermatitis primarily affects the head, neck and face. In this mini-review, we propose a diagnostic algorithm in two steps, based on patch testing, that can be used for the assessment of suspected hair product-induced contact dermatitis. In a first step, we recommend testing the German Contact Allergy Group (DKG) standard series, DKG ointment series, DKG preservative series, DKG hairdresser series, DKG fragrance series as well as (especially in hairdressers) the DKG rubber series. In a second step, if the culprit allergen cannot be identified with the help of the standardized test series and there is a well-founded suspicion, testing the patient's own products, such as shampoos, hair sprays and hair dyes, is recommended.

An Overview on Atomization and Its Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications

Atomization is an intricate operation involving unstable and complex networks with rupture and fusion of liquid molecules. There are diverse details that typify the spray formation, which are the technique and configuration of the atomization process, dimension and structure of the nozzle, experimental parameters, etc. Ultimately, the process generates fine sprays from the bulk of a liquid. Some examples of atomization that we come across in our day-to-day life are antiperspirant or hair spray, shower head, garden sprinkler, or cologne mist. In this review paper we are briefly discussing the theoretical steps taking place in an atomization technique. The instabilities of the jet and sheet are explained to understand the underlying theory that breaks the jet or sheet into droplets. Different types of atomization processes based on the energy sources are also summarized to give an idea about the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques. We are also discussing the various biomedical applications of the electrohydrodynamic atomization and its potential to use as a drug delivery system. In short, this paper is trying to demonstrate the diverse applications of atomization to show its potency as a user friendly and cost-effective technique for various purposes.

Study of the efficiency of a peptide-based cosmetic product in topical therapy for diffuse alopecia

Background: Hair loss is a significant health problem; hence, individuals experiencing hair loss immediately visit a doctor for treatment. Diffuse (symptomatic) alopecia can be the result of various external and internal factors. A doctor should determine the cause of the hair loss and prescribe treatment, including topical agents.&#x0D; Aim: to study the clinical efficacy of hair spray with peptides in the treatment of patients with diffuse alopecia and its effect on the trichogramma parameters.&#x0D; Materials and methods: Thirty female patients with diffuse alopecia, aged from 18 to 59 years, were monitored in the Center of Medical Cosmetology of the I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University. In a controlled comparative study, the patients were divided into two equal groups. In group 1 (main), the drug of choice was a spray based on peptides; while in group 2 (comparison), a cosmetic product based on enzymes was applied. The drugs were used topically for 3 months. Patients were examined using questionnaires (objective assessment by the doctor and subjective evaluation by the patient) and photographs and by assessing the morphometric parameters of hair growth before treatment, 3 months after the start of treatment, and 1 month after treatment termination.&#x0D; Results: In group 1, in the parietal zone, the hair density increased significantly by 19% after 3 months and by 23% after 4 months. The number of anagen hair increased by 8% after 3 months and by 16% after 4 months, with a corresponding decrease in the number of telogen hair compared to the initial level. In the occipital zone, the number of anagen hair increased by 7% after 3 months and by 13% after 4 months, with the corresponding dynamics of telogen hair compared to the initial level. The cosmetic product has been shown to be tolerated well, and no allergic reactions were noted.&#x0D; Conclusion: The peptide-based spray can be recommended for patients with diffuse alopecia as a topical therapy.

Measurements and analysis of non-methane VOC (NMVOC) emissions from major domestic aerosol sprays at “source”

Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs) from domestic aerosol sprays are emerging pollutants and have substantial negative effects on human health and the environment. This study, for the first time, carried out quantification of the NMVOC emissions from off-the-shelf domestic aerosol sprays, at “source” in the UK. These aerosol sprays contain harmful organic compounds as propellants and products. The results showed that the cosmetic category (i.e. body sprays) have higher concentrations of NMVOCs with 93.7 wt% per can compared to households (i.e. air fresheners) with 62 wt%. Also, water-based products showed less NMVOCs in all analyses compared to solvent-based formulations. Direct replacement of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) propellants from conventional products with ‘clean air’ (i.e. nitrogen) showed the potential emission reduction of 50%. Hair spray products, however, have the highest ozone forming potential with about 105.1 g of Ozone per litre of the product compared to other domestic aerosol sprays. The level of global warming contribution of the selected aerosol sprays in the UK was measured to be 129.8 ktCO2e in 2018 and globally, this can be projected to be 3154.6 ktCO2e in 2020. Furthermore, NMVOC emissions contribution from the domestic aerosol sprays in the UK was measured as 61.2 kt in 2018 based on annual consumption of 520 million cans. Globally this can equate to 1437.6 kt based on the projected usage of 17.5 billion cans. Therefore, it is vital to expedite replacing LPG propellant with nitrogen in a drive for a ‘near-zero’ emission in aerosol industry. The results presented in this study can also be used to steer policy makers to the potentially brewing danger from an otherwise passive emission source.

Respiratory Failure after the Use of a New Hair Spray.

Respiratory Failure after the Use of a New Hair Spray.

Identifying environmental risk factors and gene-environment interactions in holoprosencephaly.

Holoprosencephaly is the most common malformation of the forebrain (1 in 250 embryos) with severe consequences for fetal and child development. This study evaluates nongenetic factors associated with holoprosencephaly risk, severity, and gene-environment interactions. For this retrospective case control study, we developed an online questionnaire focusing on exposures to common and rare toxins/toxicants before and during pregnancy, nutritional factors, maternal health history, and demographic factors. Patients with holoprosencephaly were primarily ascertained from our ongoing genetic and clinical studies of holoprosencephaly. Controls included children with Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) ascertained through online advertisements in a WBD support group and fliers. Difference in odds of exposures between cases and controls as well as within cases with varying holoprosencephaly severity were studied. Cases included children born with holoprosencephaly (n = 92) and the control group consisted of children with WBS (n = 56). Pregnancy associated risk associated with holoprosencephaly included maternal pregestational diabetes (9.2% of cases and 0 controls, p = .02), higher alcohol consumption (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.73; 95% CI, 0.88-15.71), and exposure to consumer products such as aerosols or sprays including hair sprays (aOR, 2.46; 95% CI, 0.89-7.19). Significant gene-environment interactions were identified including for consumption of cheese (p < .05) and espresso drinks (p = .03). The study identifies modifiable risk factors and gene-environment interactions that should be considered in future prevention of holoprosencephaly. Studies with larger HPE cohorts will be needed to confirm these findings.