Hair Oil Research Articles

Delving into diversity: exploring different risk factors of premature greying of hair

Dear Madam, Hair is said to grey prematurely when a minimum of five grey hairs occur before the age of 20 in Caucasians, 25 in Asians and 30 in Africans1. Some authors propose using 25 years as a cut-off for people in the South Asian subcontinent. Also, there's no universal grading system for premature greying of hair (PGH). This letter addresses the various evolving risk factors for PGH in young adults worldwide. PGH may be familial or genetically influenced, traveling in an Autosomal Dominant pattern. A positive family history, in particular the paternal history is the most powerful risk factor2. PGH is also linked to nutritional deficiencies including vitamins (especially B12) and minerals. For example in one study, significantly lower levels of serum calcium, ferritin, vitamin B12, and high HDL were observed in patients3. T3 and T4 act on hair follicles to cause melanogenesis and their deficiency is therefore associated with PGH, alopecia, and changes in hair morphology. Another study found notably reduced levels of copper in cases (PGH) as compared to the control group. This study, however, did not observe lower levels of zinc or iron among the affected population. A separate case-control study concerning the association of epidemiological and biochemical factors with PGH reported that a significantly higher percentage of individuals with premature greying had atopic diathesis, led sedentary lifestyles, had family histories of the condition, smoked, and had reported higher levels of perceived stress compared to controls. Though, interestingly enough, regular application of hair oil seemed to confer a safeguarding effect against premature greying. Upon further review of the literature, it became apparent that both BMI and exposure to sunlight emerged as substantial predictors of PGH. Despite the prescription of various vitamins and minerals like biotin, calcium pantothenate, zinc, copper, and selenium (all of which have been recognized as risk factors), the outcomes have been disappointing. Calcium pantothenate is frequently recommended for premature greying of hair (PGH)4. This highlights an existing knowledge gap concerning the precise causative risk factors, necessitating further investigation for a comprehensive understanding and improved management of individuals experiencing premature greying of hair.

Modified PVDF ultrafiltration membrane with host–guest supramolecular trapping for efficient separation of multiple organic contaminants

In our modern lifestyle, the cocktail of organic pollutants from everyday items, such as hair dyes, cloth dyes, food colours, hair oils, cooking oils, and agricultural proteins, enters water streams through household pipelines. This unnoticed contamination, growing alarmingly, poses a serious challenge beyond the scope of conventional separation techniques, calling for a comprehensive solution. While membrane technology offers a promising solution, it grapples with persistent surface fouling issues. This study introduces a novel approach through the development of extraordinary Polyvinylidene fluoride-Montmorillonite-Cucurbit[6]uril (PVDF-M-CB[6]) mixed matrix membranes, presenting a potential breakthrough in overcoming surface fouling challenges and offering a versatile solution for the separation of an array of organic contaminants. Powered by the synergistic host–guest supramolecular complexation of CB[6] onto montmorillonite (M) clay support, these membranes demonstrate swift and selective encapsulation, leading to superior cationic dye rejection. Adding to the allure, CB[6]’s structure encourages favorable carbonyl interactions with bovine serum albumin (BSA), effectively repelling the protein away from the membrane, while also promoting seamless oil–water emulsion separation with an underwater oil contact angle of 150 ± 3°, displaying its superoleophobic nature and enhancing remarkable antifouling properties. The PV-M-CB[6] membranes showcased 2x removal of cationic dyes, 1.3x removal of anionic dyes, 1.4x oil–water emulsion separation, and 2x BSA separation compared to the pristine polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane. These membranes displayed 98.3 % efficiency in oil–water emulsion separation and sustained a flux recovery ratio of over >75% after seven cycles. Overall, PV-M-CB[6] membranes represent an innovative solution with heightened hydrophilicity, remarkable antifouling performance, and exceptional proficiency in delivering one-stop organic foulant separation.

Assessment of the efficacy and safety of Indulekha svetakutaja hair oil in management of dandruff: a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Indulekha Svetakutaja Hair Oil in comparison with coconut oil in the management of dandruff through a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Methods: A total of 110 subjects with clinically diagnosed moderate dandruff were randomly assigned into two groups: Group A (The Indulekha Svetakutaja Hair Oil group, n=55) and Group B (Placebo coconut hair oil group, n=55), where 50 subjects in each group completed the study. The treatment phase was for 4 weeks, followed by a regression phase of 2 weeks. Subjects applied the allotted oil on their scalp, massaged and kept it for a minimum of 30 mins or overnight thrice a week, then washed it with the provided neutral shampoo for a duration of 4 weeks. Dermatological assessments, instrumental measurements and subject self-assessment questionnaire were evaluated in comparison to baseline at weekly intervals throughout the study period. Results: After 4 weeks of treatment, group A demonstrated a significantly greater reduction (p<0.05) in dandruff severity compared to group B. The Total Dandruff scores in Group A showed a significant reduction of 70.62 units while in Group B, it was noted to be 48.79 units. Nearly all participants (98%) in Group A reported a subjective perception improvement in dandruff symptoms compared to Group B. Conclusions: Indulekha Svetakutaja Hair Oil is safe and effective in controlling dandruff and improving scalp and hair health, making it a promising therapeutic option for individuals with dandruff.

A Review Article on the Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Hair Oil

The excellent activity of herbal formulations and their little or nonexistent adverse effects as compared to synthetic medications have always drawn a lot of attention. This study's objective is to make herbal hair oil using amla, hibiscus, Brahmi, and methi. and it will be assessed to see if it promotes healthy hair development, the oil of different concentrations was water soluble, water insoluble, sulphated, total ash, acid insoluble, and moisture content are among the characteristics that make it suitable for proximate analysis. Excellent outcomes for hair development were observed in the formulation made using the boiling method for preparing oils. In order to achieve this goal, the current study will prepare herbal hair oil using substances such as Amlawhich is known as Jatamansi or hibiscus Bhringraj Raw garlic includes methi, mimosa pudica handspringing, papaya leaves, curry-leaf Moringa, guava leaves, and muskmelon seeds.. Based on the aforementioned findings, a combination of unrefined medications was made by boiling and then formed into herbal hair oil. Using various herbal drugs, we have created five different formulas, all of which exhibit anti-hair fall properties along with additional beneficial effects like reducing hair pigmentation, improving the flow of blood to the forehead and roots, reducing dandruff, and reducing hair whitening.

Value Chain Analysis of Groundnut in Tamil Nadu, India

Oilseeds provide vegetable oils which not only form an essential part of human diet but also serve as an important raw material for the manufacture of soaps, paints, varnishes, hair oils, lubricants and various other products. Among all the oilseed crops groundnut is an important oilseed and supplementary food crop. Itis also called as ‘the king of oilseeds. In Tamil Nadu, Ground nut is being cultivated in almost all the districts. Totally, 240 farmers were contacted from 24 villages spread over in 8 blocks of 2 districts. Besides farmers, traders and processors were contacted in each district at the rate of 10 traders per district. The data were analysed by using value chain mapping and price spread analysis. Results indicated that cost of cultivation under rainfed condition was Rs. 30967.81 per ha and Rs. 34789.21 per ha under irrigated condition. The net income realised was Rs. 30628.38 and Rs.32450.26 per ha in rainfed and irrigated condition respectively. The results reveal that net income from groundnut was found to be higher under irrigated condition. Value chain analysis indicated that there were 5 marketing channels through which groundnut were marketed by the sample farmers. Nearly 23.33 percent of the sample farmers sold the produce to the village merchants. The percentage of the sample farmers marketed through commission agents and regulated markets were 25.00 and 33.33, respectively.

Preparation and Evaluation of Herbal Oil

Herbal formulations always have lesser or no side effects comparatively with synthetic. The aim of present study involves preparation of herbal hair oil using the herbal ingredients like., Amla, Hibiscus, Bhringraj, Jatamansi, Raw garlic, Muskmelon seeds, Moringa, Curry leaves, Guava leaves, Papaya leaves, Methi, Mimosa Pudica and Spring onion. Based on the above observations, mixture of crude drugs was prepared in the form of herbal hair oil by boiling method. We have used five formulas using different herbal drugs and all the formulation are showing anti-hairfall property with someof other beneficial activities like anti-dandruff activity, improves blood circulation to the scalp and roots, reduce hair pigmentation, anti-fungal activity, reducing the whitening of the hair. The formulate dherbal oil was evaluated by using various parameters such as Organoleptic properties, specific gravity, stability, viscosity, Acid value, pH etc. and the value obtained from it are found to be similar to that of the standard values like there is no sedimentation, no grittiness and shows satisfying organoleptic properties and the results were determined and are reported in this work. The goal of the present study is herbal have the effective formulation for the hair care or in hair treatment

Abstract PO2-25-09: The hidden costs of beauty: An evaluation of breast cancer risk for Black women

Abstract The Black identity, hair product use, and breast cancer scale (BHBS) was developed and previously validated to evaluate the relationship between identity, hair product use, and breast cancer risk for Black women. Black women are disproportionately affected by breast cancer compared to other racial/ethnic groups, with a mortality rate of 40% higher than all other groups. Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) are present in many hair care products and have been linked to several health issues including breast cancer. Due to these health inequities and the complexity of how cultural norms shape Black women’s hair product usage, the purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of the BHBS for intervention planning and evaluate the hazard scores of hair products used by Black women. Methods: Participants were recruited using purposive convenience sampling techniques. The 11-item BHBS includes two subscales: five items measuring sociocultural perspectives about hair and identity (S1) and six items assessing perceived breast cancer risk related to hair product use (S2). To determine reliability, the BHBS was administered twice over a three-week period with sociodemographic factors obtained in the initial data collection phase. All statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics and test-retest reliability (Pearson correlations) were conducted using SPSS version 26. The Environmental Working Group's (EWG's) Skin Deep® database was used to determine hazard scores of hair products used by participants. Products are rated on a 10-point scale with low (0-2), moderate (3-6), and high hazard (7-10) scores. Results: Twenty-three (86.9% African, African American & Caribbean; 13% multiracial) female participants completed the study. Their age ranged from 18-63 years (30.78, SD= 15.40), 47.8% reported an income of less than $25,000, and 34.8% completed some college education. Both subscales demonstrated highly significant and strong reliability (S1: r=.82, p< .001; S2: r=.88, p< .001). Participants primarily used conditioners (91.3% used wash out and 60.9% used leave-in), and professional hair dyes (34.8%). There was also a high frequency of non-use (91.3%) of do-it-yourself relaxers and hair dye kits. We evaluated 40 products across three categories including wash out conditioners, leave-in conditioners and other hair products (e.g., styling gels, shampoo, and hair oils), of which most had a moderate hazard rating of 5 denoting ingredients of health concerns (e.g., parabens, fragrance, and phenoxyethanol). Additionally, of the 22 company brands analyzed, only 10 (45%) are Black owned or founded. Conclusions: The BHBS is a valid and reliable instrument to assess sociocultural perspectives about hair, identity and perceived breast cancer risk. Black women use hair products including relaxers, hair dyes, and conditioners that contain EDCs that may be harmful to their health including risk for breast cancer. The BHBS will be used to evaluate psychosocial interventions that address the unique needs of Black women including exposure to EDCs from hair product use and breast cancer risk. Citation Format: Nicole Sarkaria, Marissa Ericson, Abigail Lopez, Dede Teteh. The hidden costs of beauty: An evaluation of breast cancer risk for Black women [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO2-25-09.

Cohort profile: the Environmental Reproductive and Glucose Outcomes (ERGO) Study (Boston, Massachusetts, USA) — a prospective pregnancy cohort study of the impacts of environmental exposures on parental cardiometabolic health

PurposePregnancy and the postpartum period are increasingly recognised as sensitive windows for cardiometabolic disease risk. Growing evidence suggests environmental exposures, including endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), are associated with an increased risk...

Design and analysis of herbal hair oil

The significance of herbal hair oil for the longevity of hair health is highlighted in this study. Hair care products applied to the hair to cure hair issues include herbal hair oil. A vital component of natural cosmetics is herbal hair oil. The goals of herbal hair oil are discussed in this article, along with how it may improve hair health, control frizz, prevent hair loss, and more. This focuses on the components that are frequently used to make herbal hair oil, such as coconut oil, sesame oil, mustard oil, and other herbal ingredients. Herbal hair oil is more in demand and utilized for several hair conditions.

An Innovative Approach to Hair Regeneration: Synergistic Effects of Zauber™ Hair Drops and Zauberöl® Premium Hair Oil in Testosterone Induced Alopecia Rat Model

Introduction: Hair loss, or alopecia, is a prevalent concern with medical and cosmetic implications. Hair loss, attributed to genetic predisposition, hormonal imbalances, and psychosocial impacts, necessitates effective treatments. This study aims to assess the safety and efficacy of specific formulations Zauber™ Hair Drops (Zauber™) and Zauberöl® Premium Hair Oil (Zauberöl®) in addressing testosterone induced alopecia, utilizing a rat model. This research contributes to our understanding of potential solutions to the rising prevalence of this condition.Materials and Methods: 60 Male Wistar rats were divided into ten groups. To induce alopecia, testosterone was administered intramuscularly, excluding the normal control group. Experimental groups received distinct treatments, including oral homeopathic drops Zauber™ in mild, moderate and high doses, topical treatment Zauberöl® alone and along with ZauberTM in 3 different doses, and a standard drug, over 28 days. Comprehensive observations and assessments were conducted. Results and Discussion: The results of the study showed that all groups maintained their body weights and food consumption, but those taking Zauber™ and Zauberöl® saw considerable hair follicle growth without severe blood clotting or systemic toxicity, as seen by stable organ weights. The treatment groups showed steady haematological parameters, and sophisticated imaging showed that Zauber™ + Zauberöl® effectively promotes hair follicle growth and development. Higher anagen-to-telogen ratios in treated groups, particularly in the Zauber™ + Zauberöl® groups, show desirable efficiency in alopecia treatment than the standalone therapies. Conclusion: Our study highlights the synergistic therapeutic effects of Zauber™ and Zauberöl® in treating testosterone-induced alopecia in rats, surpassing stand-alone therapies. The observed improvements in various health indicators underscore the potential efficacy and safety of this combined treatment approach.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF POLYHERBAL HAIR OIL

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF POLYHERBAL HAIR OIL

Preparation of herbal hair oil exploring the therapeutic benefits of herbs and its evaluation

Background: Herbal cosmetics, particularly herbal hair oils, have gained popularity due to their perceived efficacy and minimal adverse effects. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate herbal hair oils for promoting hair growth. Methodology: Various herbal extracts, including Coconut, Curry leaves, Amla, Fenugreek, and Onion, were prepared and incorporated into virgin Coconut oil. Phytochemical screening, total flavonoid content, organoleptic evaluation, chemical analysis (acid value, saponification value, specific gravity), stability studies, antioxidant assay (DPPH), antimicrobial assay, sensitivity studies, and in-vivo hair growth activity were conducted. Results: Organoleptic evaluation revealed characteristic odors and colors across formulations. Chemical analysis showed acceptable values for acid value (0.68 - 1.86 mg KOH/g), saponification value (117.87 - 224.27 mg KOH/g), and specific gravity (0.865 - 0.933 g/cm^3). Stability studies over 45 days demonstrated consistent physicochemical properties. The DPPH assay indicated dose-dependent antioxidant activity, with inhibition ranging from 13.8% to 66.5%. Antimicrobial assay showed inhibition zones ranging from 6 mm to 20 mm against Staphylococcus aureus. Sensitivity studies exhibited no adverse reactions. In-vivo hair growth activity demonstrated significant improvements compared to controls. Discussion: The formulated herbal hair oils exhibited promising physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial efficacy, safety, and hair growth promotion in animal models. These findings suggest their potential as natural remedies for hair care. Conclusion: Herbal hair oils formulated in this study show significant potential for promoting hair growth and addressing hair-related concerns. Whereas, formulation F3 shown significant efficacy across multiple parameters among the formulations. Further research and clinical trials are warranted to validate their efficacy and safety for human use.

Design and Evaluation of Hair Growth - Hair Fall Oil Formulation from Botanicals

Hair loss in adult men albeit common, can cause emotional distress. Many people with hair fall issues try chemical-based treatments that may lead to health complications and allergic reactions. Cosmetics using natural ingredients derived from plants have fewer side effects compared to synthetic alternatives. The study aimed to formulate herbal hair oil using various ingredients like castor oil, sunflower oil, jojoba oil, olive oil, pumpkin oil, etc. and evaluate its effectiveness in promoting hair growth and prevention of hair fall (HG-HF). Besides, the oil was supposed to provide a range of benefits for hair health, including preventing dandruff, improving scalp health, providing antioxidant properties, and thereby protecting against oxidative damage. The DPPH radical scavenging test was done to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the oils. Varying IC50 values were found such as olive oil and sunflower oil showed IC50 values of 3.79 μg/ml and 4.44 μg/ml respectively. Hence, these oils have significant antioxidant activity with a strong ability to scavenge or neutralize free radicals. A study was conducted on sixteen volunteers with hair loss, dandruff, and other hair problems to check the performance of the oil. 56.25% of the participants experienced increased hair growth and 50% reported a decrease in hair fall after using the oil for 3 months, with no remarkable side effects. Data demonstrated effectiveness and overall acceptable perception of the HG-HF oil by the participants. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 27(1): 9-18, 2024 (January)

Natural Solutions for Dandruff and Hair Fall: Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Hair Oil

Herbal hair oils have been widely used for nourishment and protection of hair and also to treat a variety of hair-related problems to promote healthy hair. The use of chemical medicine may not always bring the desired results as it has negative side effects. Using herbal products, the photochemical and bioactive ingredients work together to achieve the desired results. An unique herbal hair oil formulation is presented in this study that is enhanced with natural extracts such coconut oil, sesame seeds, black seeds, hibiscus flowers, fenugreek seeds, curry leaves, and onion. The objective of this research is to maximize the combined benefits of these botanical elements in order to hydrate the scalp, stimulate hair follicles, and enhance the general appearance of hair. Since the coconut oil serves as a carrier base, the active ingredients are more easily absorbed into the scalp. Extracts from black and sesame seeds are used because they are rich in important fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, which are believed to promote hair growth and lessen hair loss. Hibiscus helps to revitalize the hair, add luster, and delay the onset of premature greying thanks to its natural antioxidants and amino acids. The present work was aimed to formulate herbal hair oil that seeks to address a variety of hair problems such as thinning hair, dryness, dandruff, and dullness. The formulated herbal hair oil was evaluated at various parameters such as organoleptic properties, viscosity, saponification value, pH were determined. For people looking to improve their hair health and maintain shiny, strong, and lovely hair, this research may offer a natural and secure response.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Hair Oil

Herbs and herbal medications have been shown in studies to promote hair growth. Men and women alike are very concerned about hair loss issues, with fading, dandruff and hair falling being the main issues linked to hair loss. Comparing herbal hair oils to synthetic drugs, which can have adverse effects like burning, itching and localized irritation, has drawn attention to these alternatives. They could result in systemic adverse effects such headaches and dizziness as well as dermatological reactions. Therefore, the creation of herbal hair oil is necessary to stop hair loss and promote strong hair growth without causing any negative side effects. There are several synthetic medications available for hair loss, but they have serious adverse effects and don’t provide permanent relief. The primary goal of this endeavor is to create a herbal hair oil formulation that can address issues with hair loss and other hair-related conditions. For the creation of the hair oil, herbs as hibiscus, amla, shikakai, Fenugreek seeds, coconut oil, almond oil and neem oil were chosen. After being prepared, the hair oil was assessed.

Devlopment and Evaluation of Herbal Hair Oil Formulation of Helianthus annuus and Martynia annua for Hair Growth Potential

Devlopment and Evaluation of Herbal Hair Oil Formulation of Helianthus annuus and Martynia annua for Hair Growth Potential

A review on formulation and evaluation of herbal hair oil

Review article emphasizes the importance of herbal hair oil for the healthy life of hairs. Herbal hair oil are hair care components implemented to the hair for the treatment of hair disorders. Herbal hair oil is a critical part of natural cosmetics. This review article involves the objectives of herbal hair oil, which includes herbal goodness of hair, manage frizzy hair, fight towards hair fall, etc. This emphasizes on the commonly used ingredients in the formulation of herbal hair oil which involves coconut oil, till oil, almond oil, Hibiscus, jasmine. This review also involves a table in which there is mentioned the ingredients, the quantity used in the formulation and the importance of the ingredients mentioned over there. This also involves the benefits of herbal hair oil and the method as well as evaluation tests for herbal hair oil preparations. Using herbal hair oil is growing everyday a step with the development in preferred of dwelling of human beings to present herbal flavours and colourings to hair oil the herbal essences and perfumes are introduced. Herbal hair oil is greater desired and used in lots of aliments of hair.

Herbs as Hair Care Cosmetic Agents: Mini Review

Abstract: Healthy hair is an important part of a beautiful body. Thus, new developments in hair science and hair care have been reported in the literature, and innovations and ideas in hair care and cosmetics are required. Hair care products are used to keep the scalp clean and moisturize the hair. Hair care products also help control hair structure and behavior, keeping hair in a controlled environment if necessary. Natural cosmetics are safer to use when compared with other synthetic products. They are hypoallergenic, dermatologist-tested and proven to be safe to use anytime, anywhere. Hair cosmetics consist of different agents such as hair oil, hair tonic, anti-dandruff, hair dye, etc. This review focuses on different types of herbs that can be used cosmetically for hair care.

A clinical investigation on the safety and effectiveness of an ayurvedic hair oil in controlling hair fall (khalitya) in healthy adult human subjects: a study on hair fall management

Background: Hair loss, commonly associated with genetics, hormones, or health conditions, is prevalent. Dandruff, resulting in flaky scalp skin, is also widespread. Ayurvedic herbal remedies show potential for addressing these hair issues. This clinical trial assesses the efficacy and safety of an ayurvedic hair oil in healthy adults with hair loss (alopecia). The aim is to evaluate its purported benefits in reducing hair fall, stimulating hair growth and alleviating scalp dandruff. Methods: This 8-week study involved 30 subjects with hair fall. After obtaining subject consent, a test hair oil was applied topically. Assessments included evaluating hair-fall, scalp dandruff, hair-growth rate, density, and thickness. Ayurvedic assessment determined hair type. Phototrichogram, pluck-test measured growth, with endpoints including pull-test, combing-test, dermatological evaluation, and subjective questionnaires. Statistical analysis used R software (Version: 4.1.2). Results: The study revealed significant therapeutic efficacy. The mean hair-growth rate increased significantly by 227µm/day (79.92±69.31%) over 8 weeks (p<0.01). Hair-fall decreased by 63.49±21.44%, from 97 to 31 hairs. Hair-thickness and density improved by 34.26±16.36% (p<0.01) and 39.82±34.3% (p<0.01) respectively. Scalp dandruff showed a reduction of 76.33±15.95% (p<0.01). The A:T ratio shifted positively from 3:1 to 5:1, indicating an increase in hairs in the anagen phase. No adverse effects were observed. Conclusions: Consistent use of 'moha: 5-in-1' hair oil over 8 weeks was well-tolerated and found effective. It significantly decreased hair fall, promoted hair growth, and improved scalp health by reducing dandruff. This confirms its safety and efficacy among study participants, establishing it as suitable choice for holistic daily hair care.

Present status, production constraints and future research strategies in oilseed brassica

The oleiferous Brassica species, commonly known as rapeseed-mustard, are one of the economically important agricultural commodities. Rapeseed-mustard comprising eight different species viz., Indian mustard, toria, yellow sarson, brown sarson, gobhi sarson, karan rai, black mustard and taramira, are being cultivated in 53 countries spreading all over the globe. The oil and protein content varies from 37 to 49% and 22-28%, respectively. The seed and oil are used as condiment in the preparation of pickles and for flavouring curries and vegetables. The oil is utilized for human consumption throughout the northern India in cooking and frying purposes. It is also used in the preparation of hair oils and medicines. It is used in soap making, in mixtures with mineral oils for lubrication. Rapeseed oil is used in the manufacture of grease. The oil cake is used as feed and manure. Green stem and leaves var. toria), brown sarson (Brassica campestris L. var. brown sarson), yellow sarson (Brassica campestris L.var. yellow sarson), Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss], black mustard (Brassica nigra) and taramira (Eruca sativa /vesicaria Mill.), which have been grown since about 3,500 BC along with nontraditional species like gobhi sarson (Brassica napusL.)and Ethiopian mustard or karanrai (Brassica carinata A. Braun).