Damaged Hair Research Articles

Formulation and evaluation of herbal hair dye

A dye can typically be defined as a colored Substance that has an affinity to the fiber, fur or hair. Continuous utilization of such compounds containing dye on herbal hair reasons such a lot of aspect effects along with pores and skin inflammation, erythrema, loss or damage of hair and skin most cancers. In oxidation device, there's a severe diffusion of the molecule into the cortex, what promotes an extended shade resistance. Herbal preparations viz., herbal pills, herbal tonics, herbal paste, natural shampoo, natural contraceptives and herbal dyes has become popular most of the customer herbal drug treatments represent the quickest developing section to heal the various illnesses. Hair dyes encompass dyes modifiers, antioxidants, alkalizers, soaps, ammonia, wetting sellers, fragrance, and a ramification of different chemical substances used in small amounts that impart unique qualities to hair along with softening the texture or supply a desired movement to the dye. It is the ratio of kinds of melanin Eumelanin and Pheomelanin that determines your natural hair shade. Custard apple (Annona squamosa) is a first rate natural supply of copper and gives hair the dark melanin color and that it lack.

Effect of Aspartic Acid Intermediate Treatment on Bleached Hair by Hair Permanent Wave

In general, it is hard to perm bleached hair. This study examined the effectiveness of permanent waves after dividing bleached hair into two groups: an experimental group (hair treated with 0.75% aspartic acid water), and a control group (hair treated with distilled water). In terms of wave retention when the hair was washed 30 times after receiving a perm, the experimental group was higher than the control group with 17.6% and 14.8% respectively. Retention was also affected by the number of times the hair was bleached. Hair bleached once exhibited better retention, 11.6% as compared to hair that had been bleach 3 times with 4.4%. In terms of tensile strength, the experimental group (6.04±0.16 kaf) was greater than the control group (5.31±0.14 kaf) by 13.75% (p<0.05) when the hair was bleached once. When bleached 3 times, the experimental group (4.60±0.16 kaf) was higher than the control group (4.27±0.22 kaf) by 7.73% (p<0.05). Regarding hair damage measured using the methylene blue method, the experimental group (0.208±0.016) was lower than the control group (0.262±0.020) by 20.61% in terms of absorption when bleached once (p<0.05). When bleached 3 times, the experimental group (0.375±0.028) was lower than the control group (0.473±0.038) by 20.72% (p<0.05). According to FE-SEM results, the experimental group was less than the control group in terms of cuticle damage when hair was bleached once as compared to hair that had been bleached 3 times. It could be used in the development of diverse hair care products.

Effects on Oral Supplementation of Nutraceuticals formulations - Trichovitals® in young adults for healthy maintenance of hair growth

Nutrition is a major factor in affecting the health and appearance of hair. In addition to how one eats dietary supplementation plays very critical role in overall maintenance of healthy hair. Precisely Trichovitals® contains Natural Egg Shell Membrane as source of Collagen type (I, III, V, X) and Elastin, Ellagic acid an extract from Pomegranate red pigment, Sabbery (10% beta- glucogallin) an extract of Amla fruit, Biotin (Water soluble vitamin), Tetra hydro curcumin (Derivate of Curcumin) and Murraya koenigii (an extract of the curry leaf as natural source of the iron). With respected to the prior art data each ingredient has several independent clinical studies to support the growth of the healthy hair and influences strong impact on hair thickness, reduction in hair breakage and improvement in hair growth. This study leads to evaluate the impacts of synergy of nutritional and compared to control group (without oral supplements intake) for the healthy maintenance of the hair in healthy young-aged adults. Pilot studies were conducted to assess Trichovitals® on hair parameters. 1. Self-assessment questionnaire intended to perform an assessment on hair after 90 days of treatment for a group of 50 young aged volunteers. 2. Evaluated the efficacy of Trichovitals® for 90 days’ treatment by measurement of mean hair count, Pull test, Wash test, Comb and count test. In this pilot study, Volunteers expressed best results and the scores of self-assessment questionnaire were high for Overall hair volume, Scalp coverage, Thickness of hair body, Softness of hair body, Hair shine, Number of Hairs Lost on Average Day. Oral Trichovitals® consumption was associated with significant improvement in count of terminal hairs and reduction in hair loss after 90 days of treatment. Trichovitals® achieved significant change improvement in hair than placebo group (without oral supplements intake) by 90 days of the study. From the result analysis, Trichovitals® is deemed to be one of the most effective anti-hair fall supplements. For healthy beautiful hair, enhance the appearance of hair with precision of Trichovitals® and its unique composition helps to protect hair damage, prevents hair fall and promotes hair growth. The study confirms and concludes that the Oral supplementation of 500mg/day of Trichovitals® for 12 weeks is associated with significant impact on hair thickness, reduces split ends, hair loss, hair breakage and improvement in hair growth after 90 days of treatment.

Herbal hair oil

Beauty and cosmetic concept is as ancient as mankind and civilization. Cosmetics play a vital role in human life. Herbal cosmetic is one of the most effective areas of cosmetic technology. Herbal cosmetics are developed by the coalition of bioactive ingredients and pharmaceutical products. Herbs are used for beautification purpose of body, preparation of cosmetics, flavouring and colouring agent. Hair plays a vital role in personality of human and we use a lots of cosmetics product for the care of hair. The study aims reviewing the importance of herbal oil and their use in the common hair problem such as baldness, hair fall, hair dryness, dandruff etc. Various beauty and cosmetic products are used which contain herbs to give young and charming look. Various herbal ingredients are used in herbal hair formulation; they provide essential nutrients such as vitamins, antioxidant, etc. Herbal hair oil has been widely used for nourishment of hair and for the protection of hair from hair fall and hair damage. Now a day’s side effect is a major problem after using any beauty product due to which herbal products are preferred because of having less probability of any types of side effects.

Testing of some cosmetic and hygiene products of the CHOICE campany in patients with chronic dermatoses using skin application tests

Objective — using skin application samples to test for allergenicity of some cosmetic and hygienic environmentally friendly products of the CHOICE campany in patients with chronic recurrent dermatosis — eczema, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.
 Materials and methods. With the help of skin application tests, some cosmetic and hygiene products of the CHOICE (Ukraine) company were tested in 36 patients with the most common chronic recurrent dermatosis — eczema, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. The test products were applied to dry skin, free from rashes and topical medications, under a medical patch. Samples were counted on the 2nd, as well as on the 4th—5th and 7th—8th days after application.
 Results and discussion. No skin reactions were recorded in patients with psoriasis who participated in the study. The phenomena of contact dermatitis were observed in contact with only one type of tested product, namely, «Gentle Phytomousse» of the «Seaweed» line for washing all skin types. This type of product was allergenic for 1 out of 6 patients with true eczema and 4 out of 9 patients with atopic dermatitis. Other types of products did not cause any phenomena of contact dermatitis at all in the observed patients.
 Conclusions. Four of the five CHOICE (Ukraine) products tested by skin application trials, namely: ECO liquid soap, Green max.; egg shampoo for dry and damaged hair line Intensive Moisturizer, White mandarin; Soft and velvety skin hand and body milk, White mandarin; Soft and velvety skin shower gel, White mandarin can be used in patients with eczema, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis without prior allergy testing. Gentle Phytomousse for washing all skin types of the Seaweed line can cause contact dermatitis in patients with true eczema and atopic dermatitis.

Polyelectrolyte-Surfactant Mixtures as the Model for Understanding the Performance of 2-in-1 Shampoo Formulations

Background: 2-in-1 shampoos are very complex multi-component mixtures used for the cleansing of the hair fibers and the modulation of their tribological properties, contrib-uting to the reduction of the negative charge of damaged hair fibers. This is the result of the combined action of the polyelectrolytes and surfactants that play a central role in the effec-tiveness of modern 2-in-1 shampoo formulations. Thus, surfactants contribute to the removal of the dust and fatty compounds during the washing process, whereas polyelectrolytes present a strong ability to be deposited on the surface of damaged fibers, and enhance their tribologi-cal properties. However, the lack of knowledge about the main forces driving the conditioning process has pushed the research and development strategy of the cosmetic industry towards the design of state-of-the-art experimental and theoretical methodologies for evaluating the behavior of mixtures formed by polyelectrolytes and surfactants in solution and adsorbed onto solid surfaces with a negative charge and contact angle for water similar to those appearing in the surface of damaged hair fibers, which have become a very promising tool for obtaining important insights that can be exploited for the optimization of new formulations for hair cleaning and conditioning. Aims: This work tries to provide an updated perspective of the current understanding of the behavior of mixtures containing polyelectrolytes and surfactants bearing opposite charges in relation to their performance in hair care and conditioning for providing a link between physi-co-chemical aspects and the performance of real 2-in-1 formulations. Conclusions: The study of polyelectrolyte-surfactant mixtures is a powerful tools for obtaining useful information for the optimization of cosmetic formulations for hair care and condition-ing. However, the rational design of this type of cosmetic products must be considered a mul-ti-disciplinary challenge, which requires the combined efforts of researchers with very differ-ent backgrounds.

Evaluation of outcome of cochlear implant surgery in tertiary care centre

<p><strong>Background: </strong>Childhood deafness affects the hearing, speech and social development rendering individual socially isolated which further on aggravates language and auditory difficulties. A cochlear implant is a neuroprosthesis that bypasses the damaged inner hair cells and delivers the signal directly to brain which is then interpreted as sound. Cochlear implant when coupled with speech therapy plays an important role in determining the linguistic and cognitive outcome, thus allows candidate to integrate into the education system and the social world.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective longitudinal study performed on 35 patients of age under 5 years presented with Profound hearing loss, underwent cochlear implant in ENT department NSCB and MCH Jabalpur. These patients were followed-up during the study period from 1<sup>st</sup> March 2020 to 31<sup>st</sup> August 2021 for progress and response to speech therapy.</p><p><strong>Results</strong><strong>:</strong> Mean age of patients underwent CI was 3.51years, 3 got explanted due to various reason and 1 lost to follow-up. Speech therapy was attended by 82.8% children both online and offline, and improvement in cognition and speech was noted in 80% children. About 45.7% cases could attain writing skills. 3 among 35 candidates are able to attend normal school.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> After Cochlear implantation, continuous speech therapy by single therapist with dedicated team and committed parents results in favorable outcome in 80% patients in terms of improvement in cognitive and language development. Thus, every patient should get the chance to rehabilitate with CI and speech therapy.</p>

Effects of Noni Oil on Hair Quality

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the effects of noni oil on damaged hair.Methods: Three doses of noni oil, namely, 2, 4, and 6 g, were added to hair quality enhancers and applied to the hairs in a sample bleached at level eight. The sample was then compared with damaged hair. A color meter was used to measure the L* value to identify changes in hair brightness. In addition, tensile strength, absorbance using methylene blue, and glossiness were measured to verify improvement in damaged hair.Results: The mean L* value of the sample increased with increased oil content, which indicated a statistical difference between damaged hair and sample 8L(6). The mean tensile strengths of all the hairs in the sample bleached at level eight and with oil treatment increased when compared with those of the hairs in the untreated damaged hair cohort. Statistical analysis demonstrated significant differences in hairs 8L(2), 8L(4), and 8L(6) from the sample. The mean absorbance of all hairs in the sample increased when compared with that of the damaged hair, with significant differences noted for hairs 8L(2), 8L(4), and 8L(6) from the sample from damaged hair. Last, the mean glossiness of hairs 8L(2), 8L(4), and 8L(6) from the sample increased with significant differences.Conclusion: Statistical analyses of the mean values between damaged hair and the hairs in the sample treated with oil revealed significant differences in brightness for the hair to which 6 g of noni oil were applied [8L(6)], tensile strength, absorbance, and glossiness. This finding indicates the effects of noni oil on damaged hair in terms of quality. Further studies using a variety of oils and natural extracts in this regard are in order.

Argan oil as a pretreatment of human hair before exposure to oxidative damage: Attenuated total reflectance and protein loss studies.

In recent years, argan oil has gained increasing interest in hair care products. In this study, attenuated total reflectance technique was utilized as a fast method and the results were compared to protein loss measurements in order to show the preventive effect of argan oil pre-treatment on excised human hair after oxidative hair damage. Hair tresses were divided into three groups: in group-1; they were damaged using oxidant agent solely, in group-2 and 3; hair were pre-treated with argan oil before undergoing the oxidative damage. In group-2, the oil was removed by physical cleaning but in group-3 the oil was removed with a washing procedure. ATR (attenuated total reflectance) spectrum was recorded for different samples. Quantitative studies of protein loss in hair samples were performed by Lowry method. The antioxidant properties of argan oil were also measured in vitro using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) protocol, which determined the ability of the oil to scavenge the DPPH free radicals. The amount of protein loss with oil pre-treated groups was reduced significantly. The ATR spectrum showed oil deposition on hair even after washing. Four distinctive ATR peaks were changed during oxidation. The changes in peak height values were linear. The antioxidant property measured with DPPH method led to a IC50 value of 59µg/ml. Argan oil pre-treatment was effective in protecting hair against oxidative damage. ATR outcomes were in accordance with protein loss results. In this study, the ATR testing method as a fast technique was used efficiently in quantification of hair damage.

Evaluation of decontamination procedures for drug testing in undamaged versus damaged hair.

Although substances incorporated by ingestion are strongly bound to hair, their loss may occur if aggressive decontamination procedures are applied, especially in highly damaged/porous hair. Evaluation of cleaning procedures using hair samples with different porosity obtained from ethanol or drug users (cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, methadone, fentanyl, tramadol, diazepam, buprenorphine, dihydrocodeine, citalopram and trazodone). The effect of washing time and multiple wash steps with water and methanol were evaluated. Hair samples (n= 16) were selected and evaluated according to (a) the drug pattern consumption, (b) available amount, and (c) hair porosity (c1 'cosmetic treatment', c2: storage time). Six of them were soaked with an aqueous deuterated analogue solution. The samples were cut in 1-cm segments and homogenized. All hair samples were then decontaminated one or six times with 1.5 ml of water or methanol during 1, 5, 15, 30, 60 and/or 90 min (n= 1 to 3/sample, depending on the available amount of hair). Hair extracts were then cleaned up via a solid-phase extraction (SPE) or liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), while the washes were evaporated to dryness. All were thereafter reconstituted and analysed with routine ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) methods. Although concentrations of parent drugs and/or metabolites presented a negative trend along the washing time with methanol (up to 80%), the compounds were relatively well retained in hair even after a 90 min wash (with methanol or water) in most samples, and their retention would depend mostly on the hair nature rather than their physicochemical properties (whether incorporated by ingestion and/or from external contamination). Moreover, parent drugs and/or metabolites were detected in the washes in most samples, and the ratio between hair and washes decreased along the washing time. More than 50% of the deuterated analogues soaked into hair were still present after the different washing steps. Losses were observed more frequently for long-term stored hair samples, after decontamination with methanol for more than 30 min. Therefore, prolonged or repeated cleaning with methanol should be avoided in general procedures.

Hairstyling Practices to Prevent Hair Damage and Alopecia in Women of African Descent.

Highly textured hair has been found to be more susceptible to breakage than other hair types due to an increased proportion of spirals and relatively fewer elastic fibers anchoring the hair follicles to the dermis. Women of African descent frequently employ hairstyles and hair treatments for ease of management and as a form of self-expression, but a number of these practices have been implicated as risk factors for alopecia. Herein, we provide an overview of hairstyles for patients with highly textured hair so that physicians may better identify high-risk hairstyles, provide individualized recommendations for safer alternatives, and manage and stop the progression of hair loss before it becomes permanent.

PERBANDINGAN PEWARNA ALAMI KUNYIT DAN HENNA TERHADAP HASIL PEWARNAAN RAMBUT

The results of the practice of dyeing hair using natural ingredients make hair not fall out easily, reducing hair damage due to the use of chemical hair dyes. This study aims to a) analyze the results of hair coloring using turmeric natural dyes, b) to analyze the effect of the results of hair coloring using artificial henna dyes and c) to analyze the comparison of the results of hair coloring using turmeric natural dyes and artificial henna dyes.This type of research is experiment. The population of this study was the 2016 Padang State University student with 2 samples and 7 panelists. The data collection technique was purposive sampling method. Descriptive data analysis techniques by displaying statistics and frequency. Bivariate analysis using independent sample-t-test with 95% confidence. Based on the results of the study, the use of natural turmeric dyes from the color aspect an average of 3.42 categories is very clear and the color absorption time aspect is an average of 4 categories 30 minutes In the use of artificial henna dyes, from the color aspect an average of 2.85 clear categories and an average color absorption time aspect of 2.57 categories 50 minutes and there was no difference in the effect of the results of hair coloring using turmeric natural dyes and artificial henna dyes. P value = 0.091 (p> 0.05). There are differences in the effect of the results of hair coloring using turmeric and artificial henna dyes. P value = 0.026 (p <0.05).The conclusion is that there is no difference in the effect of the results of hair coloring using natural turmeric dyes and artificial henna dyes and there are differences in the effects of hair coloring using turmeric natural dyes and artificial henna dyes and it is recommended for all makeup and beauty students who are undergoing lectures in order to produce results. This study is one of the references in using the natural color of turmeric in hair coloring practices.

Role of Substance P in Regulating Micro-Milieu of Inflammation in Alopecia Areata.

BackgroundAlopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation, the pathogenesis of which is unknown. Stress is believed to play a role; however, evidence remains insufficient. A recent study showed that substance P (SP) damaged hair follicles by causing neurogenic inflammation, activating perifollicular mast cells, and inducing keratinocyte apoptosis.ObjectiveWe aimed at studying the role of SP in AA pathogenesis. We investigated the SP levels in the lesional scalp tissues and serum. We also studied the effect of SP on the inflammatory response and hair growth in the outer root sheath (ORS) cells.MethodsWe compared the serum levels of SP in 58 AA patients and 28 healthy subjects. Then, we checked the expression of SP and SP receptor, neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) in the scalps of AA patients and healthy controls using immunohistochemical staining. Finally, we analyzed the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines and hair growth-related factors in ORS cells.ResultsSP and NK-1R expression were markedly higher in the hair follicles and interfollicular epidermis of the scalp lesions of AA patients. However, there was no statistically significant difference in serum SP levels between controls and patients, regardless of the type of alopecia. SP significantly increased the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines and decreased hair growth-related growth factors in ORS cells, but the results were not dramatic.ConclusionSP triggered a localized micro-inflammation in lesional hair follicles, provoked an inflammatory response, and inhibited hair growth, thereby confirming the pathogenic role of SP in AA.

Greater understanding about hair loss caused by chemotherapy

Abstract Linked Article: Piccini et al. Br J Dermatol 2022; 186:129–141. One of the more severe and most-feared side-effects of chemotherapy is hair loss, which can significantly affect the quality of life of patients undergoing these treatments. Sometimes, this can even lead to rejection of treatment by patients, especially women. Luckily, in almost all patients, the hair regrows within 3 months of stopping treatment. However, in some patients, hair loss can be permanent and this can result in substantial distress. Unfortunately, there are no established treatments to prevent or restore hair growth in these patients. In this international study, we used hair samples taken from the scalp of healthy people to induce a condition that simulates the effects of chemotherapy in patients with cancer in the laboratory. We showed that chemotherapy can result in damage to the cells in the hair follicle that are responsible for replenishing the cells in charge of hair growth, a subset of cells called stem cells. Not only does chemotherapy bring about events that eventually resulted in death of these stem cells, but it can also stimulate the transformation of these cells into scarring tissue, an irreversible process that prevents the growth of new hairs. With this greater understanding of the mechanisms that lead to hair damage, we have tried using a compound, called NAGED (N-acetyl-GED-0507-34-Levo), to protect the stem cells from depletion and damage in the laboratory. Although still far from being able to use this new information in a clinical setting, this study offers hope for the development of a potential treatment that could be applied to the scalp and that can be used to potentially prevent permanent hair loss in patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Linked Article: Piccini et al. Br J Dermatol 2022; 186:129–141.

Wig Damage Related Repair and PROTECTION Clinic Utilizing Oxidation Potential Solution

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine and understand the effects of oxidation potential solution treatment which does not cause an environmental pollution and hair damages when hair is damaged by repeated washing, perming, and dyeing of wigs, etc., and this study is meaningful in that it provides the basic data which may properly be use for an environmentally friendly oxidation potential solution in the field of beauty. Method: Soak the damaged and tangled wigs in a reduction potential solution of pH 11 for 30 minutes to remove wastes and shampoo, then apply the treatment and let it sit naturally for 30 minutes, then classified the control group which rinsed clinic with tap water without undergoing the oxidative potential water treatment and the experimental group which rinsed clinic with the oxidation potential solution, thereby comparatively analyzing the extent of entanglement, elasticity, and gloss of the hair. Results: First, the hair was immersed in a reduction potential solution of pH 11 for 30 minutes, then shampooed. Consequently, it was discovered that both the experimental group and the control group did not get their hair entangled any more. Second, the control group at which the treatment was rinsed with tap water had even more entangled hair and even after they were combed, they looked stretched and poor. In the experimental group which rinsed with the oxidation potential solution, the tangled hair became loose, combing was made easier, and the hair s gloss and softness turned out relatively well. Conclusion: Based on the information above, it was demonstrated that the extent of damages for the control group’s wigs without the oxidation potential solution treatment increased during shampooing, while the experimental group’s wigs treated with the oxidation potential solution demonstrated little damages and maintained elastic hair. This is because the product is completed by removing the cuticles from the hair with acid treatment during the wig’s manufacturing process to prevent the entanglement of the hair, and hence, with an alkaline shampoo, almost no cuticles are left behind, making them rough, and the loss of polypeptide in the hair increases the damages. Meanwhile, the oxidation potential solution(pH 2-11) has a lower chlorine concentration compared to the general chlorine based disinfectants, and hence, it is easy to decompose and does not cause environmental pollution, and it was also confirmed that there is no further damage caused to the hair as there is no secondary damage given the residues because it is reduced to its properties.

Effects of Witch Hazel Oil on Damaged Hair

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the effects of applying witch hazel oil on damaged hair.Methods: Adding 2, 4, and 6 g of witch hazel oil, applied to a sample of hairs bleached at level eight, produced formulations intended to enhance hair quality. This sample was compared with a cohort of damaged hair. Lightness (L*) value was measured using a color meter to identify changes in the brightness of the hair sample. In addition, tensile strength, absorbance using methylene blue, and glossiness were measured to verify improvement in damaged hair.Results: The mean L* values of the hairs in the sample were higher when compared with those of healthy hair. However, this effect declined with increased oil dosage. Moreover, no statistically significant difference was observed between damaged hair and the sample. After applying the oil, the mean values for tensile strength in the sample increased in comparison with those of the hair in the damaged hair cohort. However, significant differences were noted for hairs 8L(2), 8L(4), and 8L(6) from the sample. The mean values for absorbance decreased in all the hairs sampled, with significant differences noted for hairs 8L(2), 8L(4), and 8L(6) from the sample. Another measure is glossiness, the mean values of which increased for hairs 8L(2), 8L(4), and 8L(6) from the sample with significant differences.Conclusion: Significant differences in the mean values for tensile strength, absorbance, and glossiness were observed in hairs from the sample treated with varying doses of witch hazel oil, which indicates that the oil can improve the quality of damaged hair. However, we recommend that further studies be conducted to determine improvements in damaged hair using a variety of oils and natural extracts.

Analysis of water distribution in delipidated human hair by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS).

It is known that damaged hair has a part of its internal structure damaged, and its water absorption and desorption behavior are different. In recent years, it has been reported that internal lipids play an important role in the adsorption and desorption of water to the hair. Therefore, we investigate whether the water distribution in hair and the amount of internal lipids are related. To investigate the effect of internal lipid on water distribution, we prepare human hair samples with and without a partial lack of internal lipids. Internal lipids have been removed using formic acid. The distribution of D2 O in the hair is investigated using small angle neutron scattering (SANS) under the wet and dry conditions of each hair sample. It is found from the obtained SANS data that formic acid-treated hairs tended to have fewer 40Å-sized water clusters that were periodically present along the fibre axis in the wet condition. On the other hand, in the dry condition, there were no differences in water distribution between samples. These observations are believed to have been caused by the reduction of 40Å-sized water clusters existing on the constituents removed by formic acid treatment, especially the hydrophobic (lipid) constituent tissues. Consequently, it is clarified that internal lipids are deeply involved in the state of water distribution on hair in wet conditions.

Sensory transduction is required for normal development and maturation of cochlear inner hair cell synapses.

Acoustic overexposure and aging can damage auditory synapses in the inner ear by a process known as synaptopathy. These insults may also damage hair bundles and the sensory transduction apparatus in auditory hair cells. However, a connection between sensory transduction and synaptopathy has not been established. To evaluate potential contributions of sensory transduction to synapse formation and development, we assessed inner hair cell synapses in several genetic models of dysfunctional sensory transduction, including mice lacking transmembrane channel-like (Tmc) 1, Tmc2, or both, in Beethoven mice which carry a dominant Tmc1 mutation and in Spinner mice which carry a recessive mutation in transmembrane inner ear (Tmie). Our analyses reveal loss of synapses in the absence of sensory transduction and preservation of synapses in Tmc1-null mice following restoration of sensory transduction via Tmc1 gene therapy. These results provide insight into the requirement of sensory transduction for hair cell synapse development and maturation.

Mechanical overstimulation causes acute injury and synapse loss followed by fast recovery in lateral-line neuromasts of larval zebrafish

Excess noise damages sensory hair cells, resulting in loss of synaptic connections with auditory nerves and, in some cases, hair-cell death. The cellular mechanisms underlying mechanically induced hair-cell damage and subsequent repair are not completely understood. Hair cells in neuromasts of larval zebrafish are structurally and functionally comparable to mammalian hair cells but undergo robust regeneration following ototoxic damage. We therefore developed a model for mechanically induced hair-cell damage in this highly tractable system. Free swimming larvae exposed to strong water wave stimulus for 2 hr displayed mechanical injury to neuromasts, including afferent neurite retraction, damaged hair bundles, and reduced mechanotransduction. Synapse loss was observed in apparently intact exposed neuromasts, and this loss was exacerbated by inhibiting glutamate uptake. Mechanical damage also elicited an inflammatory response and macrophage recruitment. Remarkably, neuromast hair-cell morphology and mechanotransduction recovered within hours following exposure, suggesting severely damaged neuromasts undergo repair. Our results indicate functional changes and synapse loss in mechanically damaged lateral-line neuromasts that share key features of damage observed in noise-exposed mammalian ear. Yet, unlike the mammalian ear, mechanical damage to neuromasts is rapidly reversible.

Deep-Learning-Based Hair Damage Diagnosis Method Applying Scanning Electron Microscopy Images.

In recent years, with the gradual development of medicine and deep learning, many technologies have been developed. In the field of beauty services or medicine, it is particularly important to judge the degree of hair damage. Because people in modern society pay more attention to their own dressing and makeup, changes in the shape of their hair have become more frequent, e.g., owing to a perm or dyeing. Thus, the hair is severely damaged through this process. Because hair is relatively thin, a quick determination of the degree of damage has also become a major problem. Currently, there are three specific methods for this purpose. In the first method, professionals engaged in the beauty service industry make a direct judgement with the naked eye. The second way is to observe the damaged cuticle layers of the hair using a microscope, and then make a judgment. The third approach is to conduct experimental tests using physical and chemical methods. However, all of these methods entail certain limitations, inconveniences, and a high complexity and time consumption. Therefore, our proposed method is to use scanning electron microscope to collect various hair sample images, combined with deep learning to identify and judge the degree of hair damage. This method will be used for hair quality diagnosis. Experiment on the data set we made, compared with the experimental results of other lightweight networks, our method showed the highest accuracy rate of 94.8%.