Hair Cd Levels Research Articles

The association between environmental cadmium exposure, blood pressure, and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

We performed a systematic and meta-analysis study to find the association between cadmium (Cd) exposure and blood pressure (BP)/hypertension (HTN) in exposed general populations. We searched main databases for literature published between year 2000 and April 15, 2021. Qualityassessmentwasperformedwiththe Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools.Heterogeneity between studies was determined by I-squared (I2) statistic. The random effects model was used todeterminethe association between blood and urine Cd levels with hypertension.The overall standard differences in mean for Cd level in hypertensive and control groups were 3.34, 1.79, and 8.09 based on samples from blood, urine, and hair, respectively. The overall standard differences in mean for Cd level in the low and high exposure groups were - 0.795 and - 1.036 based on blood and urinary samples, respectively. Our findings indicate a positive relationship between blood and hair Cd levels and hypertension. We also found that hair is the optimal biological sample to find the relationship between Cd exposure and hypertension for both genders. However, more studies are needed to confirm these findings.

PO-0373 Lead, Mercury, Cadmium Levels In Breast Milk And Infant Hair In The Late Period Of Lactation From Ankara, Turkey

Aim Lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) are found widely in environment and stay in nature for a long time. These toxic chemicals have some hazardous effects on child health. The purpose of this study are to determine the levels of heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Cd) in breast milk and infant hair, related environmental factors and the effect on infant growth and development at the postpartum 8th month. Method As a part of the cohort study at Hacettepe University Department of Social Paediatrics, 74 breast milk samples and 46 infant hair samples were taken at the postpartum 8th month. Mothers’ environmental exposure were evaluated by a semistructured questionnaire. Results Pb, Hg, Cd were detected in breast milk samples of 91%, 87%, 99%, respectively. Breast milk Hg levels were associated with maternal vitamin use within the first 2 months after delivery, breast milk Cd levels were higher in cases with expanded family, living in older house and in urban with air pollution during childhood. Higher infantile hair Cd levels were higher in cases with expanded family, living older house, maternal history of anaemia and postpartum anaemia. In girls z scores of birth weight, height for age at the 8 th month were inversely correlated with infant hair Pb levels. In boys, z scores of body mass index at the 8th month were inversely correlated with infant hair Cd levels. The levels of breast milk Hg levels were higher in infants with Denver II suspicious/abnormal. Conclusion It is suggested that presence of Pb, Hg, Cd in breast milk and infant hair have been affected infants of developmental and growth parameters. Preventive measures must be taken to reduce environmental toxic metals pollution and efforts should be made for the management of anaemia in females in all age groups.

Protective effect of Hypericum perforatum L. on serum and hair trace elements in rats 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced oxidative stress

The study was designed to assess the effect of Hypericum perforatum L. (H.P) on serum and hair trace elements and mineral levels, oral administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced oxidative stress in Sprague-Dawley female rats. Analysis of the trace element has been carried out using atomic absorption spectrophotometer method at end of 60th day. It has been found out that the DMBA group contained statistically lower Zn and Cr compared to the control group (p<0.01) and (p<0.05), Cu, Mg and Na contained higher than control group (p<0.05), (p<0.05) and (p<0.05). In DMBA+H.P group, Zn higher and Na lower than DMBA group (p<0.05), (p<0.05), in hair samples Cd, K and Zn contained lower DMBA compared to the control group (p<0.05), (p<0.05) and (p<0.05). In group DMBA+H.P, Cd was higher than DMBA group and Cr lowered accordance with control group (p<0.05). The present study demonstrated significantly positive and beneficial effect of H.P on the concentration levels of Zn and Na in serum, also on Cd levels in hair between DMBA and DMBA+H.P groups.

Relationship between hair cadmium levels, indoor ETS exposure and wheezing frequency in children

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal and the components of tobacco and scalp hair effectively reflect a long-term environmental exposure. The aim of this study was to assess the concentration of Cd levels in the hair of children with recurrent wheezing, and to evaluate the predictors of elevated Cd levels with a focus on anthropometric, environmental, and dietary factors. In this case-control study, scalp hair was obtained from 65 children with recurrent wheezing (RW) and from 65 healthy children (HC). Hair Cd concentrations were determined by ICP-MS. Median (IQR) hair Cd levels were 0.22 μg/kg (0.10-0.35) in RW group and 0.12 μg/kg (0.04-0.23) in HC group (p = 0.013). Multivariable logistic regression model results showed that being a child with RW (OR = 6.28; p = 0.001), ETS exposure at home (OR=22.56; p < 0.001), and mother's education level (OR = 0.49; p = 0.020), are the major predictor variables for elevated hair Cd levels (cut off >0.17 μg/kg). In RW group, multivariable logistic regression results showed that hair Cd levels of >0.17 μg/kg was significantly predictive of having three or more wheezing episodes in RW group after adjustment for ETS exposure at home (OR = 5.48; p = 0.012). We demonstrated that the more children are exposed to ETS at home, the more they are exposed to heavy metals like Cd. Especially children who have had three or more wheezing attacks over the last six months are much more susceptible than the other asthmatic and non-asthmatic children, and Cd exposure aggravates their asthmatic status.

Environmental exposure to cadmium and human birthweight

Fetal toxicity of cadmium (Cd) is well documented in rodents. However, little information is available regarding the human fetus. To investigate the effect of low levels of Cd on the human placenta and the consequences on birthweight, we conducted a study of 102 mothers and their newborns in an obstetrical care unit. Placental and hair samples were collected at delivery to determine Cd concentrations. The main finding of this study was the relationship between a decrease in birthweight and an increase of newborn hair Cd which varied in the presence of placental calcification. In cases of parenchymal calcifications, placental Cd levels were higher (Wilcoxon test, P < 0.05) and newborn hair Cd levels were lower (Wilcoxon test, P < 0.01) than in the absence of calcification. These relationships remained significant even after taking into account smoking habits and gestational age. In the presence of calcification, an increase in the level of Cd in newborn hair was related to a decrease in birthweigth which was independent of placental Cd concentration ( r partial = −0.49, P < 0.01). In the absence of calcification, a decrease in birthweight was observed for the upper values of newborn hair Cd ( r = −0.44, P < 0.05 when Cd >- 0.3 ppm). The difference in birthweight between infants in the first and last quartiles of newborn hair Cd was 472 g in cases of calcifications and 122 g in the absence of calcification. Other placental parameters were not significantly related to placental Cd concentration.

Cadmium in hair of children living near a lead smelter in Brazil

In a cross-sectional study, concentrations of cadmium in hair (CdH) were determined for 263 children aged 1–9 years, living < 900 m from a lead smelter in Santo Amaro, Brazil. The mean CdH level was significantly higher when individuals with the following characteristics were considered: female, racial group “dark” or “medium”, and children of lead workers. The mean CdH value did not vary significantly according to nutritional status or iron status or hair type. Hair Cd levels increased significantly in relation to an increase in cadmium concentration in soil. An increase of 0.024 ppm in mean CdH level was estimated for each 1 ppm increase in the cadmium concentration in soil. However, children with the habit of pica had only a slight increase in CdH levels, when compared with those without the habit. The marked variations observed in CdH levels suggest the possibility of using them as an epidemiological index in situations of intense environmental pollution.

Variables influencing cadmium concentrations in hair of pre-school children living in different areas of the Federal Republic of Germany

The influence of several factors on cadmium (Cd) concentrations in the hair of 474 pre-school children was examined. The study was performed in an industrial (Duisburg) and rural area (Westfalen) of the (FRG). Season, sex, hair color, and place of residence were found to be the main factors influencing Cd levels in hair. Concentrations of Cd in samples obtained during summer were on the average nearly twice as high as those sampled during winter (geometric means: 116.1 vs. 63.7 ng/g). Boys had more Cd in their hair than girls (111.5 vs. 74.0 ng/g). Cd levels in hair decreased from red to blond, to brown, and black hair. Children living in Duisburg had more Cd in their hair than those from rural areas (103.9 vs. 77.0 ng/g). Cd content in hair was inversely related to age.

Mineral concentrations in hair as indicators of mineral status: a review.

Mineral content of hair is affected by season, breed, hair color within and between breeds, sire, age and body location. Seasonal effects may be due to stage of growth of hair and to changes caused by perspiration, surface contamination and diet. Breed and sire effects on mineral content of hair complicate prediction of nutritional status based on hair analyses because, in many commercial cattle, neither breed nor sire is known. Hair from young animals may be lower in Zn, Mn and Fe, but is higher in Na, Ca, Cu and K than that from older animals. Pigmented hair apparently is higher in Ca, Mg, K and NA than white hair, but trace mineral concentrations are similar in hair of different colors. The effect of body location on mineral content of hair may be due to differences in surface contamination, differences in hair growth cycles and differences in texture of the hair. Concentrations of Ca, P and Cu in hair are not affected by dietary intake of these minerals. Zn and Se contents of hair may reflect dietary intake. Information on other required minerals in lacking. Pb, As and, possibly, Cd levels in hair may be related to dietary or environmental exposure. Because of the many factors that cause variation in mineral content of hair, hair analyses are not likely to be precise indicators of the mineral status of animals. Hair analyses may help to detect severe deficiencies of some required minerals or exposure to some heavy metals. However, if hair analyses are to be conducted, care must be taken to compare values from test animals with those from animals of similar breed, sex, season, sire and color. In addition, new hair growth should be analyzed, environmental contamination should be minimized and the hair samples should be cleaned before analyses.

Hair cadmium content: is it a biological indicator of the body burden of cadmium for the occupationally exposed worker?

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the cadmium (Cd) levels measured in scalp hair as a potential predictive index of the body burden of Cd. In vivo measurements of kidney and liver Cd along with hair, blood, and urine Cd levels were obtained in 29 industrially-exposed workers and ten control subjects. The relationship of hair Cd levels to the Cd values for the kidney, liver, blood, and urine were tested using nonparametric analyses. In the control group no statistically significant correlations were found. In the Cd-exposed workers with more than one year of employment there were weak correlations (p approximately equal to 0.05); however, the relationships were not sufficiently quantitative for predicting the status of an individual worker. Furthermore, when workers with less than one year of exposure were included in the analysis, no significant correlations were obtained. Although this latter group of workers had low body burdens of Cd, exceptionally high Cd concentrations were found in their hair--an observation that was unexpected. It was concluded that hair Cd levels are not a good index of body burden of Cd in the industrially-exposed individual.