Hainan Of China Research Articles

Development of polymorphic microsatellite loci for Eupristina altissima, the pollinating wasp of Ficus altissima (Moraceae)

Fig trees are keystone resources of tropical forests, which are suffering from a rapid decline. Fig trees are pollinated by species-specific fig wasps. We developed 16 polymorphic microsatellites from Eupristina altissima, the only active pollinator of Ficus altissima. Numbers of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 11. No significant linkage disequilibrium between pairs of loci was found. Four loci were significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in a population sampled from Hainan of China. These polymorphic microsatellite markers would be a useful tool for population genetic studies of E. altissima and coevolution with its host F. altissima.

A preliminary report on decay and canker of Acacia richii caused by Inonotus rickii in China

SummaryAn epidemic wood‐decaying fungus, Inonotus rickii, originating from South America, has spread to the Mediterranean area and southern China. We report the first observation of this fungus on Acacia richii in Panzhihua, southern China. It causes serious canker and decay on urban trees in the investigated area. In addition, phylogenetic analysis showed that the fungus from Panzhihua is closely related to isolates from Europe, South America, Mianyang and Hainan of China. Moreover, it was concluded that the isolates of the species previously reported from the USA do not belong to I. rickii.

Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oil of Murraya exotica from Hainan of China

Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oil of Murraya exotica from Hainan of China

Degradation of Cyromazine in Cucumber and Soil

A high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the analysis of Cyromazine in cucumber and soil to investigate the degradation of cryomazine in the two mediums The declining kinetics of cryomazine Was in accordance to the first order reaction kinetics and the average half-life of cypomazine was 5.2,73 days in cucumber, while was 100-15.3 days in Wit in three locations of Beijing, Anhui and Hainan of China: The degradation in Beijing Was relatively slow and it higher in Hainan than in locations. The proharvest-interval was 3 days based on the experiments in the three locations and the maximum residual limit of 0.2 mg/kg.

Efficiency of adaptive cluster sampling and traditional sampling for coastal mangrove in Hainan of China

Based on two species of Coastal Mangrove in Hainan of China, Sonneratia Apetala Buch-Ham and Sonneratia caseoli, we estimated the density of the two species to evaluate the efficiency of adaptive cluster sampling (ACS), simple random sampling (SRS) and traditional systematic sampling (SYS). Our initial experimental designs for ACS consisted of 5 unit areas, 6 initial sampling proportions, 4 initial sample sizes and 5 criterion values in 1,000 repetitions. From the aspect of factors influencing efficiency, we analysed the efficiency of ACS in various designs. We also compared the efficiencies of the three methods on the indexes of the relative error, the variance of density estimator and the relative sampling efficiencies. We found that ACS yielded smaller variance than the traditional sampling methods. ACS was a powerful sampling method when a population was spatially aggregated. We also determined the optimum unit area for the two species studied using the two estimators (HT and HH) of adaptive cluster sampling. They were 20 m<sup>2 </sup>(2 × 10 m), 15 m<sup>2 </sup>(3 × 5 m) for S. Apetala Buch-Ham and 25 m<sup>2 </sup>(5 × 5 m), 15 m<sup>2 </sup>(3 × 5 m) for S. caseolari, respectively.

Small Mammal Investigation in Spotted Fever Focus with DNA-Barcoding and Taxonomic Implications on Rodents Species from Hainan of China

Although mammals are a well-studied group of animals, making accurate field identification of small mammals is still complex because of morphological variation across developmental stages, color variation of pelages, and often damaged osteological and dental characteristics. In 2008, small mammals were collected for an epidemiological study of a spotted fever outbreak in Hainan, China. Ten species of small mammals were identified by morphological characters in the field, most using pelage color characters only. The study is extended here, in order to assess whether DNA barcoding would be suitable as an identification tool in these small mammals. Barcode clusters showed some incongruence with morphospecies, especially for some species of Rattus and Niviventer, so molecular delineation was carried out with an expanded dataset of combined cytochrome b (Cyt-b) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences. COI sequences were successfully amplified from 83% of collected mammals, but failed in all specimens of Suncus murinus, which were thus excluded in DNA barcoding analysis. Of note, ten molecular taxonomic units were found from samples of nine morphologically identified species. Accordingly, 11 species of small mammals were present in the investigated areas, including four Rattus species, three Niviventer species, Callosciurus erythraeus, Neohylomys hainanensis, Tupaia belangeri, and Suncus murinus. Based on the results of the phylogenetic and molecular delineation analyses, the systematic status of some rodent species should be redefined. R. rattus hainanicus and R. rattus sladeni are synonyms of R. andamanensis. R. losea from China and Southeast Asia comprises two independent species: R. losea and R. sakeratensis. Finally, the taxonomic status of three putative species of Niviventer should be further confirmed according to morphological, molecular and ecological characters.

Molecular identification based on ITS sequences for Kappaphycus and Eucheuma cultivated in China

The systematic classification of the Eucheumatoideae is difficult because of their variable morphology and interpretation of reproductive structures. Kappaphycus and Eucheuma specimens cultivated on the Hainan and Fujian coast of China were introduced from Vietnam, the Philippines and Indonesia. Combined with morphological characteristics, all Kappaphycus and Eucheuma cultivated strains were identified by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood methods. The results indicate that different ITS sequence lengths occurred in the different genera and species. An obvious difference in morphology could be found in the protuberance shape between Kappaphycus and Eucheuma. The protuberance in Eucheuma was thorn-like and in Kappaphycus was wartlike or papillate. Their ITS sequence lengths differed significantly in nucleotide variation rates up to 58.55%–63.90%. All nucleotide variations occurred in the ITS1 and ITS2 regions except for five nucleotide transversions in the 5.8S rDNA region. In addition, the difference was at the branches among congeneric species. Kappaphycus sp. had branches with small buds, while K. alvarezii did not have such a feature. The nucleotide variation rates varied from 7.02% to 7.48% among species; within the same species of the clades it was <1.20%. Eucheumatoideae algae cultivated in China consisted of three clades, K. alvarezii, Kappaphycus sp., and E. denticulatum. The results indicate that ITS sequence analysis was an effective way for identification of interspecies and intraspecies phylogenetic relationships and might provide a clue for molecular identification of algal Eucheumatoideae.

New taxa and records of flat bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Aradidae) from Hainan of China

New taxa and records of flat bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Aradidae) from Hainan of China

Investigation of dietary fiber, protein, vitamin E and other nutritional compounds of banana flower of two cultivars grown in China

The nutritional composition of banana flowers of two cultivars [cvs. Baxijiao (AAA) and Paradisical (AAB)] grown in Hainan of China has been studied. Flower samples were collected and extracted according to methods of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Results showed that banana flowers contained abundant dietary fiber (4.96-5.74 g/100g) and proteins (1.62-2.07 g/100 g). The major amino acids are glycine, leucine, alanine, and aspartic acid. Lysine had a lowest chemical score of 64% among the essential amino acids. In both species, flowers contained a higher composition of unsaturated fatty acids (65-66%), mainly the linoleic acid, while saturated fatty acids (mainly palmitic acid) is low. The contents of vitamin E, total saponin and flavonoids were 0.87-1.07, 0.12 and 5.27–5.90 mg/100 g, respectively. This study provides a fundamental nutritional data of banana flowers which can be essential in food science. Key words: Banana flower, protein, dietary fiber, vitamin E.

Descriptions of two new species of Anteon (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae) from China

Two new species, Anteon tenuitarse and A. pilosum (Dryinidae: Anteoninae) from Hainan and Zhejiang Provinces, and from Hainan and Ningxia Hui Nationality Autonomous Region of China, respectively are described. Keys for differentiating these given. Types deposited with the College of Nature Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.

Chemical composition of the essential oil from leaves of Callicarpa nudiflora

Callicarpa nudiflora Thunb. (Verbenaceae) are deciduous shrubs or small trees reaching a height of up to 3–4 m, native to Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan of China. Previous studies on this species focused on the clinical curative effect and pharmacology. Xie Bin studied the cytological mechanism of C. nudiflora in 1995 [1]. The results suggest that C. nudiflora inhibit the proliferation and promote the synthesis and release of protein in human embryo fibroblasts; Zeng xiang-zhou studied the acute and long-term toxicity of C. nudiflora tablet in animals in 2002 [2]. The conclusion is that it is safe to take C. nudiflora tablet for clinical oral administration; Fu Jian investigated the efficiency of C. nudiflora tablets on antibiosis, antiphlogosis, and hemostasis in 2002 [3]. The results indicated that C. nudiflora is a kind of antimicrobial and antiphlogistic drug that has wide pharmacological effects. Other researchers have reported that C. nudiflora has anti-inflammation and hemostasis properties [4]. Mozaina Kobaisy analyzed the composition of the essential oil of Callicarpa japonica [5] and Callicarpa americana [6]. In this work the essential oil from the leaves of Callicarpa nudiflora was analyzed by GC–MS, and 34 compounds were identified. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the composition of the essential oil from the leaves of C. nudiflora. A light yellow essential oil of C. nudiflora was obtained in a yield of 0.1% dry weight. Results of the GC/MS analysis of the oil are shown in Table 1, where the components are listed in order of their elution from the DB-5 column. Thirty-four constituents, accounting for more than 87% of the total oil composition, were identified. The main components of the essential oil from C. nudiflora were humulene epoxide (17.28%), α-bisabolene epoxide (10.51%), (+)-2-carene (9.24%), terpinolene (8.70%), farnesol (6.65%), longipinene epoxide (4.24%), o-cymene (3.93%), sabinene (3.62%), β-terpineol (2.95%), and linalool (2.05%). Five unknown compounds in C. nudiflora accounted for >0.5% of the total area (RA). The essential oil constituents of C. nudiflora were significantly different from C. americana and C. japonica, which are related species of C. nudiflora. Our results showed that only three components were common for this three species, while eight components of C. americana and C. nudiflora were identical; five among the eight components exceeded 1% in C. nudiflora.

Exploratory study of the origin of the ancient Ikat dyeing technique and its spread in China

The topic of this paper is the result of desk research about Malaysian and Chinese Ikat dyeing and weaving techniques, which rank amongst the three major ancient resist-dyeing techniques. Based on factual accounts of excavated, historic fabrics and historical literature, the paper explores the association between the spreading of Ikat dyeing and weaving techniques and Indian Buddhism, thus elucidating the origins of Ikat. With reference to ancient textile cultural exchanges, the paper also analyzes the manner in which Ikat techniques were spread via land and sea along the Silk Route and its historical succession in Xinjiang and Hainan of China.

Allozyme variation and conservation genetics of common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) in Yunnan, China

In order to reveal levels and distribution of genetic variation within Oryza rufipogon Griff. of Yunnan, China, where one of the centers of genetic diversity for Asian cultivated rice O. sativa L. is located, allozyme variation encoded by 22 loci was electrophoretically analyzed in 149 individuals of all three existing populations as well as five from other regions (Guangxi, Hainan and Jiangxi provinces) of China. As compared to the level of genetic diversity (the mean A = 1.2, P = 24.1%, Ho = 0.045 and He = 0.079) for the populations from other regions, a rather low genetic diversity (the mean A = 1.1, P = 7.6%, Ho = 0.007 and He = 0.011) was found in Yunnan, which may originate from marginal nature of these populations, recent reduction of populations and consequent drift. The result suggests that the current center of genetic diversity for O. rufipogon fail to agree with that for cultivated rice in China. The genetic differentiation for all the eight populations(FST = 0.254) was slightly lower than that for three populations from Yunnan (FST = 0.302), indicating a fairly high genetic differentiation in the region. Finally, a conservation plan for sampling/preserving fewer populations but more individuals from each population for the species was given, and an appropriate strategy for conserving the three surviving populations from Yunnan was proposed.