Whole Blood Hemoglobin Research Articles

Physiological correlates of burnout among women

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the immune, endocrine, and metabolic correlates of burnout among women. Methods: Forty-three participants with high and 20 participants with low scores for the Shirom–Melamed Burnout Questionnaire were compared in terms of subjective symptoms, job strain, social support, plasma levels of prolactin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), C-reactive protein (CRP), neopterin, serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAs), progesterone, estradiol, cortisol, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) in whole blood. Results: Besides reporting more job strain, less social support at work, and higher levels of anxiety, depression, vital exhaustion (VE), and sleep impairments, participants with high burnout manifested higher levels of TNF-α and HbA1C, independent of confounders including depression. Conclusions: Among women, burnout seems to involve enhanced inflammatory responses and oxidative stress.

Electrochemical Determination of Human Hemoglobin by Using Ferrocene Carboxylic Acid Modified Carbon Powder Microelectrode

A mediator modified carbon powder microelectrode was developed and applied for the electrochemical determination of human hemoglobin in whole blood. The electrode body contained acetylene carbon black blended with ferrocene carboxylic acid. A quantitative oxidation of oxyhemoglobin to methemoglobin by the modified electrode was justified spectroscopically. The electrode responded to the addition of Hb within 10 s with the sensitivity of 64 nA g−1 dL in the linear range between 0.05 and 0.6 g dL−1. Thus, a sample solution of 1/50 allows for measurement of hemoglobin in human whole blood in the physiological important concentration range.

The measurement of the absorption spectra of chlorine e 6 photosensitizer and hemoglobin in whole blood by multiple light scattering

The potential of using multiple light scattering methods to monitor the state and concentration of photosensitizer and hemoglobin in whole blood is demonstrated. Samples of whole blood with various contents of chlorine e6 photosensitizer were studied in the spectral region of 620–850 nm. On the basis of experimentally measured coefficients of diffuse reflection and transmission, absorption spectra of blood with and without the photosensitizer and the concentrations of oxy-, deoxy-, and methemoglobin in the samples are calculated. On the basis of this information, the absorption spectrum of chlorine e6 in whole blood is reconstructed and its state and concentration are estimated for the first time. It is found that chlorine e6 in whole blood occurs mainly in the monomer form.

Measurement of glycated haemoglobin in whole blood by a novel fluorescence quenching assay

Measurement of glycated haemoglobin in whole blood by a novel fluorescence quenching assay

Visual Drop Test of Hemoglobin in Whole Blood by Using Ring-like Concentration of Rhodamine B onto Octadecylsilanized Silica Plate

Abstract It has been found that some dye solutes become concentrated along the perimeter of an aqueous drop sitting on an octadecylsilanized silica plate. The fluorescent ring of Rhodamine B was applied to a visual test of hemoglobin in whole blood. When a drop of diluted blood and the dye is set on the plate, the resulting fluorescent ring can be observed through the drop with an ultraviolet lamp in the dark only for the samples of low hemoglobin content.

Haematological changes during development of the noisy miner: implications for oxygen transport

Changes in erythrocyte numbers and size, haematocrit and blood haemoglobin concentration in noisy miner (Manorina melanocephala) nestlings were documented from measurements taken on wild individuals during development. Haematocrit, whole-blood haemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte count increased during development by factors of 2.0, 2.4 and 3.5, respectively. The increases were continuous and occurred at fairly constant rates throughout development, but typical adult values were not attained at fledging. Mean erythrocyte volume and mean erythrocyte haemoglobin content decreased continuously during nestling development. The estimated 2.4-fold increase in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood during development stemmed primarily from the increase in erythrocyte numbers. The reduction in erythrocyte volume would be expected to enhance oxygen delivery by increasing oxygen-diffusion rates. This pattern of constant change in blood parameters resembled that reported for species with standard, rather than unusually slow, rates of nestling development. We suggest that it reflects the fact that noisy miner nestlings grow relatively rapidly, perhaps because it reduces the exposure of nestlings to predation.

Efficacy and safety of losartan in the treatment of hypertension in renal transplant recipients

Arterial hypertension, which represents a common problem in patients with renal transplant, contributes to the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of these patients. The most usual immunosuppressive drugs (cyclosporine and FK-506) collaborate on the development of hypertension. Calcium channel blockers are the most habitually used antihypertensive drugs in this population, although its long-term hemodimamycs effects could be deleterious especially in transplanted patients with chronic graft nephropathy. Losartan, a specific blocker of angiotensin II (AT1) receptors, has demonstrated a potent antihypertensive effect with a good safety and tolerance profile. The glomerular effects of losartan could be useful in transplanted patients. The present open, prospective and multicenter study evaluated the efficacy and safety of losartan in the treatment of hypertension in a group of patients with a renal transplant. Seventy-six patients with systolic blood pressure > or = 140 and/or diastolic blood pressure > or = 90 mm Hg, and/or patients on therapy with one antihypertensive drug and related side effects were included. After inclusion, therapy with losartan 50 mg/24 hr was started, discontinuing the previous antihypertensive therapy and/or therapy which caused the side effects. At four weeks, if blood pressure (BP) was not controlled, hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg or furosemide 40 mg/24 hr was added. At baseline and at weeks 2, 4, 8 and 12, the following parameters were monitored: BP, creatinine, hematocrit, hemoglobin, glucose, ions, uric acid, cholesterol, triglycerides, bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, GGT, LDH, calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, proteinuria, and both cyclosporine and FK-506 levels in whole blood. Sixty-seven patients completed the 12-week study period. Mean blood pressure decreased from 113 +/- 10 to 102 +/- 9 mm Hg at the end of the study (P < 0.0001); 38 of the 67 patients (56.7%) who completed the study had a SBP lower than 140 mm Hg and a DBP lower than 90. These blood pressures were obtained in 30 patients on monotherapy with losartan (78.9%). Proteinuria decreased significantly at week 4 and was confirmed at week 12, especially in patients with proteinuria > or = 300 mg/24 hr. Nine patients were withdrawn during the study period for different reasons. Serum creatinine showed a slight, non-clinically significant increase at week 4, remaining stable until the end of the study. Two patients developed a mild normocytic anemia, and three others presented a mild impairment of pre-existent anemia. No interactions with cyclosporine or FK-506 were described. These results indicate that losartan is effective in reducing BP in hypertensive patients with a renal transplant. It has a good tolerance profile and does not interfere with immunosuppressive therapy.

Effects of two polybrominated diphenyl ethers on rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed via food

Two polybrominated diphenyl ethers, 2, 4, 2′, 4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether and 2, 4, 5, 2′, 4′-pentabromodiphenyl ether were added to the food given to two different groups of rainbow trout. The rainbow trout were fed for a period of 22 days. On days 6 and 22, a number of physiological and biochemical variables were investigated including condition factor, liver somatic index, spleen somatic index, hematocrit, differential count of leucocytes, haemoglobin and glucose in whole blood as well as the liver enzyme activities, glutathione reductase, catalase and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase. The results show that both these substances were relatively non-acutely toxic and several variables were unaffected. However, the blood variables hematocrit and blood glucose showed a slight influence from 2, 4, 5, 2′, 4′-pentabromodiphenyl ether after six days of exposure. Also the glutathione reductase activity in the liver decreased after 22 days of exposure. The 2, 4, 2′, 4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether showed no influence on the investigated variables, with one striking exception. This structure caused a decrease of about 75% in ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity in the liver after six days, and this effect was also observed after 22 days.

Electrochemical Behaviour of Toluidine Blue O Covalently Modified Microcylinder Carbon Fiber Electrode and Amperometric Determination of Hemoglobin in Whole Blood

Abstract The hemoglobin concentration in diluted whole blood has been amperometrically measured using a toluidine blue O covalently modified microcylinder carbon fiber electrode. The modified electrode was prepared by modifying the surface of carbon fiber by cyclic voltammetric oxidation to form a lot of -COOH groups, and then covalently linking toluidine blue O (TBO) by acylation. The surface morphology and stability of the TBO modified electrode are discussed. The electrochemical behaviour of the modified electrode was studied by cyclic voltammetry. The number of H+ participating in the surface electrode process and some kinetic parameters in various pH solutions were determined. The TBO modified microelectrode showed significant electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of hemoglobin(HB) in pH 5.4 solution. The amperometric response to HB increased linearly with increasing concentration from 8.0x10−6 to 8.0x10−4 M. The obtained HB concentration correlated well with that obtained using a reference pro...

Hematological and Body-Mass Changes of Small Passerines Overwintering in South-Eastern Australia

Haematological parameters and body mass of four passerine bird species resident in south-eastern Australia were compared in winter and summer to determine whether there were changes indicative of metabolic adjustments associated with seasonal acclimatisation. Haematocrit and whole-blood haemoglobin content did not change seasonally, but erythrocyte numbers increased (by 45-72%) and erythrocyte volume decreased (by 40-73%) significantly in winter in all species. The greater surface area to volume ratio and shorter diffusion pathway of smaller erythrocytes in winter should enhance blood oxygen transport efficiency and thus potentially facilitate metabolic acclimatisation to cold stress. Only one species showed a significant, but small (3%), increase in body mass in winter, suggesting only a minor role for winter fattening in any such seasonal metabolic adjustments in the species studied. The findings contrast with those for some passerines overwintering in the north temperate zone, but the generality of these possible north-south differences needs further investigation.

Interactive Effects of Dietary Copper and Water Copper Level on Growth, Water Intake, and Plasma and Liver Copper Concentrations of Poults

The interactive effects of dietary Cu and water Cu on poult growth, water intake, whole-blood hemoglobin (Hb), and plasma and liver Cu concentrations were investigated using 232 9-d-old toms. Poults were randomly assigned to two levels of dietary Cu [Basal (B) and B + 204 mg Cu/kg diet] and to four levels of water Cu (0, 51.5, 103, and 206 mg Cu/kg water) in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each treatment was replicated six times. All poults received tap water during Days 1 to 5 followed by the water Cu treatments during Days 6 to 10. Water intake was measured daily and gain and feed intake were determined on Days 5 and 10. Day 1 to 5 gain was reduced (P < .02) in poults fed supplemental dietary Cu. Day 1 to 5 feed intake and gain:feed and Day 6 to 10 gain, feed intake, gain:feed, and water intake were not affected (P > .10) by dietary Cu. Liver Cu concentration was increased (P < .01) in poults fed supplemental dietary Cu, but Hb and plasma Cu concentrations were not affected (P > .10) by dietary Cu level. Day 6 to 10 gain, feed intake, gain:feed, and daily water intake were decreased (quadratic effect, P < .01) in poults fed supplemental water Cu. Plasma Cu concentration was increased (linear effect, P < .04) in poults fed supplemental water Cu, but Hb concentration was not affected (P > .10) by water Cu. Liver Cu concentration was increased more in poults receiving both supplemental dietary Cu and water Cu than in poults receiving either Cu source alone (dietary Cu by water Cu quadratic, P < .10). Addition of 206 ppm supplemental Cu to the water decreased poult growth and water intake. Supplementation of feed and water with Cu increased liver Cu accumulation in poults, and the effect was greater when feed and water Cu were provided simultaneously.

Mechanism of automated alkaline methods for the determination of hemoglobin in whole blood based on the micellization of ligated heme in the presence and absence of cyanide

Conventional (cyanide-based) and cyanide-free methods for the determination of hemoglobin (Hb) in whole blood have been developed for the Miles H * 1 TM hematology instrument. Concerns with hazards associated with manufacture, transportation and disposal of cyanide-based solutions favor cyanide-free reagents. The cyanide-based method reaches completion in 3 s. The reaction mechanism of whole blood Hb or hemin with a reagent consisting of 20 mM KCN, 20 g l −1 of N,N-dimethylaurylamine N-oxide (LO), in 50 mM Na borate at pH 11.3 was investigated. The red-brown reaction product is micellized dicyanoiron(III)porphyrin based on optical spectra. Deletion of cyanide from this reagent yields a green product, micellized monoaquomonohydroxyiron(III)porphyrin. Proton magnetic resonance line broadening of LO by heme or Hb is consistent with the presence of the heme product distributed within the interior of the micelle. A scheme is presented which shows relationships between alkaline cyanide-based and cyanide-free reagents for the determination of Hb in whole blood.

Studies in Red Blood Cell Preservation: 4. Plasma Vesicle Hemoglobin Exceeds Free Hemoglobin

Studies were designed to find out how much of the plasma hemoglobin ( Hb) in whole blood was in microvesicles and how much was free Hb after 21 days of storage in citrate-phosphate-dextrose anticoagulant and to determine the effect of the plasticizer, di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). The total plasma Hb in polyolefin (PO) containers without DEHP was much higher than in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with the plasticizer (p = 0.004). Less than 30% of the Hb was in free solution in either type of container. The addition of 300 micrograms/ml of DEHP to the plasma in the PO containers resulted in marked reduction in the microvesiculation (p less than 0.01) but did not affect the level of free Hb. RBC hypotonic fragility and morphology scores were significantly improved. It is concluded that microvesiculation contributes more to plasma Hb concentration than free Hb during storage. Some hemolysis of red blood cells (RBC) is expected during blood bank storage. It has been shown that part of the hemoglobin (Hb) in the suspending medium is free and part is encapsulated in microvescicles shed by the RBC [1]. The amount of hemolysis and microvesiculation that occurs has been noted to be less when blood is stored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containers in which di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is used as the plasticizer [1]. The DEHP that leaches into the plasma has been shown to decrease hemolysis, microvesiculation, and the increase in osmotic fragility which RBC undergo during refrigerated storage [2-9].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Studies in Red Blood Cell Preservation: 4. Plasma Vesicle Hemoglobin Exceeds Free Hemoglobin

Studies were designed to find out how much of the plasma hemoglobin (Hb) in whole blood was in microvesicles and how much was free Hb after 21 days of storage in citrate-phosphate-dextrose anticoagulant and to determine the effect of the plasticizer, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The total plasma Hb in polyolefin (PO) containers without DEHP was much higher than in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with the plasticizer (p = 0.004). Less than 30% of the Hb was in free solution in either type of container. The addition of 300 µg/ml of DEHP to the plasma in the PO containers resulted in marked reduction in the microvesiculation (p<0.01) but did not affect the level of free Hb. RBC hypotonic fragility and morphology scores were significantly improved. It is concluded that microvesiculation contributes more to plasma Hb concentration than free Hb during storage. Some hemolysis of red blood cells (RBC) is expected during blood bank storage. It has been shown that part of the hemoglobin (Hb) in the suspending medium is free and part is encapsulated in microvescicles shed by the RBC [1], The amount of hemolysis and microvesiculation that occurs has been noted to be less when blood is stored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containers in which di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is used as the plasticizer [1]. The DEHP that leaches into the plasma has been shown to decrease hemolysis, microvesiculation, and the increase in osmotic fragility which RBC undergo during refrigerated storage [2-9]. The posttransfusion survival of RBC stored in DEHP-plasticized PVC has been found superior to RBC stored in PVC bags plasticized with tri-2-ethylhexyl-trimellitate (TEHTM) which is much less leachable. The protective effect of the DEHP is believed to be due to its insertion into the RBC membrane [6-9], The present studies were done to quantify how much of the ‘hemolysis’ that has been observed during the storage of RBC is dissolved Hb and how much is Hb encapsulated in microvesicles.

Determination of haemoglobin and prothrombin complex in whole blood using optothermal spectrometry.

Optothermal spectrometry measures the thermal energy produced as a result of absorption by molecules at a given modulation frequency and wavelength. Depending on the modulation frequency used, analysis can be performed in very thin layers (50-150 micrometers). A major advantage of optothermal spectrometry is that it is not very sensitive to light scattering. Haemoglobin in whole blood was measured without any reagent at 16 Hz and 2 Hz frequencies. The precisions (within-series, within-day and between-day) were acceptable, and comparisons with reference methods were excellent. As opposed to the reference methods, optothermal spectrometric determinations were not affected by lipaemia. When measured continuously, the signal for haemoglobin increased due to the packing of erythrocytes towards the light source. By converting soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin, the erythrocyte packing could either be inhibited or stopped, and this process could be monitored by assessing the change in the rate of signal increase for haemoglobin. This principle was utilized to analyse the prothrombin complex; the method was found to have acceptable precision and to be comparable to a routine method.

Kinetic study of competing first-order processes: simultaneous quantification of hemoglobin and methemoglobin in whole blood

The development and evaluation of a kinetic method for the simultaneous quantification of methemoglobin and hemoglobin is described. A unique feature of the reaction/monitoring system is that the two species produce signals that change in opposite directions. Attempts to optimize the reaction conditions, procedures for preparing reliable standards, a new multiwavelength method used for comparison purposes and results for synthetic standards and blood samples to which known amounts of methemoglobin are added are described. Combined effects of competing directions of signal change, large concentration differences and conditions required for pseudo-first-order behavior results in a relativity narrowly defined set of conditions that permit simultaneous determinations. Even so, results for methemoglobin were in reasonable agreement between the kinetic and spectrophotometric methods (slope 1.05, intercept 0.17 mmol l −1); difficulties in achieving pseudo-first-order behavior yielded less reliable results for hemoglobin with a least-squares slope of 1.16 for a comparison of results by kinetic and spectrophotometric methods. This latter problem had an adverse effect on comparison of percentages of methemoglobin in samples even though concentration values were in good agreement.

Determination of total hemoglobin in whole blood: further tests of the "Hemocue" method.

Determination of total hemoglobin in whole blood: further tests of the "Hemocue" method.

Heinz body anaemia in lambs with deficiencies of copper or selenium.

1. The progression of Heinz body anaemia was studied in groups of lambs of low- and high-copper status, produced through breeding or Cu supplementation, when they were transferred from improved pasture to rape (Brassica napus L.) in autumn. Some lambs had previously received selenium by injection. The Cu and Se supplements markedly increased superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1; SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9; GSHPx) activities respectively in the erythrocytes, and both supplements had elicited growth responses at pasture. 2. At the time of transfer to rape, lambs not treated with Cu had lower whole-blood haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations and a higher percentage of erythrocytes containing Heinz bodies (6.6 v. 3.7%, P less than 0.01) than Cu-treated lambs: the corresponding effects of Se treatment were similar in direction but lower in magnitude (P less than 0.05). 3. After grazing rape for 2 weeks the mean Hb concentration had fallen by 30 g/l while Heinz body count had increased from 5 to 25%. However, counts were negatively correlated with the initial values and were unaffected by the Cu and Se treatments which maintained high plasma Cu concentrations and SOD and GSHPx activities. 4. The results provide the first evidence that Cu deficiency can induce Heinz body formation and the anaemia in grazing Cu-deficient lambs may be partly haemolytic in origin. The concomitant Se deficiency added marginally to the problem but neither the separate nor combined deficiencies increased the susceptibility of lambs to brassica anaemia.

Fast kinetic method for methemoglobin developed and adapted for quantification of hemoglobin in whole blood.

We studied the kinetics of the reaction of cyanide with methemoglobin (mHb), used the information to develop a fast kinetic method for quantifying methemoglobin, then used that method to quantify hemoglobin (Hb) in whole blood based on the reaction with ferricyanide to produce mHb. Reaction conditions for mHb and cyanide are adjusted to give pseudo-first-order behavior with an apparent rate constant that increases linearly with cyanide concentration, decreases linearly with pH, and follows an Arrhenius-type relationship with temperature. Absorbance change, computed from kinetic data with a curve-fitting method, varies linearly with mHb concentration. Although the reactions are monitored most reliably with stopped-flow mixing, cyanide concentration was used to decrease reaction velocities to be compatible with centrifugal mixing. Kinetic results (y) for Hb in blood by both mixing methods correlate well with equilibrium results (x): y = 1.000x + 0.02 mmol/L, Syx = 0.06 mmol/L with stopped-flow mixing; y = 1.03x + 0.12 mmol/L, Syx = 0.07 mmol/L with centrifugal mixing; r = 0.96 and n = 21 in each case.

A multilayer element for determining hemoglobin in whole blood: principles and analytical performance.

We described the structure and analytical performance of a thin-film element for determining total hemoglobin in whole blood. The element can be used with the Kodak Ektachem DT60 analyzer. The method, analogous to the standard Drabkin's method, provides accurate and precise results on 10-microL samples of undiluted whole blood. Dynamic range is linear from 0 to 200 g/L, and the method is relatively free from interference.