Haemato-biochemical Profile Research Articles

Growth and haemato-biochemical profile of lambs on diet containing cashew nut kernel meal

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of diets containing two levels of cashew nut kernel meal (CNKM) on growth, biochemical profile and economics in ram lambs during 90 days. In a completely randomized design, 18 ram lambs were equally divided into three dietary treatments comprising reen fodder viz., Super Napier and concentrate mixture containing CNKM at 0 (T,), 10 (T2) and 20 (T3) %, respectively. Significant (p<0.05) increase in average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency was observed with increasing level of CNKM in concentrate mixture. The inclusion of CNKM at 10 or 20% level had non-significant effect (p>0.05) on haemato-biochemical traits. Further, it resulted in decreased feed cost per kg weight gain to Rs. 103.86 in T3 as compared to Rs. 123.67 in control. Hence, CNKM can be incorporated up to 20% economically in the diet of ram lambs.

Myrmecodia pendens Bulb Extract in the Lele Dumbo (Clarias gariepinus) Feed: Effects on the Growth Performance, Survival, and Blood Indices

This feeding experiment was performed to determine the effects of Myrmecodia pendens bulb extract (MBE) supplementation in fish feed on the growth, survival, and hemato-biochemical profile of Clarias gariepinus. A group of fish was fed with 0.25; 0.50; 1.0; 2.0% MBE and compared to control group (without MBE) for 75 days observation. At the end of feeding trial, growth parameters, hematological profile such as red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), Hemoglobin (Hb), Hematocrit (Htc), differential leukocyte, blood plasma biochemistry (glucose, total albumin, cholesterol, and triglyceride), the hepatosomatic (HSI) and intestinal somatic index (ISI) were measured. Survival of all fish was also counted every two weeks. Supplementation MBE above 0.25% resulted significantly higher final biomass weight (FBW), body weight gain (BWG), daily weight gain (DWG), and average weekly gain (AWG). Meanwhile, fish group fed dietary MBE above 1.0% had significantly higher specific growth rate (SGR) (3.32±0.15) than other groups. Fish fed 1.0% of MBE also showed better value of feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1.13±0.03), Hb, and HSI compared to others group. Survival, neutrophil, monocyte, and ISI of all groups was not affected by any concentration of MBE supplementation. Dietary MBE above 0.5% enhanced RBC, WBC, Hematocrit, platelet (PLT), lymphocyte, blood plasma biochemistry such as glucose, total albumin, and triglyceride. Cholesterol of fish fed MBE in the diet showed incrementally enhanced. Present finding suggested that 1.0% MBE in the diet of Clarias gariepinus is recommended to enhance growth, survival, and blood profiles

Impact of Replacing Different Levels of Panicum maximum in Rabbit Diets on Growth Performance, Hemato-Biochemical Profile, and Histological Responses of Some Internal Organs

There has been an interest in alternative sources in rabbit feeding. Therefore, the current study aimed to estimate the health status, growth performance, hemato-biochemical, and histological picture of some important internal organs in growing Newziland rabbits as a result of replacing different levels of Panicum maximum (PM) in its pelleted diet. A total of 35 weaned rabbits (20 males and 15 females) aged 5 weeks were purchased with an average body weight of 839.7 ± 7.05 g and 771.20 ± 9.19 g for males and females, respectively. Randomly, five equal rabbit groups were formed (7 rabbits in each group). The first group (control) was fed a basal diet without PM. The second, third, fourth, and fifth groups were fed pelleted diets containing PM with a replacing percent of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of clover hay, respectively. All groups were fed ad libitum of pelleted feed for two months. The blood was aspirated individually three times, including at the beginning of the experiment (as zero time), after one month, and at the end of the experiment, respectively. The whole blood was used for the measurement of hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit percentage, erythrocytes, and total leukocyte counts. At the experimental end, in each group, 3 male rabbits were sacrificed and their internal organs including liver, kidney, cecum, and rectum were collected for histopathology. The live body weight was significantly affected by sex where males were heavier than females, also feed conversion ratio, growth rate, and feed intake were significantly affected by feeding on different levels of PM. Blood hemoglobin, hematocrit, and the total leukocytic count had a non-significant effect while the erythrocyte count increased significantly in all experimental groups. There were insignificant changes in plasma total protein, albumin, globulin, ALT, AST, creatinine, and glucose concentrations when different levels of PM were added. furthermore, the plasma total cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly decreased in rabbits fed PM, 75% and 100% when compared with 25%, 50%, and control groups. Finally, replacement PM instead of clover hay in pelleted diets till 75% was found to be the safety and optimum percentage for biological and healthy rabbits.

Therapeutic Potential of Selected Medicinal Plants Against Carrageenan Induced Inflammation in Rats.

The current study was aimed to analyze the therapeutic effect of selected medicinal plants, that is, Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Trigonella graceum-foenum, Nigella sativa, and Syzygium aromaticum against carrageenan-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in rats. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of diverse range of bioactives. IC50 values for antioxidant assays including DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), metal chelating, ABTS scavenging (2, 2′-Azino-Bis-3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid), β-carotene bleaching, and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) scavenging ranged from 37-294, 71-243.4, 69.66-191.8, 98.92-228.5, and 82-234.9 μg/mL, respectively. All tested plants extract were found active against tested pathogenic microorganisms with lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations. Oral administration of tested plants extracts in different doses (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg b. w) did not exhibit any toxicological effects on hemato-biochemical profile of treated rats in comparison to control group rats. Further, plants extract exhibited considerable anti-inflammatory activity in rats paw inflammation and decreased cellular infiltration to inflammatory site in dose dependent manner. Pretreatment of animals with tested plants extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg b. w.) caused significant alteration in total antioxidants, oxidants, and enzymes activities in paw tissue homogenate and the effect was more pronounced at higher concentration (400 mg/kg b. w.). Results showed that tested plants extract are rich source of diverse classes of phenolics and have therapeutic potential against oxidative stress and inflammation.

Nutritional and physiological responses of broiler chicken to the dietary supplementation of Moringa oleifera aqueous leaf extract and ascorbic acid in tropics.

This study was intended to determine the comparative effects of Moringa oleifera aqueous leaf extract (MOALE) and ascorbic acid supplementation in the drinking water on growth performance, haemato-biochemical profile, antioxidant status and immune response of broiler chickens under tropical climate. All 135-day-old broiler chicks were divided into 3 different treatment groups. T0 served as control, T1 were fed basal ration with MOALE (90ml/L drinking water), and T2 offered basal ration with ascorbic acid (15mg/L drinking water) for 35-day experiment. All the standard managemental practices were followed during the experimental period. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of MOALE was calculated with reference to different ascorbic acid concentration as standard. The antioxidant activity percentage of MOALE (90µl) was 93.89%, and ascorbic acid (15µg) was 98.76%, respectively, which was nearer to cent percent. Therefore, 90ml MOALE and 15mg ascorbic acid per litre drinking water, respectively, were used for supplementation in broiler chicken. The growth performance and feed efficiency were better in MOALE group followed by ascorbic acid supplemented birds without affecting the metabolism of nutrients. However, 10.71% better FCR was noted in MOALE supplemented group followed by ascorbic acid group (6.28%) in comparison with control. Most of the haemato-biochemical profiles were unaffected by the treatment except creatinine, while antioxidant profile was improved in the treatment group. Immunity status of broiler chicken against NDV was enhanced in both treatment groups; however, maximum profit is obtained in MOALE group followed by ascorbic acid supplemented birds.

A Case Study of Assessment of Haemato-Biochemical Profile, Clinical Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management of Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (Tropical Canine Pancytopenia) In A Male Doberman DOG

Ehrlichia canis is an obligate intracellular rickettsial agent that is transmitted by a brown dog tick called as Rhipicephalus sanguineus which is considered as the principal vector of this disease. A 3-year-old male Doberman dog weighing 25 kg is presented with the history of inappetence, fever, weakness, anemia, scanty feces, hemoglobinuria, shrunken eye ball with mild corneal opacity and reluctant to walk due to pain in the joints. Clinical examination revealed elevated rectal temperature of 104.30F, tachycardia, increased respiratory rate and pale mucous membrane. Blood and serum samples were collected for hematology and serum biochemistry respectively. On blood smear examination with Giemsa staining, Ehrlichia morulae were noticed in monocytes suggestive of Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis / Tropical Canine Pancytopenia.

Etiopathological and hematobiochemical profiles in goats with gastrointestinal disorders

Background and AimGastrointestinal (GI) disorders in small ruminants limit production efficiency and productivity growth in the livestock sector, thereby directly preventing farmers from augmenting their income. This study aimed to provide detailed insight into the etiology, hematobiochemical parameters, and epidemiological risk factors of GI disorders in goats and to determine the pathology associated with the disorders.Materials and MethodsOver the period of 2018-2019, 500 goats in and around Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, were screened for GI disorders based on clinical signs. Blood samples from the control (n=10) and treatment (n=25) groups were collected for both hematological and serum biochemical alterations. Fecal examinations (n=220) were conducted for parasitic, bacterial, and virological assessments. Detailed necropsy and histopathological evaluations were conducted on 27 goats.ResultsThe GI disorder prevalence rate and mortality rate among the 500 goats analyzed were 44.4% and 12.27%, respectively. Chi-square analysis showed a significantly higher occurrence of GI disorders among the goats that were between 6 months and 1.5 years old (58.72%), were of the Ganjam breed (45.49%), had a poor body condition (71.11%), and were housed with an earthen floor (55.22%). The most common etiological risk factor observed was parasitic infection (65.45%), followed by bacterial (18.18%) and mixed infection (9.54%). Blood analysis showed neutrophilia and eosinophilia in infected goats, in addition to anemia; significant decreases in total protein, globulin, albumin, and glucose levels; and significant increases in aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase levels. The major histopathological findings were infiltration of mononuclear cells and desquamation of the intestinal and ruminal mucosa.ConclusionStakeholders should focus not only on parasitic infections and other important etiological risk factors for GI disorders in goats but also on proper farming management practices to help enhance the income of farmers. The hematobiochemical alterations and pathomorphological changes reported in this study can be used by field veterinarians as guidelines for clinical evaluation and disease severity assessment.

Alterations in acid-base balance, blood gases, and hematobiochemical profiles of whole-blood and thoracic fluid in goats with contagious caprine pleuropneumonia.

Background and Aim:Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a highly contagious and fatal disease affecting goats and some wild ruminants. It is a cause of major economic losses in the goat industry in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. This study aimed to investigate the acid-base balance, blood gases, and hematobiochemical profiles of whole-blood and fluid collected from the thoracic cavity in goats with CCPP.Materials and Methods:Fifty-five goats suffering from weight loss, anorexia, dyspnea, polypnea, cough, and nasal discharges due to CCPP were studied. Twenty-five healthy goats were used as controls. Diseased animals were enrolled in this study based on a positive serological latex agglutination test (LAT) that confirmed the detection of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae. The control goats were enrolled based on a negative result of the LAT.Results:Compared with a mean value of 7.38±0.04 in controls, the pH in the diseased group was 7.41±0.05. The blood pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), pressure of oxygen (PO2), base excess (BE), bicarbonate (HCO3), total carbon dioxide (TCO2), and saturation of oxygen (SO2) were lower in goats with CCPP than in controls. However, the anion gap (AnGap) was higher in the diseased goats than in the healthy ones. Compared with the levels in blood samples, the thoracic fluid PCO2, PO2, BE, and SO2 were higher while pH, HCO3, TCO2, and AnGap were lower. Compared with the findings in healthy goats, hematological alterations included significant increases in white blood cells and neutrophils, and a significant decrease in the red blood cell count. In the thoracic fluid, neutrophilic leukocytosis was a remarkable finding. The serum concentrations of globulin, blood urea nitrogen, and glucose, and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and g-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) increased significantly compared with those in controls. In contrast, serum concentrations of albumin, calcium, and magnesium, and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased significantly compared with those of healthy animals. The activities of ALP, AST, GGT, and creatine kinase and the concentration of phosphorus were higher in thoracic fluid than the serum values in the diseased group.Conclusion:When compared with the healthy controls, goats with CCPP have metabolic acidosis. Compared with the levels in healthy goats, the blood PCO2, PO2, BE, HCO3, TCO2, and SO2 are low in goats with CCPP; however, the AnGap is higher in diseased goats.

Effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) leaves powder on growth performance, hemato-biochemical profile and carcass traits of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)

The current research investigated the growth performance, hematology, serum biochemistry of Japanese quails fed Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) leaves powder with basic diet. A total number of 300 one-week old Japanese quail chicks were divided randomly into four dietary treatments with five replicates each (15 birds per replicate). Dietary treatments were: T0 or control or basal diet, T1 (Neem 0.5%), T2 (Tulsi 1%) and T3 (Neem 0.25% + Tulsi 0.5%) in basal diet. Growth performance parameters (feed intake, body weight, weight gain and feed conversion rate) were determined weekly. Hematology, serum biochemistry, carcass traits were evaluated on 35 days of the age. Neem and Tulsi alone and their combination as a dietary supplement, significantly (p ? 0.05) increased the body weight and body weight gain. The combination of Neem and Tulsi also resulted in significantly lower FCR. Carcass traits were significantly (p ? 0.05) better in T3 except for the liver weight that was nonsignificantly (p > 0.05) different among the treatment groups. Hemato-biochemical parameters (glucose, hemoglobin, WBCs, MCH, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol, total protein) were different significantly different (p ? 0.05) among the treatment groups. However, RBCs, HCT, MCV, MCHC, platelets, triglycerides and VLDL were not affected by herbal treatments (p > 0.05). It was concluded that a combination of leaves `powder of Neem and Tulsi can be used for improving the growth performance, carcass traits and health of the Japanese quails.

Comparative Body Condition and Haemato-biochemical Profile of Tellicherry Does during Pregnancy, Lactation and Dry Period

Background: The aim of the study is to provide a complete picture of dynamics of body condition and selected hemato-biochemical parameters of Telicherry does during pregnancy, lactation and dry period.Methods: Blood samples were collected from 40 Tellicherry does ageing around 2-2½ years fortnightly during early pregnancy (1-3 months), late pregnancy (3-5 months), early lactation, mid lactation, late lactation and dry period. Haematological parameters such as haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cells count (RBC) and white blood cells count (WBC) were analyzed. Biochemical parameters such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein (TP), glucose, triglyceride, aspartate transaminase (AST), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) were estimated.Result: Significant reduction in body weight and condition was observed during early lactation followed by gradual increase during mid and late lactation. The levels of Hb, PCV, RBC (P less than 0.01) found to be elevated throughout pregnancy while WBC, BUN and total protein values were higher during late pregnancy and late lactation. However, LDH levels (P less than 0.01) were higher during both pregnancy and lactation. The serum levels of glucose and triglyceride were lowest during early lactation and highest during early pregnancy and dry period. Reduction in Ca and P (P less than 0.01) levels were observed throughout lactation. AST, Na and K levels remained unaffected during all the physiological status.

The effects of dietary ricinoleic acid from castor oil on the zootechnical traits and haemato-biochemical profile of lactating Kankrej cows

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary ricinoleic acid from castor oil on the milk yield, composition, fatty acid profile and haemato-biochemical profile in lactating Kankrej cows. Twenty lactating Kankrej cows were assigned to the following groups: control (CON), basal diet without any additive and treatment (RAS), basal diet with 2 g/animal/day of ricinoleic acid from castor oil. Dietary ricinoleic acid had no (P&gt;0.05) effect on dry matter intake and feed efficiency. Milk yield (milk, 4% fat corrected milk and energy corrected milk) were not affected (P&gt;0.05) by the feeding of ricinoleic acid. The milk composition showed no significant differences between the groups. A significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher percentage of C4:0, C6:0 and C8:0 was found in the milk from the RAS group than the CON group. A lower (P&lt;0.05) milk C16:0 percentage was observed in the RAS group as compared to the CON. The percentages of C18:2 and C18:3 were found to be increased in the RAS group. There was a decrease (P = 0.055) in milk saturated fatty acids but an increase in milk unsaturated fatty acids percentage in the RAS as compared to the CON group. The milk polyunsaturated fatty acids were significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased in the RAS group. There was no difference (P&gt;0.05) in haemato-biochemical profile between the CON and RAS groups. It was concluded that supplementation of 2 g/animal/day ricinoleic acid from castor oil had no effect on milk yield, milk composition and haemato-biochemical profile. However, it increased the milk fat percentages of unsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and decreased milk saturated fatty acids, without any adverse effect on the health status of the cows.

Blood Metabolic Profile in Barki Ewes during Transition Period

This technical research communication investigates the changes in the hemato-biochemical profiles in Barki ewes during the transition period. A total of 15 healthy pregnant Barki ewes (age, 4.9 ± 0.7 years old; weight, 38.5 ± 4.9 Kg) were randomly selected for the current study. Blood samples were collected from the selected ewes via jugular vein puncture during the transition period at five different time points; 4 and 2 weeks prior the estimated date of delivery (EDD), at the parturition time, then at 2 and 4 weeks post-partum. Red blood cells (RBCs) count and packed cell volume (PCV) were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased 2 weeks before the EDD and at the parturition time. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased 4 weeks post-partum. The neutrophil count and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio were significantly (P < 0.05) increased 2 weeks post-partum. The level of β-hydroxy butyric acid (BHBA) and concentration of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) in the serum were significantly (P < 0.05) increased 2 weeks before EDD, at the parturition time, and 2 weeks post-partum. Both cholesterol and triglyceride levels increased significantly (P < 0.05) 2 weeks before EDD and at the parturition time. Leptin level was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased at 2 weeks and 4 weeks post-partum. Glucose level increased significantly (P < 0.05) at the parturition time then decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at 2 weeks post-partum, after which it increased again 4 weeks post-partum. Total protein level was significantly (P < 0.05) increased 2 weeks post-partum. The level of both calcium and inorganic phosphorus was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased at the parturition time and 2 weeks post-partum. The results revealed that Barki ewes showed profound physiological alterations during the transition period which are not necessarily indicative of a disease, but reflect physiological variations. Therefore, metabolic profile test was needed to determine the nutritional status of Barki ewes, and to take the possible preventive measures that increase ewes' productivity and predict health disorders.

Haemato-biochemical profile during different stages of lactation in local Sahiwal crossbred dairy cows at Savar area of Dhaka district of Bangladesh

The present study was carried out to investigate the haemato-biochemical profile during different stages of lactation in local Sahiwal crossbreed dairy cows at Savar area of Dhaka district of Bangladesh. Twenty four local Sahiwal crossbreed cows were selected randomly from different small farms and divided into three groups: early stage lactation (1-3 months), mid stage lactation (4-6 months) and late stage lactation (7-9 months). Blood samples were collected during three stages of lactation. There were no statistical significant (p&lt;0.05) variations observed in hematological parameters amongst the three stage of lactation. Although the packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and RBC count were found lowest in early stage of lactation than the other groups. Total leucocyte count (TLC), platelet count (PLT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) were recorded within normal limits. Similarly, biochemical parameters were observed statistically non-significant amongst the groups studied. The glucose level was recorded lowest in early stage of lactation; whereas, the protein and creatinine concentrations were slightly higher in this stage. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were not varied amongst the three groups of cows. Data generated during the current study may be useful as reference values for the scientific community.&#x0D; Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2021, 7(1): 1-5

The Impact of Iodine Exposure in Excess on Hormonal Aspects and Hemato-Biochemical Profile in Rats.

Excessive exposure of iodine over a time is well known to cause thyroid dysfunction, which may be followed by different effects on body organs. The present study aimed to illustrate the impacts of exposure of rats to excess iodine (above the tolerable range) and the reversibility of any negative impacts on hormonal profile related to thyroid besides cortisol and the hematological and biochemical parameters along with the histopathological alterations in the thyroid gland, liver, kidneys, and heart. Seventy-five rats were divided equally into three groups: Group 1 was control animals. Groups 2 and 3 received sodium iodide (NaI) orally at a dose of (35 and 70 mg/kg BW), which corresponded to (500 and 1000) times excess iodine from the physiological dose, respectively for 30 days, then the NaI administration stopped in the treated groups for 15 consecutive days. Blood and tissue samples were collected twice for various experimental tests after 30 and 15 days of exposure to excess iodine and stopping the exposure, respectively. Overall results revealed that excess iodine in both tested groups developed a hyperthyroid condition, hypercortisolism, relative polycythemia, neutropenia, elevation in serum liver and cardiac enzymes activities, hyperprotenemia, hyperglobulinemia, elevation in serum urea, and cardiac troponin I concentrations (p < 0.05). It was concluded that the excess iodine caused hyperthyroidism, which was associated with significant changes in erythrogram and leukogram and alterations in hepatic, renal, and cardiac functions in an iodine dose-dependent damage relationship and the most of negative impacts continued after stopping the administration.

Comparative studies on ovarian hormones and hematobiochemical profile of lactating and non-lactating she-camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Due to the lack of reports on the lactation stage effect in she-camels, this study aimed to study the physiological changes in the hematological and biochemical profiles of she-camels during the lactation period. Twenty-four she-camels with bodyweights 350–550 kg were divided into two equal groups lactating and non-lactating she-camels (control she-camels). Blood samples were collected through a jugular vein with and without anticoagulants. The findings revealed a significant decrease (P<0.05) of red blood cell count and MCV in lactating she-camels. While no significant difference was observed for total leukocyte count between lactating and control she-camels. Significant high neutrophils value, as well as a significant decrease in monocytes count, was observed in lactating she-camels. Moreover, the concentration of total protein was significantly decreased (P<0.01) by lactation. Circulatory creatinine was significantly increased (P< 0.005) in lactating she-camels. At lactation, serum calcium level was distinctly low (P < 0.018) and serum phosphorus level was significantly high (P < 0.003). The activity of alkaline phosphates, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and creatinine kinase was significantly low (P < 0.05) in lactating she-camels. The progesterone level was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in lactating she-camels, while the levels of PCV, Hb concentration, MCH, MCHC, lymphocyte, eosinophil, serum magnesium, glucose, albumin, globulin, BUN, cortisol, and estrogen fall within the normal ranges and were not significantly affected by the lactation period. This study denoted the possible hematological and biochemical physiological changes in lactating she-camels which could be useful to assess the metabolic status of lactating she-camels.

Peri-parturient hypocalcemia in goats: Clinical, hematobiochemical profiles and ultrasonographic measurements of postpartum uterine involution.

Background and Aim:Hypocalcemia in goats occurs around the time of parturition and is caused by decreasing level of calcium less than 10 mg/dL. This investigation characterized the hematological and biochemical profiles of peri-parturient hypocalcemia in goats and study the effects of hypocalcemia on uterine involution during the postpartum period on day 0 and then weekly postpartum (day +7, +14, +21, +28, +35, till +42).Materials and Methods:Forty-five polyparous native breed does age 3-5 years and weighing 40–60 kg were assigned to control and hypocalcemia groups based on their health history, clinical and biochemical findings. The control group included 10 clinically healthy pregnant does, and the hypocalcemia group included 35 late pregnant does that suffered from anorexia, weakness, muscle tremors of the hind limbs, and an inability to stand. Clinical examination and blood sampling in both groups were performed approximately 14 days before the expected time of kidding (day −14), at kidding day (day 0), on day +21, and +42 postpartum. Sonographic measurements were used to monitor uterine involution on day 0 and then weekly once the animal was postpartum (day +7, +14, +21, +28, +35, till +42) in both groups.Results:Results of sonographic measurement revealed that the hypocalcemia group had a greater (p<0.05) size of the uterus as assessed transrectally and retarded uterine involution when compared with the control group. Laboratory findings revealed that does in both groups showed lower red blood cells, packed cell volume%, and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations on day −14 before kidding and day 0 when compared with postpartum measurements. A significant increase (p<0.05) in total leukocyte counts, neutrophil, serum glucose, and cortisol levels with a significant decrease (p<0.05) in lymphocytes. Significant decreases (p<,0.05) in serum calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, and total antioxidant capacity levels with significant (p<,0.05) increases in serum malondialdehyde were recorded on day 0 and day −14 in the hypocalcemia group when compared with the control group.Conclusion:This investigation provides evidence that hypocalcemia in does causes both metabolic and oxidative stress during peri-parturient periods while also retarding uterine involution during postpartum periods.

Assessment of growth‐related parameters and immune‐biochemical profile of nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) fed dietaryulva fasciataextract

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Ulva fasciata methanol extract (UFME), as a dietary supplement on growth performance and growth-related gene expression in liver, intestinal morphometry, haemato-biochemical profile, immune response and oxidative status of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Four triplicate groups (Control, UFME50, UFME100 and UFME150) of fish (initial weight=1.32 ± 0.12 g, N = 180) were fed with 4 dietary inclusion levels: 0, 50, 100 and 150 mg kg−1 UFME respectively, for 3 months. Results showed non-significant improvement in the growth performance of fish. Growth hormone gene expression was upregulated in UFME100 fish (p < 0.05). Histomorphometrical assessment of intestinal villi absorptive capacity revealed an improvement in villus length and goblet cell number in fish fed UFME specially UFME100 (p < 0.05). UFME100 showed higher haematological parameters (p < 0.05). Antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (p < 0.05) and catalase (p > 0.05) were induced by UFME100 diet. Diets supplemented with three levels of UFME stimulated lysozyme activity, phagocytic activity and white blood cells count of fish with the best effect in UFME100 (p < 0.05). Conclusively, dietary inclusion of 100 mg kg−1 UFME strongly improves health status, immune responses and antioxidant activity of Nile tilapia.

Antibodies elicited by the CaniLeish® vaccine: long-term clinical follow-up study of dogs in Spain.

The prevention of canine leishmaniosis in healthy dogs requires a multimodal approach combining repellents with an effective vaccine. A vaccine that modulates the cell-mediated immune response against the protozoan has been available in Europe since 2012 (CaniLeish®, Virbac, France). The aim of the present study was to monitor dogs vaccinated with CaniLeish® to examine the kinetics of the antibody response and the safety and tolerance of CaniLeish®. Dogs vaccinated with CaniLeish® were monitored for 12 months. In follow-up visits at baseline (primovaccination or annual booster) (Visit 1, V1), and 1 (V2), 4 (V3), 8 (V4) and 12 (V5) months later, we examined antibody response kinetics using two serology techniques (IFAT and Speed Leish K™). Tolerance to CaniLeish® and its safety were also monitored. Anti-L. infantum IgG antibodies were determined in 242 dogs (125 dogs after primovaccination (Group P) and 117 dogs after booster vaccination (Group B). In addition, 46, 22 and 19 dogs were followed for 2, 3 and 4 years, respectively. At baseline, 100% of dogs in Group P returned negative IFAT and Speed Leish K™ test results while 9.4% (11/117) in Group B tested IFAT positive though Speed Leish K™ negative. In subsequent visits, seropositivity was detected by IFAT in 31.2% (Group P) and 41% (Group B) of the dogs in V2; 16.8% (Group P) and 10.2% (Group B) in V3; 6.4% (Group P) and 8.5% (Group B) in V4; and 3.2% (Group P) and 5.9% (Group B) in V5. All dogs tested Speed Leish K™ negative except two, in which it was later confirmed by molecular testing that they were not infected. Adverse events that could be associated with the vaccine were detected in 20 out of 314 dogs (6.4%). The good clinical status of all dogs was confirmed in an exhaustive clinical exam and haemato-biochemical profile. The Canileish® vaccine was well-tolerated with exceptions that did not appear to be related to age, sex, race or size of vaccinated dogs. Anti-L. infantum antibodies were detected by IFAT in 31.9-40.3% of the dogs 1 month after vaccination, and these antibodies could still be detected in 3.2% of the dogs 1 year later. This means that veterinarians need to use other tools (eg. PCR) to correctly diagnose seropositive dogs.

Synergistic Effects of Selenium and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Growth Performance, Hemato-biochemical Profile, Immune and Oxidative Stress Responses, and Intestinal Morphometry of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

This study was aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of selenium (Se-NP) and zinc oxide (ZnO-NP) nanoparticles on growth performance, hemato-biochemical profile, immune and oxidative stress responses, and intestinal morphometry of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Monosex Nile tilapia (12.50 ± 1.03 g, N= 180) were randomly allocated into 4 groups in triplicates. Fish were fed diet supplemented with 0 Se-NP and Zn-NP (control group, CG), while fish in the other experimental groups were fed diet supplemented with 1 mg/kg diet Se-NP (Se-NP group), 10 mg/kg diet ZnO-NP (Zn-NP group), and a mixture of 1 and 10 mg/kg diet Se-NP and Zn-NP, respectively (Se/Zn-NP group) for 60 days. Fish fed diet containing Se-NP, Zn-NP, and Se/Zn-NP showed higher final body weight, weight gain, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, and lower feed conversion ratio with respect to CG (P<0.05) with the highest being in fish fed with Se/Zn-NP. Fish fed with Se/Zn-NP showed higher hemoglobin, red blood cells, and globulin (P<0.05). The highest phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, lysozyme activity, and immunoglobulin M was recorded in fish that received Se/Zn-NP followed by Se-NP, Zn-NP, and the lowest in CG (P<0.05). Fish that received diet supplemented with Se-NP, Zn-NP, and Se/Zn-NP significantly (P<0.05) increased superoxide dismutase and catalase while reduced malonaldehyde activity compared to CG. Intestinal morphometry revealed significantly (P<0.05) increased villi length and goblet cells number in fish fed with Se-NP and/or Zn-NP. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Nile tilapia with Se-NP and Zn-NP induces synergistic effects that improve growth performance, blood health, and intestinal histomorphology.

Ultrasound detection of cosmic filler injection of lips in camel beauty pageants: first report in veterinary medicine.

This study was carried out in Saudi Arabia during the events of the 4th King Abdulaziz Camel Festival, Saudi Arabia. It was designed to describe the most frequent locations of injected cosmetic fillers in the head region as well as the ultrasound features of the injected material. Apparently healthy camels (Camelus dromedarius) (n = 11,626) were thoroughly examined for injection of cosmetic fillers in the head region. In parallel, 30 non-injected camels were used as controls. The lips of camels suspected of having been injected with fillers were subjected to high-resolution ultrasound examination. Of the 11,626 camels, 58 were found to have been injected with cosmetic fillers, 45 in the upper lip and 13 in both the upper and lower lip. None of the injected camels had a history of recent illness. In addition, in all the injected camels, no dermal lip lesions were seen by the naked eye. Swelling of the upper and/or lower lips was visually inspected and palpated by hand in 52 of the camels. Drooping and swinging of the injected lips were observed in all injected camels. Hardness was detected in the tip of the upper lips of 26 of the injected camels and multiple hard nodules were palpated in the injected lips of 44 camels. Swelling of the edges of the upper and lower lips was detected in 41 of the injected camels. Ultrasonographic features of the injected lips are described in detail. Blood samples were collected from both groups. In none of the injected camels did the hemato-biochemical profiles differ significantly than the control group. In conclusion, results clearly indicate the usefulness and convenience of ultrasound as a diagnostic tool to locate the presence of injected fillers and to help monitor the extension and complications of the deposits.