Hadiya Zone Research Articles

Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Sheep and Goats in An- Lemo, Hadiya Zone Southern Ethiopia

Background: Infestation with gastrointestinal parasites in extensively managed animals is common and cause significant economic losses. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of small ruminants in the An-Lemo, Hadiya zone in Ethiopia. Methods : A cross-sectional study involving 383 animals(208 sheep and 175 goats). Standard parasitological techniques and copro-culture was used to identify parasite eggs, and determination of larvae some nematodes, respectively. Findings: The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites was 74.41%, out of this 123(70.28%) were goats and 165 (79.32%) were sheep. Dis aggregating results by sex 161(75.23%) of female animals and 124(73.37%) male animals were infected by single or mixed infection. With regards to body condition a total of 73(19.06%), 140(36.55%) and170 (44.38%) animals with good, medium, and poor body condition respectively include for examination. Out of these 28(38.35%), 110(78.57%and147 (86.47%) of animals infected with good, medium, and poor body conditions respectively and body condition of small ruminants showed a significant association with the prevalence of the gastrointestinal parasite (p<0.05). The most prevalent infection identified were strongyles with 102 animals (26.63%), and strongyloides 14(3.65%) were found the second-highest prevalent in the woreda followed by coccidian infection in 48 animals (12.01%); monieza 12(3.13%) and fasciola10 (2.61%). Double infection cocccidia with monieza 14(3.65%) was found the highest mixed infection followed by strongyle with monieza 11(2.87%) and co-infection of Trichur is with coccidian10(2.61%). Application: The result revealed that there was high infestation rate, particular attention should be given to the management of small ruminants. A general means of reducing infestation might be systematic through providing awareness of the community and regular testing and deworming of small ruminants. Keywords: Ethiopia; Extensive grazing system; Gastrointestinal parasites; Prevalence; Small ruminants

Land Suitability Assessment for Apple (Malus domestica) Production in Sentele Watershed in Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Apple (Malus domestica) is cultivated in Southern Ethiopia. However, the crop is being grown in without affirming the suitability of the land for its cultivation. Therefore, this research was conducted to assess the suitability of the land of Sentele Watershed for apple production in Southern Ethiopia. Integrating GIS and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, which is widely used in multi-criteria decision-making for tackling multi-attribute decision-making problems in real situations, was used in this study. In the application techniques, most attributes that determine apple growth, climate, edaphic, topography, and current land use/land cover were combined. In determining the weights of the attributes, the opinions of experts and experienced apple orchard workers were considered, and an agricultural land suitability map was produced as highly suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable, and least suitable. The methodology was based on the land evaluation developed by FAO (1976) that suggests biophysical diagnostic factors, which most strongly influenced the cultivation of apples. Criteria were defined, background information was gathered, and a raster surface was created. The layers are reclassified, weighed, and then the output layers are overlaid with the background information such as a map of topography to see the best potential sites and to prepare the final suitability map. The final apple suitability map showed that only 2.2% of the total land is highly suitable, 32% is moderately suitable, and 52.1% is marginally suitable, and it requires detailed investigation and careful decision over other land uses to invest in it. 13.7% is the least suitable for apple cultivation. It is concluded that about 34% of the total land of the study area is suitable for apple production, and about 66% is unsuitable. The results imply that it is necessary to take improvement measures such as irrigation, species selection, removing leaves (defoliation), and appropriate land-use planning in most of the land of the watershed before investing in apple cultivation and production, and it is necessary to expand apple production in the future only in areas that are highly and moderately suitable for producing the crop in the study area.

Breeding practice, trait preferences and flock structure of local sheep in selected districts of Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia

Breeding practice, trait preferences and flock structure of local sheep in selected districts of Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia

ASSESSMENT OF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION

Climate change by providing anopportunity for reducing of climatic hazards by targeting with multiple objectives.The objective of this study is to investigatemanagement practices on climate change adaptation and its roleon soil and water conservation practices.The study was conducted in one rural Kebeles of lemoWoreda, Hadiya zone. Out of the 30 respondents, the majority of the respondents were adapted to soil and water conservation practiceson climate change; while few of them were not adapted the climate change on soil and water conservation practices. This study revealed that identified that the majority of the respondents were able to adopt the soil and water conservation practices. The response of the informants indicates that the adaptation measures of climate change insoil and water conservation practices contribute to agricultural productivity. The result from the binary logistic regression analysis and linear regression analysis indicates that educational level, sex, farming experiences, income, frequency of extension contact, market distance, access to information on climate, agro-ecology, farm size, age, adoption of terrace, adoption of stone bund, adoption of stone faced soil bund, adoption of livestock have a significant effect on practicing of climate change in soil and water conservation structures and an agricultural productivity.

Challenges and Opportunities of Good Governance in Effective Service Delivery: In Case of Ethiopia Some Selected Woredas in Hadiya Zone

This paper investigates the challenges and opportunities of good governance in effective service delivery: in case of selected woredas in Hadiya zone. The study used survey method using a structured questionnaire which was administered on 150 sample respondents which are participants in three sectors. This study includes three sectors namely such as municipality, urban development and justice office taken for the study by using purposive and census techniques. After the data collected, it was analyzed by using descriptive statistics like tables and graphs. Based on findings, the following recommendations are forwarded: All concerned s bodies should work on the challenges of good governance by providing different training, research, advocacy, consulting on opportunities and challenging issues of good. Promoting the indigenous values identified with governance practices in the sectors. DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/12-4-01 Publication date: June 30 th 2022

INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE OF CATTLE KEEPING IN HADIYA ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA

This study was conducted to assess Indigenous Knowledge of Cattle Keeping in Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Three districts (Shashogo, Misha and Soro) were purposively selected from each category. A total of 90 households owning cattle with 10 extension workers were selected randomly. There was significant (p&lt;0.05) difference across the districts in livestock number per households. Hadiya people keep large size of herd considering it as a wealth, cultural and social security (mainly in Soro district).The motive behind the society is to secure the cultural title of ‘Tibima/Abegaz/Garad and Kumima’ which is attained in ascending order after achieving the first stage/title “Tibima/Garad” of possession of at least 100 cattle and the second, ’Kuma’’ title in which single individual can own more than 1000 cattle. The highest percent 91.7% of respondents in Shashogo and Soro, 85% of respondents in Misha keep cattle primarily for milk. The respondents revealed that cattle keepers, who dwell in low land areas, have the practices of allowing their cattle to scavenge and graze in early morning. This practice is locally named as ‘Waare’imma or waarechchaa’. The results of this study indicated that there is unexploited indigenous knowledge of cattle keeping in Hadiya Zone.

​Biogas Technology Practices and Opportunities in Selected Districts of Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Background: Rural households in Ethiopia are dependent on biomass for their energy needs and this exacerbates deforestation. Therefore, building small-scale biogas is one of the abating means of these challenges. The objective of this study was to assess the practices and opportunities of small-scale biogas technology in selected Districts’ Hadiya zone, southern Ethiopia. Methods: To achieve this objective, fifty-six informants were selected from the seven districts of Hadiya Zone, semi-structured questionnaires and field observations were used as the instruments to collect the data. Result: This survey revealed that small-scale biogas technology in the study area is recent and it needs certain requirements for its construction and due to the stopped feeding, most of the biogas plants were non-functional. Despite this, the presence of many cattle and optimum climate are among the essential opportunities to expand biogas distribution in the study area. Therefore, farmers and the concerned stakeholders should use the available opportunity to maximize the distribution of biogas technology in the study area.

Mini assessment of small-scale biogas technology practices, opportunities, and challenges in Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Rural households in Ethiopia are dependent on biomass for their energy needs, and this exacerbates deforestation. Therefore, building small-scale biogas is one of the means of abating these challenges. The objective of this study was to assess the practices, opportunities, and challenges of small-scale biogas technology dissemination in the Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia. To achieve this objective, fifty-six informants were selected from the seven districts of Hadiya Zone, and semi-structured questionnaires and field observations were used as the instruments to collect the data. This survey revealed that small-scale biogas technology in the study area is recent, and it needs certain requirements. Additionally, due to the stopped feeding, most of the biogas plants were non-functional. Likewise, analysis of variance indicated that there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) (p = 0.009) between the challenges that hinder the distribution of small-scale biogas technology. As a result, the high installation cost was taken as the main factor that affected its distribution. In addition, the presence of many cattle and optimum climate are among the important opportunities to expand biogas distribution in the study area. Therefore, farmers should use the available opportunity and minimize the challenges to increase the distribution of biogas technology in the study area.

Determinants of neonatal near miss among neonates admitted to public hospitals in Southern Ethiopia, 2021: A case-control study.

Neonatal near-miss (NNM) cases refer to situations in which babies are on the verge of dying between the ages of 0 and 28 days due to severe morbidity that occurs during pregnancy, delivery, or extra-uterine life, but survive either by luck or due to high-quality health care. Identifying NNM cases and addressing their determinants is crucial for devising comprehensive and relevant interventions to tackle neonatal morbidity and mortality. Hence, this study aimed at finding out the determinants of NNM in neonates admitted to public hospitals in Hadiya zone, southern Ethiopia. A hospital-based unmatched case-control study was conducted in three selected hospitals in southern Ethiopia from May 1 to June 30, 2021. A total of 484 participants took part in the study (121 cases and 363 controls). Controls were chosen using systematic sampling approaches, whereas cases were recruited consecutively at the time of discharge. Cases were selected based on the Latin American Centre for Perinatology (CLAP) criteria of an NNM. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and a data extraction checklist were used for data collection. The Data were entered into Epi-Data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis. A multivariable logistic regression analysis with a p-value of <0.05 was used to determine the determinants of NNM. Ninety-seven (80.1%) and 56 (46.2%) near-miss cases encountered at least one pragmatic and management criteria, respectively. The most common pragmatic and management criteria were gestational age less than 33 weeks (44.6%) and intravenous antibiotic usage up to 7 days and before 28 days of life (27.3%), respectively. A short birth interval [AOR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.29, 3.57], lack of ANC [AOR = 3.37; 95%CI: 1.35, 6.39], Caesarean mode of delivery [AOR = 2.24; 95%CI: 1.20, 4.16], the occurrence of a third maternal delay [AOR = 3.47; 95% CI: 2.11, 5.75], and poor birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPCR) plan[AOR = 2.50; 95% CI: 1.49,4.13] were identified as a significant determinants of NNM. The provision of adequate ANC should be a priority for health care providers at service delivery points. To avoid serious neonatal problems, mothers who deliver by Cesarean section should receive more attention from their families and health care providers. Health care providers in the ANC unit should encourage pregnant women to implement the WHO-recommended elements of the BPCR plan. To achieve optimal birth spacing, healthcare providers should focus on the contraceptive provision. Unnecessary delays in health facilities during childbirth should be avoided at all costs.

Maternal delays and unfavourable newborn outcomes among skilled deliveries in public hospitals of Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia: a case–control study

ObjectWe assessed maternal delays and unfavourable newborn outcomes among skilled deliveries in public hospitals of Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia using ‘the three maternal delays’ framework.DesignA case–control study was conducted.SettingPublic hospitals...

Association of Placental Parameters with Low Birth Weight Among Neonates Born in the Public Hospitals of Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia: An Institution-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

IntroductionPlacenta indices are the significant determinants of perinatal outcome and neonatal mortality. A clinician can predict neonatal status based on the findings from the placental indices. However, there are limited studies on the relationship between placental parameters and neonatal birth weight in Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to assess placental parameters and their association with birth weight among neonates born at public hospitals in southern Ethiopia.MethodsA facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 249 systematically selected placentae with the attached umbilical cord from normal singleton live birth with known gestational age. A weighing scale, long needle, and standard non-elastic tape were used to measure placental parameters. Maternal and neonatal characteristics were obtained from the medical charts. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions analyses were done to assess the association between placental indices with neonatal birth weight. Finally, an adjusted odds ratio with the corresponding 95% CI was used to declare the statistical significance.ResultsIn this study, the mean placental weight, diameter, and thickness were 475.9gm, 17.73cm, and 4.43cm, respectively, and the prevalence of low birth weight was 10% (95% CI: 6–14%). Low placental weight (AOR: 6.57; 95% CI: 2.47–17.48), low placental thickness (AOR: 4.94; 95% CI: 1.42–17.22), and gestational age (AOR: 4.73; 95% CI: 1.49–14.99) were associated with low birth weight.ConclusionThis study revealed that placental parameters, particularly weight and thickness, and gestational age have a significant influence on low birth weight. Therefore, proper examination of the placenta should be performed routinely following delivery for better newborn care.

BREEDING PRACTICE, TRAIT PREFERENCES AND FLOCK STRUCTURE OF LOCAL SHEEP IN SELECTED DISTRICTS OF HADIYA ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA: INPUT TO DESIGN COMMUNITY-BASED BREEDING APPROACHES

The present study was designed to identify breeding practices, trait preference and flock composition of local sheep in Duna and Misha districts of Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia. A total of 180 respondents were interviewed using structured questionnaire to collect desired data. Group discussions were held in each district to articulate rank of traits of interest. Index values and descriptive statistics were employed to describe collected data. Mating practice was mostly uncontrolled (83%) and aims of sheep production were revenue generation, asset building and meat production with index values of 0.54, 0.36 and 0.10, respectively. Body size was ranked as primary selection criteria for ewe and ram with index values of 0.35 and 0.33, respectively. Considering/giving more weight for mothering ability could make a better genetic advantage due to its good correlation with growth and pre-weaning lamb survival. Therefore, designing breeding program ought to be based on full involvement local farmers.

Characteristics and perspectives of patients with postoperative trichiasis in Hadiya Zone, Ethiopia.

BackgroundPostoperative trachomatous trichiasis (PTT) is a challenge for trichiasis surgery programs. Little is known about PTT patients’ perceptions regarding outcomes and future disease management. This study aimed to understand the characteristics of PTT patients, how they managed trichiasis and their perceptions of prior surgeries and future surgery uptake.MethodsPatients with PTT were identified during an existing trichiasis screening program in Hadiya Zone, Ethiopia. A vision assessment and evaluation of the eyelids were conducted to determine distance vision, presence and severity of trichiasis and eyelid contour abnormalities. A questionnaire was administered to obtain information regarding patients’ perceptions of surgery and PTT management approaches. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize PTT and determine associations between PTT severity and patient perceptions.ResultsAmong 404 participants, most were female (79.7%) and aged 40–60 y (62.6%). In total, 514 eyelids had PTT, and nearly half had severe PTT (46.9%). Although >50% of participants were currently epilating to manage their PTT, the majority (82.8%) indicated that they wanted repeat surgery. Most participants indicated that pain persisted despite epilation. The majority (75.1%) indicated satisfaction with their prior surgery and 59.6% indicated that they would recommend surgery to others.ConclusionsThis study, which included a large proportion of severe PTT cases, indicated that individuals were generally satisfied with prior surgery and would prefer to have surgery again for PTT management.

Spatial Variability of Soil Organic Carbon Stock in Gurje Subwatershed, Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Soil organic carbon contents are expected to vary from place to place because of variation in soil properties. However, the extent of variability has not been explored in the study area. This study has, therefore, been initiated to assess the spatial variability of soil organic carbon stock in Gurje subwatershed Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia. A total of 40 randomly predefined sampling points were identified for soil sampling using GIS and a total of 80 composite soil samples and 80 core samples were collected from those points at two sampling soil depths (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm). The ordinary kriging (OK) method was used as a geostatistical tool and applied to model the spatial variability of soil organic carbon in this study. With respect to soil depth, the coefficient of variation (CV%) for SOC and SOCS varied from 40.87 to 51.36%, which indicated moderate variability in the study area. For the land use types, the CV% varied from 7.94 to 42.06%, indicating low to moderate variability for the variables in the study area. The exponential semivariogram model described the spatial structure of SOC at 0–20 cm depth while the spherical one was used for SOCS. Moreover, the exponential model was best suited for SOCS at a soil depth of 20–40 cm, while the circular model was appropriate for SOC at this depth. The nugget/sill ratio (C0/C0 + C) of SOC and SOCS varied from nil to 15.58, reflecting a strong spatial dependence, which could be mainly due to the influence of intrinsic factors (e.g., natural variations in soils) in the study area. Overall, the spatial distributions of SOC and SOCS were higher in the northwestern and eastern parts of the subwatershed.

Economic Valuation of Natural Forest: The Case of Hunase Forest, Gibe District, Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia

This study was evaluating the economic value of the Hunase forest using a double-bounded contingent valuation method followed by open-ended questions. The sample respondents were chosen using a two-stage stratified random sampling approach. A total of 152 households were surveyed. Both primary and secondary sources were used gather data. The collected data were estimated using descriptive statistics and a bivariate probit econometric model. According to the findings, 71.7% of the respondents were willing to pay for the proposed bid in order to improve forest service. For the first and follow-up bids, the mean willingness to pay for the double-bounded bivariate probit estimate ranged from Ethiopian Birr 58.8 to 51.7 per household per year, respectively. The mean maximum willingness to pay was 47.86 Ethiopian birr. The findings of the bivariate probit model revealed that education level, family size, annual income, and forest benefit have positive and significant effects on willingness to pay for forest conservation, while distance from the forest and bid amounts have negative and significant effects. The aggregate mean willingness to pay is calculated to be Birr 68,614.5 per year using the second bid. The results suggest that the majority of people place a high value on forest protection, implying that natural forest ecosystems are critical to human well-being. To create forest conservation strategies, policymakers should take into account education level, family size, annual income, forest benefit, and distance of the homestead from the forest variables, according to the findings. Keywords: bivariate probit, forest, valuation, willingness to pay DOI: 10.7176/JESD/13-5-02 Publication date: March 31 st 2022

The effect of GeoGebra on STEM students learning trigonometric functions

This study explores the effectiveness of the GeoGebra on Grade 12 students’ success in making associations between the representations of trigonometric functions and the interpretation of graphs. A technology-oriented classroom is a commanding and accommodating tool in mathematics instruction in understanding mathematical concepts. A non-equivalent control-group pre-test and post-test quasi-experimental design was used. The study sample consisted of seventy-three Grade 12 students enrolled in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) from different schools of the Hadiya zone. The research instrument used was a trigonometric representation ability test. The data analysis used was based on the t-test, ANOVA, and the mean of achievement indicators. The results indicated a statistically significant difference between the overall score mean achievements of experimental groups A and B and the control group on making associations between representations of trigonometric functions, and interpretations of the representations of the trigonometric functions, in the indulgence of both experimental groups. As the association between the trigonometric function representations and an interpretation of graphs of the functions are major challenges to many students in the mathematics field, integration of technology into the teaching of the subject simplifies the life of students. We therefore strongly recommend that teachers integrate GeoGebra with the teaching of trigonometric functions and mathematics in general. Hence, we also recommend that teacher training institutions should include courses on how to use dynamics software applications to teach mathematics in teacher-training programmes. This recommendation will also be applied in Wachemo University, Ethiopia, where the research occurred.

The effect of physical fitness training on the performance of youth volleyball project players: the case of ana Lemo woreda, Hadiya zone, Ethiopia

The main objective of the study was to examine the effect of physical fitness training on the performance of youth volleyball project players: the case of ana lemo woreda, Hadiya zone. census sampling technique was used to select 24 players aged 15 to 16 years from ana Lemo woreda volleyball project players. The article focused on selected physical fitness variables. Those subjects under this study took part in experimental design pre and post-test on both tests from March 01/03/2021 to May 01/05/2021, 2 days per week for 3 months and 40 minutes prerecession. The physical fitness variables selected for the study were: cardiorespiratory endurance (1.6km run in min test), muscular endurance (sit-ups reps/60seconds), muscular strength (modified push-ups reps/30 seconds), power (standing long jump in meter), and agility (4x10 m shuttle run in seconds). Data were analyzed by using SPSS paired-samples t-test with a pair-wise comparison of means at a 95% confidence interval. The results indicated that there were significant improvements in performance on selected physical fitness variables due to the effect of physical fitness training with active rest (p &lt; 0.05). This study confirmed that physical fitness training with active rest was significant to improve the physical fitness variables. The main finding of the study was trainee project players have discovered positive outcomes towards physical fitness variables. The study also illustrates that the health and fitness level of participants can be improved as a result of the physical fitness training program.

The effect of physical fitness training on the performance of youth volleyball project players: the case of ana Lemo woreda, Hadiya zone, Ethiopia

The effect of physical fitness training on the performance of youth volleyball project players: the case of ana Lemo woreda, Hadiya zone, Ethiopia

Matrix analyses of pharmaceutical products for the years 2017 to 2019 among public health facilities in Hadiya zone, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional descriptive study

BackgroundTo date, global healthcare spending becomes a primary concern, and pharmaceutical costs are the main drivers. The issue is more pressing in developing countries like Ethiopia. However, there is a scantiness of comprehensive data on inventory control practices in health facilities. This study, therefore, aimed to assess the criticality, financial value, and consumption patterns of pharmaceuticals using inventory matrix analyses and explore the related challenges.MethodsA cross-sectional study supplemented with qualitative assessments was carried out from December 2020 to January 2021 in public health facilities. Three hospitals and 14 health centers were proportionally selected using a simple random sampling technique. Self-administered questionnaires and review of logistics documents and databases like Dagu-Facility were used to obtain the quantitative data. The data were analyzed using excel spreadsheets and SPSS version 23. We gathered the qualitative data through face-to-face in-depth interviews.ResultsThe facilities spent 66,312,277.0 Ethiopian birrs to procure 518 pharmaceuticals between 2017 and 2019. Of the total products, 68 (13.1%) belonged to class A and 353 (68.1%) belonged to class C. Among 427 items identified by VEN analysis, 202 (47.3%) were vitals, and 201 (47.1%) were essential products making the highest proportions. Cross-tabulations of ABC and VEN showed that 230 (53.9%) items formed category I, representing 84.3% of total expenditures. Sterile surgical gloves #7.5, amoxicillin capsules, examination gloves, and 40% dextrose injection were among the top-ten high-value closing inventories, accounting for 21% of class X items. The fast-moving items were the most prevalent in all years, accounting for more than 45%, and shared the maximum expenditure, up to 90%. Scarcity of infrastructure and skilled human resources, shortage of pharmaceuticals and problems with suppliers, and management issues were the major challenges in the health facilities.ConclusionMost of the items identified by ABC-VEN and FSN-XYZ were Category one, i.e., mainly vital costly products and a few fast-moving items with high closing inventory values, respectively, suggesting close supervision. However, several issues became impediments. Hence, facilities should alleviate the bottlenecks and monitor the stock status to prevent theft and stock out.

CHARACTERIZATION OF LOCAL CATTLE HUSBANDRY PRACTICES IN HADIYA ZONE, SOUTHERN REGION OF ETHIOPIA

This study was conducted to characterize cattle husbandry practices in Hadiya zone, southern Ethiopia. Three districts were purposively selected. A total of 180 households were selected randomly. Six focus group discussions with key informants were held. There were significant (p&lt;0.05) differences across the districts in livestock number per households. Cattle are the dominant livestock species, mainly used for milk and draught power. The mean cattle holding per household were 10.87±1.16, 6.8±.40 and 15.22±1.70 in Shashogo, Misha and Soro districts respectively. The most popular farming system in the areas was mixed crop-livestock production. Local female and male cattle reached sexual maturity in 49.0 and 44.7 months in Shashogo, 52.7 and 48.8 months in Misha, and 50.1 and 46.8 months in Soro districts, respectively. Local female cattle in the research area had an average age at first calving of 53.2 months in Shashogo, 59.1 months in Misha, and 54.3 months in Soro districts. In the districts, natural mating was the most common and common method of mating. Cattle production was hampered by a lack of feed and water, illnesses, repeated draughts, infrastructure, and other factors such as land scarcity, poor capital, and a lack of agricultural extension.