Hacking Tools Research Articles

Exploring Emerging Hacker Assets and Key Hackers for Proactive Cyber Threat Intelligence

Cyber attacks cost the global economy approximately $445 billion per year. To mitigate attacks, many companies rely on cyber threat intelligence (CTI), or threat intelligence related to computers, networks, and information technology (IT). However, CTI traditionally analyzes attacks after they have already happened, resulting in reactive advice. While useful, researchers and practitioners have been seeking to develop proactive CTI by better understanding the threats present in hacker communities. This study contributes a novel CTI framework by leveraging an automated and principled web, data, and text mining approach to collect and analyze vast amounts of malicious hacker tools directly from large, international underground hacker communities. By using this framework, we identified many freely available malicious assets such as crypters, keyloggers, web, and database exploits. Some of these tools may have been the cause of recent breaches against organizations such as the Office of Personnel Management (OPM). The study contributes to our understanding and practice of the timely proactive identification of cyber threats.

Detection, Avoidance, and Attack Pattern Mechanisms in Modern Web Application Vulnerabilities

In this paper, we present comprehensive survey of secured web application by identifying numerous serious threats faced by several-related organizations. Based on this, we have summarized the statistics of all emerging web application vulnerabilities by referring several-linked vulnerabilities and their classifications like US-CERT, CVE, CWE, NVD, OWASP etc. In addition, we present a comprehensive survey of the emerging web application weaknesses and discuss how to avoid, detect and attack pattern mechanisms of all critical web threats. Moreover, a detailed comparison has also been presented for all emerging web application exposures corresponding to certain threat agents, which indicates the level of the threat for a recognized vulnerability. In addition, we discuss numerous precautions that can be taken while defining lifecycle of web applications with hacking tools and describe ways to launch & utilize safety procedures and regular security controls in a recursive manner.

Comparison of macroscopic and microscopic (stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy) features of bone lesions due to hatchet hacking trauma.

This experimental study examined the lesions produced by a hatchet on human bones (tibiae). A total of 30 lesions were produced and examined macroscopically (naked eye) and by stereomicroscopy. 13 of them were also analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The general shape of the lesion, both edges, both walls, the kerf floor and the extremities were described. The length and maximum width of the lesions were also recorded. The microscopic analysis of the lesions led to the description of a sharp-blunt mechanism. Specific criteria were identified (lateral pushing back, fragmentation of the upraising, fossa dug laterally to the edge and vertical striae) enabling the forensic expert to conclude that a hacking instrument was used. These criteria are easily identifiable using scanning electron microscopy, but can also be observed with stereomicroscopy. Overall, lateral pushing back and vertical striae visible using stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy signal the use of a hacking tool.

Identifying gaps in the research literature on illicit markets on-line

As access to technology and the Internet expanded dramatically over the last three decades, so too have opportunities for criminality. Researchers have begun to consider how the Internet enables the formation of illicit markets operating via various communications media in order to sell personal information, hacking tools, and other resources. Many of these studies provide basic information on the operations of on-line illicit markets. There is, however, a need for further research in order to improve the state of the literature and identify key questions to expand our knowledge of the practices of market actors and the social dynamics that facilitate their activities. This article introduces these concepts and outlines the state of the literature generally.

Securing Cardless Automated Teller Machine Transactions Using Bimodal Authentication System

ABSTRACTIn today's corporate environment, it is important to ensure that only authorized customers have access to offered services. With the availability of ready-to-use sniffers and access code hacking tools, the standard card and Personal Identification Number combination may no longer be sufficient to withstand the test of secure authentication. Additionally, the huge and recurrent card possession and repossession cost incurred by banks' customers, occasioned by card expiry, loss, theft, and damage is, agreeably, undesirable. In this article, we present the development of a bimodal customer authentication system for a cardless Automated Teller Machine (ATM). The system employs the principle of eigenvectors and Euclidean distance for fingerprint verification. The Personal Identification Number (PIN), which serves as the second factor of authentication, is determined on account opening and hashed using the truncated SHA 512/256 Secure Hashing Algorithm. Analysis of the system performance shows genuine acceptance rates (1-FRR) from 98% and upwards, and equal error rates of 0.0065. A low standard deviation of 0.01 of the Average Matching Times (AMT) shows the consistency of the algorithm in processing the fingerprints. Therefore, the performance evaluation of the system using these metrics portrays the adequacy and suitability of the developed system for ATM user authentication.

The New Computer Hacker’s Quest and Contest with the Experienced Hackers: A Qualitative Study applying Pierre Bourdieu’s Field Theory

IntroductionThe considerable body of literature seeking to understand computer hackers' motivations and behaviors still needs further inquiry as hacking cyber crime grows in sophistication and geographic reach (Decary-Hetu & Dupont, 2013; Nikitina, 2012; Turgeman-Goldschmidt, 2008; Yar, 2005; Taylor, 1999; Jordan & Taylor, 1998). Needing further investigation is the area of new computer hackers or newbies. This study specifically examines newbie hackers' acquisitions of skills and knowledge in their interactions with experienced hackers in a public hacker forum. The framework this study uses is Field Theory by Pierre Bourdieu (Bourdieu, 1990; Bourdieu, 1985; Bourdieu, 1977) with an emphasis on hackers' skills and knowledge trading, the cultural and social capital of the field (Bourdieu, 1986; Bourdieu, 1984), between newbies and experienced hackers.Although social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter are used by hackers, online community forums are still utilized as spaces hackers gather online (Kubitschko, 2015). Newbies join to gain access to highly specialized skills, information-sharing, networking and support from experienced hackers (Turgeman-Goldschmidt, 2008; Meyer & Thomas, 1990) but may experience admonishment, mocking and insults for their lack of skills and types of questions they ask (Decary-Hetu & Dupont, 2013; Meyer & Thomas, 1990). Hence the field of the forum operates on power relations; that is, in Bourdieu's terms (1990), the capital of skills and knowledge is contested by newbies because they want what the experienced hacker possesses. This exploratory study focuses specifically on this aspect. Research on newbies has not adequately focused on describing and analyzing the relationships between newbies and experienced hackers in online community hacker forums.The investigation of hacker forums to discover their characteristics and activities for cyber security has previously occurred. For example, Imperva, a global computer network security company, conducted a qualitative content analysis of threads within a large hacker forum. Their report identified descriptive trends, such as increased Structured Query Language (SQL) injections discussions to cause Denial of Service (DoS) attacks to a noted increase in newbies joining the forums from previous years' analyses (Imperva, 2012). Although using a considerably larger sample size than this study, 250,000 members' threads were examined (Imperva, 2012), it is clear that hacker forums require further analysis to give computer network security professionals insights into hacker behaviors and identify trends in hacker culture.Newbie hackers desire to be a part of a hacking community even if their individual goals differ. Hackers' desire, as Nissenbaum (2004) describes, total and free access to computers and information, and mistrust centralized authority, have a disdain for obstacles erected against free access to computing and desire to be evaluated by their technical virtuosity and accomplishment. Hackers hack for reasons such as: conflicts with authorities and revenge motives (Chiesa, Ducci & Ciappi, 2009), beliefs that breaking into computer systems benefit society by showing how to increase computer security (Kao, Huang & Wang, 2009), achieving feelings of power due to low self-esteem (Fotinger & Ziegler, 2004), gaining entrance to a social group (Kilger, Stutzman & Arkin, 2004) and to satisfy an addition (Taylor, 1999). These also play a part in a desire newbies have to join a hacker community and work with experienced hackers to learn skills and knowledge to hack computer systems.Yet newbie hackers face a constant battle to be accepted by hackers from the beginning of their quests to obtain the capital they need to hack. For example, experienced hackers resent script kiddies and unskilled hackers who use hacking tools such as code and scripts developed by experienced hackers. In a display of power by experienced hackers, script kiddies are identified, shamed and called pestilence and other terms, and banned from hacker communities (Taylor, Fritsch, Liederback & Holt, 2011). …

Examining Hacker Participation Length in Cybercriminal Internet-Relay-Chat Communities

To further cybersecurity, there is interest in studying online cybercriminal communities to learn more about emerging cyber threats. Literature documents the existence of many online Internet Relay Chat (IRC) cybercriminal communities where cybercriminals congregate and share hacking tools, malware, and more. However, many cybercriminal community participants appear unskilled and have fleeting interests, making it difficult to detect potential long-term or key participants. This is a challenge for researchers and practitioners to quickly identify cybercriminals that may provide credible threat intelligence. Thus, we propose a computational approach to analyze cybercriminals IRC communities in order to identify potential long-term and key participants. We use the extended Cox model to scrutinize cybercriminal IRC participation for better understanding of behaviors exhibited by cybercriminals of importance. Results indicate that key cybercriminals may be quickly identifiable by assessing the scale of their interaction and networks with other participants.

Searching Places Unknown: Law Enforcement Jurisdiction on the Dark Web

The use of hacking tools by law enforcement to pursue criminal suspects who have anonymized their communications on the dark web presents a looming flashpoint between criminal procedure and international law. Criminal actors who use the dark web (e.g. in the commission of a crime or in order to evade authorities) obscure digital footprints left behind with third parties, rendering existing surveillance methods obsolete. In response, law enforcement has implemented hacking techniques that deploy surveillance software over the Internet in order to directly access and control criminals’ devices. The practical reality of the underlying technologies makes it inevitable that foreign-located computers are subject to the remote “searches” and “seizures” that take place. The result may well be the greatest extraterritorial expansion of enforcement jurisdiction in U.S. law enforcement history. This article examines how the use of hacking tools on the dark web profoundly disrupts the legal architecture upon which cross-border criminal investigations rest. The overseas cyber operations that result raise increasingly difficult questions regarding just whom may authorize these activities, where they may be deployed, and whom they may lawfully be executed against. The rules of criminal procedure fail to regulate law enforcement hacking because they allow these critical decisions to be made by rank-and-file investigators, despite potentially disruptive foreign relations implications. This article outlines a regulatory framework that reallocates decision-making to institutional actors best suited to determine U.S. foreign policy, without sacrificing law enforcement’s ability to identify and locate criminal suspects that have taken cover on the dark web.

Система деанонимизации пользователей теневого интернета

Privacy enhancing technologies (PETs) are ubiquitous nowadays. They are beneficial for a wide range of users: for businesses, journalists, bloggers, etc. However, PETs are not always used for legal activity. There a lot of anonymous networks and technologies which grants anonymous access to digital resources. The most popular anonymous networks nowadays is Tor. Tor is a valuable tool for hackers, drug and gun dealers. The present paper is focused on Tor users’ deanonimization using out-of-the box technologies and a basic machine learning algorithm. The aim of the work is to show that it is possible to deanonimize a small fraction of users without having a lot of resources and state-of-the-art machine learning techniques. The first stage of the research was the investigation of contemporary anonymous networks. The second stage was the investigation of deanonimization techniques: traffic analysis, timing attacks, attacks with autonomous systems. For our system, we used website fingerprinting attack, because it requires the smallest number of resources needed for successful implementation of the attack. Finally, there was an experiment held with 5 persons in one room with one corrupted entry Tor relay. We achieved a quite good accuracy (70%) for classifying the webpage, which the user visits, using the set of resources provided by global cybersecurity company. The deanonimization is a very important task from the point of view of national security.

English

Earlier scientist focus was in harnessing the benefits available in Raspberry pi in order to make any design that is fully controlled by the raspberry pi. There was no any focus on connection between raspberry pi and computer of developer. Our current work is an effort to fill that research gap. Raspberry Pi is the most convenient and efficient method nowadays to do any task .It is the smartest way to connect and interface. Image processing is one of main task done by this small device. As this device is very small it would be an excellent hacking tool. Keyword: Laptop, Raspberry PI, Hardware Hardware Interface, Card Size Computer, Integrated Circuits

Distributed Hierarchical Pattern-Matching for Network Intrusion Detection

Network intrusion detection systems are widely used in present-day public and private networks to successfully detect cyber intrusions. In recent times, a plethora of readily available hacking tools have widened the adversarial attack surface to launch advanced malicious attacks. This entails the need to devise and deploy stronger security solutions including countermeasures that prevent, detect, and deter such attacks. The need for an efficient and effective mechanism for detecting network intrusions in real-time cannot be understated. Distributed pattern matching through information sharing between intrusion detection agents is one such approach towards identifying anomalous activity in a network. In this paper, a novel distributed pattern matching approach is proposed for detecting malicious network activities through first analyzing network traffic by detector agents, and subsequently exchanging information (subpattern) among detector agents in order to holistically identify anomalous network activities. The detection effectiveness of the proposed approach is studied using simulation conducted considering different pattern exchange hierarchies. Simulation results show that our approach yields high accuracies in intrusion detection with low false alarm rates.

실시간 해킹, 탐지 및 추적관리 ICT 융합 보안 솔루션 시험평가

Understanding the various unspecified hacking and repeated cyber DDoS attacks, finally was able to find a solution in the methods of attacks. Freely researching approach that combines the attacker and defender, offensive and defensive techniques can be called a challenge to discover the potential in whimsy. In this paper we test and evaluate KWON-GA, global white hackers team has made by many years of experiences in infiltration and diagnosis under guise of offence is the best defence. And it is knowledge information ICT Convergence security solution which is developed for the purpose of defence, it provide customization policy that can be fit to customer`s system environment with needed techniques and it is processed with unique proprietary technology so that it`s not possible to scan. And even if it has leaked internally it`s impossible to analyze so hackers can`t analyze vulnerability, also it can`t be abused as hacking tools.

Penetration Testing and Network Auditing: Linux

Along with the evolution of Internet and its new emerging services, the quantity and impact of attacks have been continuously increasing. Currently, the technical capability to attack has tended to decrease. On the contrary, performances of hacking tools are evolving, growing, simple, comprehensive, and accessible to the public. In this work, network penetration testing and auditing of the Redhat operating system (OS) are highlighted as one of the most popular OS for Internet applications. Some types of attacks are from a different side and new attack method have been attempted, such as: scanning for reconnaissance, guessing the password, gaining privileged access, and flooding the victim machine to decrease availability. Some analyses in network auditing and forensic from victim server are also presented in this paper. Our proposed system aims confirmed as hackable or not and we expect for it to be used as a reference for practitioners to protect their systems from cyber-attacks.

Kali Linux – Assuring Security by Penetration Testing

Master the art of penetration testing with Kali Linux Overview Learn penetration testing techniques with an in-depth coverage of Kali Linux distribution Explore the insights and importance of testing your corporate network systems before the hackers strike Understand the practical spectrum of security tools by their exemplary usage, configuration, and benefits In Detail Kali Linux is a comprehensive penetration testing platform with advanced tools to identify, detect, and exploit the vulnerabilities uncovered in the target network environment. With Kali Linux, you can apply appropriate testing methodology with defined business objectives and a scheduled test plan, resulting in a successful penetration testing project engagement. Kali Linux - Assuring Security By Penetration Testing is a fully focused, structured book providing guidance on developing practical penetration testing skills by demonstrating cutting-edge hacker tools and techniques with a coherent, step-by-step approach. This book offers you all of the essential lab preparation and testing procedures that reflect real-world attack scenarios from a business perspective, in todays digital age. Starting with lab preparation and testing procedures that explain the basic installation and configuration set up, this guide then focuses on discussing types of penetration testing (black-box and white-box), uncovering open security testing methodologies, and proposing the Kali Linux specific testing process. A number of security assessment tools are discussed, including those necessary to conduct penetration testing in their respective categories, following the formal testing methodology. Each of these tools have been annotated with real-world examples in context of highlighting their practical usage and proven configuration techniques. Extra weaponry treasure is also provided, and key resources that may be crucial to any professional penetration tester are cited in this book. What you will learn from this book Develop the Kali Linux environment in your test lab by installing, configuring, running, and updating its core system components Draw a formal Kali Linux testing methodology Scope your target with definitive test requirements, limitations, business objectives, and schedule the test plan Practically exercise a number of security tools from Kali Linux, logically divided into sub-categories of testing methodology Practice the processes of reconnaissance, discovery, enumeration, vulnerability mapping, social engineering, exploitation, privilege escalation, and maintaining access to target for evaluation purposes Document, report, and present your verified test results to the relevant authorities in a formal reporting structure Assess your target information system's environment built with various technologies, such as web applications, network administration servers, workstations, Cisco devices, firewalls, load balancers, routers, switches, intrusion detection and prevention devices, and many more Examine and research the vulnerability in a greater detail before attempting to exploit it Exploit human vulnerability by wrapping yourself with an art of deception to acquire the target

시그니처 기반의 무선 침입 탐지 시스템에 관한 연구

무선랜은 경제성, 유연성, 설치의 용이성, 스마트 기기의 보급으로 인해 사용과 AP(Access Point)구축의 단순화로 사무실, 매장, 학교에서 쉽게 접할 수 있다. 무선랜은 공기를 전송매체로 사용하기 때문에 전파가 도달하는 영역에서는 보안 위협에 항상 노출이 되며 불법 AP 설치, 정책위반 AP, 패킷 모니터링, AP 불법 접속, 외부 AP 및 서비스 접속, 무선네트워크 공유, MAC 주소 도용 등 새로운 보안 위협을 지닌다. 본 논문에서는 시그니처 기반의 Snort를 사용하여 무선 침입 탐지 시스템 개발 방법을 제안한다. 공개된 해킹 툴을 사용하여 모의 해킹을 실시하고, Snort가 해킹 툴에 의한 공격을 탐지하는지 실험을 통하여 논문의 적합성을 검증한다. WLAN is affordability, flexibility, and ease of installation, use the smart device due to the dissemination and the AP (Access Point) to the simplification of the Office building, store, at school. Wi-Fi radio waves because it uses the medium of air transport to reach areas where security threats are always exposed to illegal AP installation, policy violations AP, packet monitoring, AP illegal access, external and service access, wireless network sharing, MAC address, such as a new security threat to steal. In this paper, signature-based of wireless intrusion detection system for Snort to suggest how to develop. The public can use hacking tools and conduct a mock hacking, Snort detects an attack of hacking tools to verify from experimental verification of the suitability of the thesis throughout.

Corporate Role in Protecting Consumers from the Risk of Identity Theft

The Internet has made it possible for users to be robbed of their reputation, money and credit worthiness by the click of a mouse. The impact of identity theft severely limits victims’ ability to participate in commerce, education and normal societal functions. This paper evaluates resurgence in syndicated cyber attacks, which includes but not limited to identity theft, corporate espionage and cyber warfare taking advantage of the Internet as a medium of operations. The paper highlights the increase of cyber related attacks in the past ten years due to lack of transatlantic international corporation between participating countries, coherent information security policies, data aggregation and sound international laws to facilitate prosecution of perpetrators. The cyber space coupled with availability of free hacking tools has contributed to resurgence in syndicated identity theft, corporate espionage and identity theft by organized crime elements taking advantage of the Internet as a medium of operations. This paper presents conclusive solution that users, organizations and consumers can enact to protect themselves from the threat of cyber attacks culminating into identity theft, financial loss or both.

The security implications of IPv6

With the explosion in the number of mobile devices, the pool of IPv4 addresses is quickly being exhausted. Europe officially ran out of IPv4 addresses in late 2012 – yet today IPv4 still carries the majority of Internet traffic.1 And while organisations are now beginning to migrate to IPv6 in earnest, switching from IPv4 poses a series of security challenges. The pool of IPv4 addresses is quickly being exhausted. Yet today IPv4 still carries the majority of Internet traffic. And while organisations are now beginning to migrate to IPv6, switching poses a series of security challenges. There are several important issues that IT administrators must be aware of during a changeover, including: IPv6 ICMP vulnerabilities; multiple protocol stack vulnerabilities; the lack of experience in countermeasures for IPv6 attacks; hacking tools that now support IPv6; IPv6 multicast vulnerabilities; IPv6 header information vulnerabilities; and tunnelling IPv6 through IPv4 networks. Keith Barker explains these issues in detail.

Cyber Reconnaissance: An Alarm before Cyber Attack

cyber world is more than the internet. It is interdependent networks containing telecommunication network, embedded system and critical infrastructures. Malicious attacks on critical infrastructure become a major threat to business and government operations. An easy and fast access to network makes business successful and makes sensitive information more vulnerable to cyber thieves. Today's attacker and hacker is skillful and well equipped with various hacking tools can easily exploit a small vulnerability. Reconnaissance is a first phase of cyber-attack and we will study this phase show effective countermeasures. This paper is about the Cyber Reconnaissance and focused on Port Scanning and OS Fingerprinting attack and proposed some easy to use solutions. General Terms Cyber Security, Cyber-Recon. KeywordsAttack, Information Assurance, Information Security, Cyber Reconnaissance.

Preventing DoS attacks in NGN networks with proactive specification-based fuzzing

Next-generation networks introduce an IPbased network foundation and more powerful access technologies. As a result, vulnerabilities in network protocol implementations can be exploited with Internet hacking tools to cause denial-of-service and distributed denial of service situations. Fuzzing is a black-box testing technique originally used by crackers to find exploitable vulnerabilities. In this article, we demonstrate how specification-based fuzzers can be used to discover exploitable vulnerabilities proactively to make networks and devices more robust against DoS and DDoS attacks.

A Novel Technique to Protect Wireless Network against accidental Association

With increasing numbers of corporate and organizations deploying wireless network and allowing the company personnel to access the internet or the wired backbone through wireless access points are increasingly getting exposed to hacking attacks. Due to easy hacking tools and less concerns about the security threats of the deployed, various crucial data of the private network is hacked. One of the important forms of a security loophole in the wireless network is accidental association. In this paper we propose a novel technique to secure the wireless signal to prevent accidental association. Layer 2 of each device is assigned with a unique time bound key and non time bound primary key. As soon as a new device is detected in the proximity by any node, it requests for the time independent primary key from the device. If the device fails to respond with the key then the network connection is withdrawn with immediate effect after the node propagates an alert message encrypted with time bound session key through which it is communicating securely with other wireless peers. A periodic search for checking new devices which may get associated with the existing network accidently is avoided with utmost efficiency. The protocol is tested with Omnet++ simulator and results shows that the proposed technique performs much better than basic protection against such an attack offered by WEP.