Habsburg Research Articles

For God and which Nation? The Ideology of František Jehlička, Priest, Politician and Pariah of the Slovak National Movement

For the last years of his life, Frantisek Jehlicka placed a copy of a painting by the Italian baroque artist Pompeo Girolamo Batoni on the walls of his cell in the Capuchin monastery in Vienna. The painting, completed in 1773 and entitled 'The Return of the Prodigal Son', portrays a father tenderly embracing his long-lost and half-naked son who, according to the famous parable, had taken 'his journey into a far country, and […] began to be in want'.1 It is likely that Jehlicka first came across the painting in the House of Habsburg's Imperial and Royal Gallery in Vienna's Belvedere Palace where it was hung following its acquisition by the Empress Maria Theresa. Jehlicka, a devout Catholic who had committed himself to becoming a priest at the age of fifteen, may have seen himself in Batoni's painting as the wandering son who could look forward to the moment, at the end of his life, when he would be welcomed with open arms by his Father in heaven.2 Alternatively, Jehlicka's attraction to Batoni's painting may be explained by his estrangement from his fellow Slovaks that led him to reside in Vienna's Capuchin monastery. Exiled from Czechoslovakia in 1919 due to his hostility to the new state, Jehlicka regarded himself as a 'spiritual father' forced to watch his beloved Slovak nation condemned to a life of want. In Batoni's moving depiction of the act of reconciliation, Jehlicka may have found the comforting hope that he too would eventually be reconciled with his fellow Slovaks. Both his detractors and his admirers have, however, disagreed about what form of reconciliation he actually desired. Did he hope to be welcomed back to an independent Slovakia as a national hero, or did he hope to welcome the Slovaks back into a greater Hungary from which they had been separated in 1918?.

Theatre and politics in an official poet of the Court. The Habsburg dynasty in Bances Candamo’s theatre

This article proves that there is a disproportion in the bibliography when the scholars analyse the political ideas in the courtly theatre by Bances Candamo. Only few works are studied using the political notions and, in many occasions, these researches are unsuitable, because they employ contemporary perspectives, which are certainly inappropriate for the reality of the seventeenth century. The author of this article studies the political conceptions in two works: La restauracion de Buda and El Austria en Jerusalen . Both have usually been studied using other perspectives.

Handbuch der deutschen Literatur Prags und der Böhmischen Länder by Peter Becher Steffen Höhne Jörg Krappmann Manfred Weinberg

Reviews 271 British Library, 2014]). Other censors were simple bureaucrats, and at least one, apparently, exploited his position to read pornographic books before banning them. Even if some censorship is defensible, however, such ‘Bevormundung’, as Bachleitner calls it, is hardly the way to create a mature and enlightened public. It also makes prohibited works seem excessively attractive. Revealingly, censors objected to popular fiction about robbers, ghosts, and so on, because they stimulated the imagination (‘weil sie nur “die Einbildungskraft spannen und beschäftigen”’, p. 104). A more cynical policy would have encouraged adventure fiction to divert people from thinking about real discontents. The case studies partly confirm expectations. They show that negative remarks about Catholicism, whether in Schiller or Fenimore Cooper, led to prohibitions. Pleas for religious toleration were inadmissible: Nathan der Weise and Goethe’s Brief des Pastors von *** an den neuen Pastor zu *** were banned. We also learn something about eighteenth-century reading practices. Wieland’s Agathon incurred disapproval even from the sophisticated van Swieten because of Hippias’s defence of materialism, even though the context shows that Wieland intends his philosophy to seem tempting but reprehensible. Particularly instructive is the case of Werther. It was banned on publication because it might encourage suicide (and there is strong though not conclusive evidence that it did prompt several suicides). In 1786 the ban was lifted, on the grounds that people were less likely to commit suicide from unrequited love than because they were hopelessly in debt or afraid of being punished for fraud, but in 1803 the ban was restored. Bachleitner argues that the habit of reading saints’ lives with a view to imitatio transferred itself to secular literature, supported by the new eighteenth-century practice of empathetic reading. One might extrapolate to the conclusion that the concept of specifically aesthetic experience was only gradually developing. These are just a few of the rewards to be gleaned from this rich and amply documented study. Ritchie Robertson The Queen’s College, Oxford Handbuch der deutschen Literatur Prags und der Böhmischen Länder. Ed. by Peter Becher, Steffen Höhne, Jörg Krappmann and Manfred Weinberg. Stuttgart: Metzler, 2017. 445 pp. Hardback €102.80; ebook €69.95. ISBN 978–3476 –02579–1. It is probably apt to say at the outset that this handbook has an extremely ambitious goal: to do justice to the complexities and intricacies of such rich and diverse a literary landscape across long periods of gradual change as well as the most radical of historical caesuras. The ‘Bohemian lands’ of the title are defined as the area traditionally belonging to the Bohemian crown, namely the kingdom of Bohemia, the margraviate of Moravia and the individual territories of the formerly Polish duchy of Silesia (Přemysl) which became Bohemian vassals during the late Middle Ages. Lusatia and the Silesian duchies seized by Prussia in the First Silesian War (1740–42) do not feature in this volume. The Reviews 272 periods covered are thus the era of Habsburg rule over Bohemian lands since the age of Enlightenment, the Czechoslovak Republic 1918–38 and the Nazi period following German annexation of the Sudetenland and the formation of a Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia. As a ‘Nachklang’, remnants of Bohemian German culture after 1945 inside and outside communist Czechoslovakia receive due consideration. This temporal restriction is appropriate as it allows concentration on significant modern developments such as the formation of ‘national’ literatures in the context of emerging modern societies, the configuration around distinct political entities with (multiple) centres and peripheries, and the investigation of these areas’ relationships with external cultural reference points such as the metropoles of German-speaking central Europe. The list of authors at the end of the volume (pp. 418–27) gives an impression of the scale of the task. It comprises close to 700 names including authors who left the region early and made a reputation for themselves elsewhere (such as Rilke and Werfel), authors whose work seems intimately linked to their place of origin but in a manner difficult to define (such as Franz Kafka), authors who were not native to the area, but whose work reflects its conditions and characteristics (such as Ferdinand von Saar...

The Musical Patronage of the House of Habsburg in Jesuit Silesia

An important factor in the Catholic reconquest of Silesia in the seventeenth century was the cultivation of music modelled on the Italian style, which was promoted by circles connected with the Society of Jesus and financed by the new political elites of this region, ones predominantly linked to the House of Habsburg.

Embargando rentas, desembargando voluntades. La suspensión de libranzas de 1509 y el régimen fiscal de Castilla

Current scholars are showing that fiscal-financial system of the Austrias was shaping since ca. 1490. Important tasks like “headings”, bonds ( juros ) or the participation of a financial groups in loans or tax farming took part of the common reality of Castilians from this moment. In this hand, there was also some events that can be taken as precedents of the famous “bankruptcies” and, in short, these episodes of financial crises show that there was a precarious balance around the credit systems that nourished the real estate before the Habsburg rule. This article focuses on a suspension of libranzas ordered by Fernando el Catolico in February of 1509. Unpublished sources coming mainly from the Archive of Simancas has been used in order to elaborate the study.

The Political Rediscovery of the Dutch Revolt in the Seventeenth-Century Habsburg Netherlands

Historiography of the Dutch Revolt has traditionally emphasised that it was painful and inopportune for seventeenth-century people in formerly rebellious South Netherlandish provinces to use memories of the rebellion in support of political arguments. More recently, scholars have turned this idea on its head by stressing the importance of memories of the Revolt in legitimating dynastic power as well as denigrating enemies around 1600. References to the conflict were often euphemistic, implicit and devoid of detailed discussions of events. Later in the seventeenth century, however, Southern propagandists publically deployed explicit references to the Revolt in political discussions. Asking how and why this shift occurred, this article shows that the (international) political context strongly influenced cultural memory politics in the Habsburg Netherlands. Count Henry van den Bergh's political use of war memories in opposition to the Habsburg overlord in 1632 prompted a reaction in kind from government officials, who deployed public references to the sixteenth-century rebellion more explicitly than ever before and thereby set a new standard for using historical narratives about the Revolt in support of the regime. Indeed, the politicisation of the Revolt in 1632 enabled political commentators during renewed Franco-Dutch military threats in 1635 and the War of Devolution in 1667-1668 to refer to the Revolt not as a painful memory but as a positive argument in favour of Habsburg rule.

An Emperor by a Different Name: School Commemoration in Habsburg Austria and the Second Austrian Republic

This paper examines the connections between patriotic school celebrations in late-Habsburg Austria and similar celebrations in the Second Austrian Republic. Similar to other states, Habsburg Austria utilized public schools as a vehicle for patriotic education. One of the most obvious examples of this fact were the annual commemorations of the emperor’s birth. During these commemorations, schools across the Habsburg Monarchy would have students recite patriotic poems, sing patriotic songs, and listen to speeches detailing the virtues of their monarch. While these commemorations ended with the Monarchy, this paper illustrates that these events experienced a curious afterlife in postwar Austria.Even though Austria attempted to craft an identity independent of its former imperial past when the Monarchy collapsed, the legacy of imperial commemoration and state-building continued to influence the way Austria conceptualized patriotic celebration. This legacy was especially strong after World War II. Using previously unexamined speeches, programs, and organizational materials from Austrian school celebrations after 1945, along with similar sources from the Habsburg period, this paper will show that postwar Austrian schools used programs identical to those from the Habsburg period to develop the patriotism of students. This examination illustrates the legacy of the imperial administration on its remnants and the power of unconscious bureaucratic memory which can survive generations after border change and state collapse. As a result, it helps to develop our understanding of border memory in Central Europe and enhances our understanding of memory in states after changes to its constitution and lands.

ІСТОРІЯ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ПРИРОДНОЇ ТА КУЛЬТУРНОЇ СПАДЩИНИ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ КАРПАТ У ТУРИЗМІ

The article analyzes the history and prospects of using the natural and historical-cultural heritage of the Ukrainian Carpathians region (Transcarpathia, Galicia) in the domestic tourism industry. The author concluded that the rich tourist and recreational potential located in the Carpathian region and geographically encompassing Lviv, Zakarpattia, Ivano-Frankivsk and Chernivtsi regions, in conjunction with the tourism infrastructure based on natural mineral water sources, scenic landscapes and historical and cultural monuments, has all the grounds for the development of tourism industry in the country. In the article general scientific and special scientific methods of research are used: the analysis method, synthesis, dialectical method, historicism method, historical-chronological method, etc. In particular, when writing a paper, the author preferred to use historical methods.Carpathian Mountains are considered to be the Green Pearl of Ukraine. It is one of the most popular resorts and tourist centers of the country. A beautiful mix of natural areas, forests, meadows, shepherds and humans living in harmony with nature is what makes the mountains so atractive to tourists. An original nature of territory, beauty of its Alpine meadows and woods, rough rivers and mountain lakes, soft climate, curative mineral sources, the historical and architectural monuments can attract everyone to themselves. Thousands of tourists and people who like travels and adventures come here. The Ukrainian Carpathians are relatively gentle peaks that rise as high as 2061 m (Mt. Hoverla). The largest resorts are located in Slavsko, Bukovel, Tysovets, and Dragobrat. Some of the smaller resorts are in Krasiya, Dolyna, Beskid, Polyana, Synevir, Yaremche, Verkhovnya, Kosiv, and Yavoriv.Movable borders between countries and empires have been running through the region for millennia. Therefore, every historic period left its mark on the cultural tradition and the appearance of cities. In the 12th century a powerful state, the Galicia-Volyn principality, often mentioned in ancient European chronicles times, was formed here.The principality was fighting for its territories with Poland, Hungary and Tatars-Mongols. The papal legate crowned the prince Danylo and later his grandson Yuri. Danylo’s son Roman was married to a daughter of the Austrian duke from the Bubenbergs dynasty and even had pretensions on the Austrian throne. But the attempt was not successful and after that the Habsburg Dynasty strengthened its’ position in Austria. During the reign of the Habsburgs monarchy, the largest cities of the area among which are Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Uzhgorod, Chernivtsi and many others took on the look of typical European cities.The Carpathian region managed to preserve a great number of defense constructions and palaces witnessing a great deal of historical upheavals. Here you can visit numerous castles from the 11th-17th centuries, which in different eras were owned by Polish, Austro-Hungarians, Lithuanians and Russians. Since some of the castles are associated with the life of several Polish magnates, we offer you to have a trip to the Middle Ages during your stay in the Ukrainian Carpathians.

Opera and Monuments: Verdi’sErnaniin Vienna and the Construction of Dynastic Memory

AbstractThis article examines the first production and early reception of Verdi’sErnaniin Vienna in relation to cultural processes supporting strategies of imperial representation promoted by the Habsburg Court. By discussing newspaper reviews, archival documents, sketches of the sets for the first Viennese production, I show how the opera responded to official narratives of the Habsburg Empire and to specific facets of the local culture of monumentality. I argue that particularly the Act III Finale functioned along the lines of memorial practices that projected the Habsburg dynasty as the source of unity of the empire and its peoples. Finally, I consider the Viennese reception ofErnaniin the broader context of its Italian dissemination, suggesting how fluctuating political readings of the opera depended upon (rather than undermining) multidirectional cultural exchanges.

Vicente Blasco Ibanez and the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: The Civil War of Europeans as a Cultural War

The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, a novel about the Great War, was written in 1916 by the Spanish author Vicente Blasco Ibáñez. Ibáñez was a liberal intellectual and opponent to German militarism and the House of Austria, which had been intolerant and retrograde during its rule of Spain in the seventeenth century. This study explores the imperialist, militarist and cultural tensions of the war through Ibáñez’s novel. The formation of blocks of alliances and the capture of rich territories, according to Lenin, translated into the juxtaposition of the German Reich—represented historically by old Germania and the current German Empire fighting for European supremacy—with the Latinity of Ancient Rome and the contemporary French Republic. This cultural and ideological struggle is reflected in the novel’s characters and dialogue. Ibáñez suggests that the 1914 confrontation arose from the Franco-Prussian war of 1870. In the novel, the conflict is typified in two opposing novelistic characters, a German and a Frenchman, who immigrate to Argentina to escape war and poverty. Both return to their countries of origin rich and related to each other, having married the daughters of a rich landlord, Madariaga, although his sons have become cousins and nephews and they face each other from opposite sides of the battlefield. World War I is an irresistible force the magnitude of which draws together all the characters, Ibáñez was absorbed in narrating the first year of the war, when France suffered bitter defeats, and writing about this ongoing event led to his success in the USA, where he maintained the appreciation of the public by quickly creating a film version of the novel.

Mapa józefińska Galicji (1779–1783) w przededniu edycji. Przedmiot i założenia programu wydawniczego

As a result of the first partition of Poland (1772) Austria occupied two big districts, namely the southern part of Lesser Poland and Red Ruthenia. Th e newly incorporated crownland, called the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, was mapped within Josephine survey already a few years after annexation. The name of Josephine survey (or the first military survey) refers to a series of topographic maps made in the years 1763–1787, which covered the successive territories under the rule of the Habsburg dynasty (fi g. 1). In the case of the map of Galicia, the same principles were adopted as those for the whole Josephine survey. Th e map was prepared in a 1:28 800 scale model on the basis of field measurements but also using the „a la vue” method, with a plane table and other instruments. Th e Josephine map of Galicia, initially made secret due to its military importance, was never published and remains in a manuscript till now, kept in the War Archives in Vienna. It consists of 413 sheets in the format of 24 × 16 inches (63.2 × 42.1 cm) and additional sheets of varying formats. Its total surface is about 115 m2. Two sets of hand-written copies (fi g. 3) have been preserved besides the original (an example in fi g. 2). Th e map is accompanied by six bulky volumes including descriptions of the mapped area (one of the sheets is presented in fi g. 4). Due to the value of the map as a source and its usefulness for historical as well as geographical studies and studies conducted within other disciplines, postulates were put forward for this relic to be made available in print. Those intentions were made specific in 2008, when work was begun on preparing a full edition of Galicia’s map which would include both the cartographic material and the text (topographic descriptions). Four editorial groups are concerned with this and they are headed by Waldemar Bukowski (Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow), Zdzislaw Noga (Institute of History, Pedagogical University of Cracow), Andrzej Janeczek (Institute of Archeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw) and Zdzislaw Budzynski (Institute of History of the University of Rzeszow). Th e material was divided into fifteen volumes of a similar size (fi g. 5). Each volume will be composed of two volumes. One will include facsimiles of the sheets of the map, from 20 to 46. Th e other volume will contain texts of descriptions in German with a parallel translation into Polish, commentaries to the descriptions, an inventory of names included in the map, a joint index of maps and descriptions and, finally, explanations to the symbols and the map captions. Further plans provide for a digital version on the basis of the prepared material of the printed version.

Obstacles on the Path to Urban Greatness: Competing Plans for the Creation of Greater Lviv (“Wielki Lwów”)

Like in many other provinces, during the Habsburg period, the main point of orientation for Galicia was Vienna. This also applies to architecture and urban development. Galicia’s technical elite applied the theoretical and practical experience it gathered in Vienna to the towns and cities of this northeastern Crown land. Ignacy Drexler, born in 1878 in the Austro-Hungarian Lemberg, was a representative of a new generation of engineers and architects who did not necessarily have to spend time in the imperial capital to earn their spurs. Increasingly, besides the more or less obligatory stay in Vienna, other European countries became points of reference. Drexler did not live to see the realization of important aspects of his comprehensive plan for the city, but his ideas and the data he compiled were indispensable for the future development of his hometown. They shape urban planning in Lviv to this day.

Wittelsbachs, Habsburgs, and Hohenzollerns: Gender, Kinship, and Confession in the Funeral Literature for Susanna of Bavaria

Wittelsbachs, Habsburgs, and Hohenzollerns: Gender, Kinship, and Confession in the Funeral Literature for Susanna of Bavaria

Deak, John Forging a Multinational State: State Making in Imperial Austria from the Enlightenment to the First World War (review)

REVIEWS 361 issues raised throughout the rest of the book had been resolved by the early nineteenth century, which forms the basis of chapter eight. While the grain supply of St Petersburg was firmly established by means of the extensive system of inland waterways, Russia’s territorial expansion in the Black Sea region led to the foundation and extensive development of Odessa as a port, which became a key outlet for southern Russia’s surplus grain for the rest of the nineteenth century. Thus, while the middle Volga region was firmly linked to the supply of grain to Russia’s northern cities and poorer regions, the lower Volga was oriented toward the Black Sea and its potential for export markets. Overall, while Jones refers to the book’s ‘old-fashioned’ focus on certain subjects — ‘money, economics, and geography’ (p. 5) — in terms of the scholarship on the US, Britain or France, his work reflects the contemporary concerns of historians of imperial Russia in seeking to re-examine or further explore these subjects with the benefit of archival accessibility and the (relative) absence of ideological vested interests. This book provides a thorough and insightful journey through a complex set of issues, whether connected specifically with St Petersburg or more broadly with the socio-economic context of eighteenth-century Russia. The author and the publisher are to be commended for the production of an attractive volume. The presentation of supporting material, in both tabular and cartographic form, is handled in a clear and useful manner, situated in close proximity to the relevant discussion in the text. Monographs such as this reflect the merits of a project that is allowed to develop over time, with wide-ranging goals and carefully considered, thorough archival research. It should prove stimulating for future generations of scholars (whether of Russia or other states) who seek to better understand the relationship between state, commerce and society in the formative, premodern period. Department of International History P. R. Keenan London School of Economics and Political Science Deak, John. Forging a Multinational State: State Making in Imperial Austria from the Enlightenment to the First World War. Stanford Studies on Central and Eastern Europe. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 2015. xiii + 355 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Index. $65.00. In his classic 1929 study on the dissolution of the Habsburg monarchy, the liberal Hungarian statesmen Oscar Jászi, then a tenured professor at Oberlin College in Ohio, weighed the strength of cohesive ‘centripetal forces’ against destructive ‘centrifugal’ ones. Among the centripetal forces that held the SEER, 95, 2, APRIL 2017 362 sprawling and diverse central European polity together were the Habsburg dynasty itself, the army, the Catholic Church, socialism and the bureaucracy. These ‘pillars of internationalism’ were eventually corroded by the centrifugal forces, exclusivist nationalism above all. John Deak has written a thoughtprovoking and ambitious study of the least glamorous of these pillars — the bureaucracy. He sheds bright light on the inner workings of a complex and evolving system of administration that many commentators have found as turbid and impenetrable as the inner recesses of Kafka’s Castle. Presenting his findings in compendious and readable form is an accomplishment in itself. But his main task is to revise the still common understanding of the Habsburg monarchy as a polity in inexorable decline from 1848, if not from the end of the eighteenth century, to its collapse in 1918 — a view that Jászi too represented. Instead, the reader encounters a spirited defence of Imperial Austria’s (not Hungary’s after 1867) ‘state-making’ project, a creative and dynamic process that only ended in the summer of 1914. The bureaucrats themselves were the motor of this process. While Empress Maria Theresa had taken the first steps toward administrative rationalization in the mid-eighteenth century, it was under her son Joseph II that the modern civil service emerged as a corps of enlightened, impartial administrators whose highest loyalty was to the unitary post-feudal state. Neglected by the fearful Francis I and the epileptic Ferdinand I, the civil service nonetheless continued to evolve separately from the crown and survived as a reserve of enlightenment ideas until 1848, when it allied with liberals against the...

Otázka obsazování uprázdněných kanonikátů olomoucké kapituly v době episkopátu arcibiskupa Antonína Cyrila Stojana

As of the late eighteenth century, free canons were occupied in the even months by the Chapter and in the odd months by the Emperor. The Emperor also occupied so‑called Royal canons (stricte regius). A noble status was a condition for applicants to the canon in the Chapter Statutes as well. After extensive effort, a decision was made that the Emperor might designate a non-noble priest to the canons (1880). After the end of the monarchy, the Olomouc Chapter sought to obtain the right to designate all the canons. This was in conflict, however, with the provisions of the newly issued Code of Canon Law (1917). The Czechoslovak government claimed that it had assumed the privileges of the House of Habsburg including the filling of ecclesiastical benefices. This was rejected by the Holy See. The government and the chapter surrendered their requirements only for this case (1922) and the Archbishop could accept the appointment of new canons to add to the chapter. He did not succeed in resolving the issue of the appointments, but the noble origin ceased to be required for the applicants of canons.

Darin Hayton. The Crown and the Cosmos: Astrology and the Politics of Maximilian I. xiii + 312 pp., figs., bibl., index. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2015. $45 (cloth).

Darin Hayton. The Crown and the Cosmos: Astrology and the Politics of Maximilian I. xiii + 312 pp., figs., bibl., index. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2015. $45 (cloth).

Mark Cornwall and John Paul Newman, editors. Sacrifice and Rebirth: The Legacy of the Last Habsburg War.

Mark Cornwall and John Paul Newman, editors. Sacrifice and Rebirth: The Legacy of the Last Habsburg War.

Mecenat muzyczny Habsburgów na jezuickim Śląsku

In the process of dissemination in Europe of the new, early-seventeenth-century Italianate style in music, an important role was played by the House of Habsburg. Its historic and cultural significance was increased by close contacts of the members of this family, ruling in many lands on our continent, with the Society of Jesus, one of the most important religious circles in this period. Long-term relationships between the secular authorities and the spiritual elites of the post-Tridentine era created a kind of social symbiosis of the highest importance for a proper understanding of the early modern culture. This phenomenon can easily be observed in areas of confessional and political confrontation, such as Silesia, which was the subject of both secular and religious reconquest. One of the weapons in this cultural war was the music performed by the students of the Jesuit boarding schools in this region and financed by the foundations established by the Habsburgs: by the successive emperors and their children, who played important political functions in the area. Both sides of this relationship regarded music as a language of social representation and a medium for the reconstructed identity of the local communities on various levels: parishes, cities, duchies, countries, the Empire and the university. The repeated efforts at music patronage, stimulated by the House of Habsburg and undertaken in the Jesuit circles, were not limited to their residences and churches. The new soundscape of this culture quickly gained dominance in the city councils, schools, streets and squares. The music performed in this context was to be first of all very pragmatic and answer the current needs, which was not favourable to its later preservation. Aware of the musical taste of Habsburg family members, one should not, however, underestimate its artistic value. The archival records that correspond to the preserved music sources from this environment seem to confirm the above claims.to its later preservation. Aware of the musical taste of Habsburg family members, one should not,

Fashion, Nationalism, and Austro-Hungarian Images of Paris during the long nineteenth century

Patriotic anxieties about the hegemony of Parisian fashions provoked a nationalist reaction in the Habsburg Empire, as elsewhere. At first, Habsburg patriots rejected everchanging fashions and promoted instead a static national costume. As the fashion and textile industries progressed, however, patriots took increasing interest in creating national fashions, and thus in promoting their own capital as a rival to the French metropolis. In the multi-national Habsburg Empire, different national groups took a different attitude toward Vienna. Austrian Germans promoted Vienna as a rival to Paris. Czechs feared and attacked Viennese dominance, much as Austrian Germans attacked Paris. Hungarians, meanwhile, focused on promoting Budapest.

Nobili francmasoni in Banatul imperial / Contribution at fremasonry history from Banat. Fremason nobil in Imperial Banat

Far from having exhausted specific analysis, the formation and evolution of the Masonic phenomenon in the world elite Banat was studied insufficiently for a long time. Thus topic requires extensive archival research that can objectively enclose the Banat image at the border of the House of Austria. The reach of Freemasonry in Transylvania and Banat in the mid-eighteenth century is due to the establishment of the first lodges in Prussia, the Habsburg Empire, and the spread of the Enlightenment current. While the German Enlightenment militated for the mass culturalization, considering that only by culture a better economic situation could be achieved, in Austria instead, enlightenment became a philosophical conception in full agreement with the state policy, so we speak of an “enlightened absolutism “!The most important aspect noted during this period is the big number of members of the aristocracy, the couselors of the Vienna Court, the nobility of the empire, the military men of the imperial army, and its officials. There was also the “Yes,” which was their involvement in political decisions, besides the role of “culturalization” and “bringing Light among men”. The initiatic transmissibility for the symbols of Rosicrucian manuscript evidently played a key role in the transmission of the current into Banat and takes place through the mysterious editor J. F. v. T., with the printing of the first esoteric book of the initiating societies on the territory of Romania, in Timisoara in 1771.The heraldic study of the blazon (coat of arms) consists of the art of interpreting and clarifying the symbols, to complement the genealogical data in reconstructing the history of the noble families. In the case of those ennobled after the Masonry affiliation, obvious correlations will be noted between the significance of the composition of the coat and the motives for which it was given the ennoblement and discrete incorporations of the symbols specific to the initiating societies.