Habitual Coffee Consumption Research Articles

Analisis Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kejadian Hipertensi pada Lansia di Desa Bambu

Hypertension has become a major issue not only in Indonesia but also globally, as it is one of the risk factors for non-communicable diseases such as kidney failure, diabetes, stroke, and heart disease. Hypertension particularly affects the elderly, whose bodies become weaker due to a compromised immune system, making them more susceptible to diseases, environmental changes, loss of agility and mobility, and physiological changes. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors influencing the occurrence of hypertension among the elderly in Bambu Village. The research employs a quantitative method with a descriptive correlational approach and a cross-sectional design. A total of 65 respondents were sampled using area sampling techniques. The Chi-square statistical test was used to determine the p-value. The instruments used in this study included a closed-question questionnaire and a needle-based blood pressure monitor (aneroid) with the OneMed brand. The results showed that poor physical activity was observed in 44 respondents (67.7%) with a p-value of 0.037, non-smoking behavior was found in 59 respondents (90.8%) with a p-value of 0.379, good dietary patterns were identified in 61 respondents (93.8%) with a p-value of 0.305, and good coffee consumption habits were noted in 49 respondents (75.4%) with a p-value of 0.383. Additionally, mild hypertension was found in the majority, affecting 27 respondents (41.5%). There is a significant relationship between physical activity and the occurrence of hypertension among the elderly in Bambu Village. Interventions for the elderly and health education on the importance of blood pressure control and healthy lifestyles are necessary.

The Relationship Between Coffee Consumption Habits and Screen Time with The Incidence of Obesity Students Senior High School 2 Jambi City in 2024

The Relationship Between Coffee Consumption Habits and Screen Time with The Incidence of Obesity Students Senior High School 2 Jambi City in 2024

Habitual coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the PAMELA hypertensive population

Background and aimsEvidence has been provided that in the normotensive population chronic coffee consumption does not adversely affect cardiovascular and total mortality. Whether and to what extent this is the case also in high risk cardiovascular patients such as those with elevated blood pressure (BP) is largely debated. Methods and resultsWe analyzed data collected in 943 hypertensive patients belonging to the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate E Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study, which were classified as coffee consumers and non-consumers (self report). Cardiovascular and total mortality were evaluated at the 25 year follow-up taking into account a number of variables including office and 24-h ambulatory BP. When data were analyzed as unadjusted values no significant difference in hazard ratios for cardiovascular and total mortality was detected in coffee consumers and non-consumers considering office (0.85 and 0.83 respectively, PNS) or 24-h (1.08 vs 0.80 respectively, PNS) BP. This was the case also when the data were adjusted for confounders (age, sex, BP, lipid profile, plasma glucose and cholesterol levels, renal function, previous cardiovascular events) or when analyzed according to presence or absence of antihypertensive treatment. ConclusionsThus in mild-to-moderate hypertensive patients chronic coffee consumption does not exert deleterious long-term effects on cardiovascular and total mortality. This is the case in both genders and in treated and untreated hypertensive patients.

Habitual Coffee, Tea, and Caffeine Consumption, Circulating Metabolites, and the Risk of Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity.

Cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CM) is an increasing public health concern. Previous observational studies have suggested inverse associations between coffee, tea, and caffeine intake and risks of individual cardiometabolic diseases; however, their associations with CM and related biological markers are unknown. This prospective study involved 172 315 (for caffeine analysis) and 188 091 (tea and coffee analysis) participants free of any cardiometabolic diseases at baseline from the UK Biobank; 168 metabolites were measured among 88 204 and 96 393 participants. CM was defined as the coexistence of at least 2 of the following conditions: type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and stroke. Nonlinear inverse associations of coffee, tea, and caffeine intake with the risk of new-onset CM were observed. Compared with nonconsumers or consumers of less than 100 mg caffeine per day, consumers of moderate amount of coffee (3 drinks/d) or caffeine (200-300 mg/d) had the lowest risk for new-onset CM, with respective hazard ratios (95% CIs) of 0.519 (0.417-0.647) and 0.593 (0.499-0.704). Multistate models revealed that moderate coffee or caffeine intake was inversely associated with risks of almost all developmental stages of CM, including transitions from a disease-free state to single cardiometabolic diseases and subsequently to CM. A total of 80 to 97 metabolites, such as lipid components within very low-density lipoprotein, histidine, and glycoprotein acetyls, were identified to be associated with both coffee, tea, or caffeine intake and incident CM. Habitual coffee or caffeine intake, especially at a moderate level, was associated with a lower risk of new-onset CM and could play important roles in almost all transition phases of CM development. Future studies are warranted to validate the implicated metabolic biomarkers underlying the relation between coffee, tea, and caffeine intake and CM.

No significant difference in salivary cortisol response on the Trier Social Stress Test-Online based on coffee consumption habits

BackgroundCoffee is widely consumed around the world. In Japan, it is a type of “Shikohin” (consumed for flavor, not nutrition). Several medical studies have reported the beneficial effects of coffee consumption, whereas others suggest that these beneficial effects on psychological aspects are marginal. The habit of consuming large amounts of caffeine through coffee may improve short-term resilience in stressful situations and may exhaust individuals in the long term. We hypothesized that people who habitually drink high amounts of coffee would have lower resilience scores and higher acute stress responses.MethodsAdult Japanese men completed a questionnaire that included a resilience scale and Shikohin consumption habits. Experimental participants were recruited from the survey respondents and classified into three groups based on their coffee consumption per day: No Coffee, Low Coffee, and High Coffee. All participants were asked to join the Trier Social Stress Test-Online (TSST-OL). Subjective stress and salivary cortisol concentrations was measured at eight time points during the experiment. There were 16 participants in each group for the analysis (mean age = 46.10 years, SD = 12.58).ResultsStatistical analysis showed that both subjective stress and salivary cortisol concentrations significantly increased following TSST-OL exposure. However, there were no significant differences among the groups, and the hypotheses were not supported.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated the effectiveness and stability of the TSST-OL. Additionally, coffee consumption habits were not significantly related to resilience scale scores or acute stress responses.

KEBIASAAN KONSUMSI KOPI DAN TINGKAT KECUKUPAN ZAT BESI DENGAN ANEMIA PADA REMAJA PUTRI

Anemia is a nutritional deficiency problem that is prone to be experienced by adolescent girls. Anemia can be influenced by iron intake from food sources and other factors such as coffee consumption habits. The aim of this research was to analyze the relationship between coffee consumption habits and iron sufficiency levels with anemia in adolescent girls at SMAN 1 Manyar Gresik. The research method used was observational with a cross-sectional design. The total population consisted of 487 female students from grades X and XI at SMAN 1 Manyar Gresik. The sample size was 78 individuals selected using proportional random sampling technique. Data on iron sufficiency levels and coffee consumption habits were obtained from filling out the SQ-FFQ questionnaire. Respondents' anemia status data were obtained by measuring hemoglobin levels using a hemoglobinometer (easy touch). Data analysis was conducted using the Chi-square test. This study showed that 23% of respondents had anemia and the results of statistical tests indicated that there was a relationship between the time of coffee consumption (p= 0.005) and the level of iron intake (p=0.003) with anemia. The research concluded that sufficient iron intake and consumption of coffee more than 2 hours before/after meals will reduce the risk of anemia. Therefore, respondents are advised to pay attention to the timing of coffee consumption to avoid inhibiting iron absorption.

Excessive caffeine use and its consequence on mental illness: a cross-sectional study in Indonesia

Abstract Coffee is one of the most popular beverages globally. People often drink coffee for its caffeine content and its stimulating effects. However, excessive coffee consumption, like any other dietary or behavioral excess, can negatively affect physical and mental health. This study investigates the association between excessive coffee use and mental problems. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 392 respondents in Aceh, Indonesia. Excessive coffee use was measured using a questionnaire, while mental illness was screened using DASS-21. Other sociodemographic variables were also examined and treated as possible predictors. The prevalence of excessive coffee use (>400 mg per day) was 15.6%. The prevalence of depression was 23.2%, anxiety was 40.8%, and stress was 12.8%. The amount of caffeine consumption was correlated with depression (rs = 0.11, p = 0.01), anxiety (rs = 0.13, p = 0.001), and stress (rs = 0.14, p = 0.001), indicating that as the amount of coffee consumption increased, the score of mental problem also increased. The study established a noteworthy correlation between caffeine intake and mental health, suggesting that as coffee consumption increased, so did the scores for depression, anxiety, and stress. These findings underscore the importance of considering coffee consumption habits and their potential impact on mental well-being in clinical and public health contexts.

Habitual coffee and tea consumption and risk of cataract: A prospective cohort study from the UK Biobank

BackgroundTo study the association of habitual coffee and tea consumption with the risk of cataract. MethodsThis prospective cohort study enrolled UK Biobank participants between 2006 and 2010, and prospectively followed them up for cataract diagnosis. We examined the associations of self-reported intake of tea and coffee and the calculated combined caffeine intake, with the risk of incident cataract. Cox proportional hazards models were analyzed after adjusting for age, sex, race, diabetes, Townsend Index, income, education, smoking and alcohol status. ResultsA total of 444,787 UK Biobank participants aged from 37 to 73 years old who had no cataract at baseline were included. Coffee intake of 2 - 3 cups/day (HR 0.973, 95% CI 0.949–0.998) or tea intake of 4 - 6 cups/day (HR 0.962, 95% CI 0.934–0.990) or combination caffeine intake of 160.0 - 235.0 mg/day (HR 0.950, 95% CI 0.925–0.976) were linked with the lowest risk of incident cataract. Cox models with restricted cubic splines showed J-shaped associations of coffee, tea, and combined caffeine intake with the risk of cataract (all p for nonlinear <0.001). ConclusionsModerate habitual consumption of coffee and tea is associated with a lower risk of cataract. To maximize the protective effect against cataract, it is advisable to control total caffeine intake from coffee and tea within a range of 160.0 - 235.0 mg/day.

Coffee consumption was associated with a lower prevalence of airflow limitation in postmenopausal women

BackgroundSeveral studies have suggested a potential correlation between menopause and airflow limitation. However, the presence of protective factors in postmenopausal women remains uncertain. Therefore, our study seeks to examine potential protective factors associated with a reduced prevalence of airflow limitation among postmenopausal women. MethodsPostmenopausal women were recruited from the Taiwan Biobank for this cross-sectional study. Airflow limitation was defined by a forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio <0.7. The participants were categorized into two groups: non-coffee drinkers and coffee drinkers, and the association between coffee consumption and airflow limitation was examined using binary logistic regression models. ResultsA total of 8149 women with available information were enrolled. Compared to the non-coffee drinkers, the coffee drinkers had a significantly lower prevalence of airflow limitation (7% vs. 5%). The odds ratio (OR) for airflow limitation was lower in the coffee drinkers than in the non-coffee drinkers (OR = 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.63 to 0.94) after adjusting for confounding factors. We also examined the association between daily coffee consumption in cups and airflow limitation. The women who consumed ≥2 cups of coffee per day had an OR of 0.74 (95% CI = 0.59 to 0.94) compared to those who did not consume coffee. ConclusionsOur results suggest that habitual coffee consumption is associated with a reduction in the prevalence of airflow limitation in postmenopausal women, warranting further prospective studies to explore possible causal effects and mechanisms.

Habitual coffee consumption and office, home, and ambulatory blood pressure: results of a 10-year prospective study.

Heterogeneous are the results of the published studies aimed at determining the long-term effects of habitual coffee consumption on blood pressure (BP). Specifically, no data are available on the longitudinal association between habitual coffee consumption and office, home and 24 h BP profile and variability. In 1408 subjects recruited in the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate E Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study, followed for a 10 year follow-up period and classified as coffee consumers and nonconsumers (self-reporting), we prospectically investigated the association between habitual coffee consumption and office, home and 24-h ambulatory BP; 24-h BP variability; and development of a new hypertensive state. Data were also analysed according to gender. When data were adjusted for confounders habitual coffee nonconsumers and consumers displayed similar long-term BP changes during the follow-up in office, home, and ambulatory BP. No difference was found between heavy and moderate coffee consumers. Furthermore, also new-onset hypertension and patterns of BP variability were superimposable in coffee nonconsumers and consumers, independently on confounders including gender, number, and characteristics of the antihypertensive drug treatment. The present study, which is the first longitudinal investigation never performed examining in a prospective fashion the long-term (10 year) effects of coffee consumption on office, home, and ambulatory BP, provides conclusive evidence that habitual coffee consumption is associated with neutral effects on in-office and out-of-office BP values and related variabilities. This is the also the case for the new-onset hypertensive state.

Interaction between Habitual Green Tea and Coffee Consumption and ACTN3 Genotype in Association with Skeletal Muscle Mass and Strength in Middle-Aged and Older Adults

BackgroundRecent studies have suggested the potential benefits of habitual coffee and green tea consumption on skeletal muscle health. However, it remains unclear whether these benefits are modified by genetic factors, particularly the alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3) genotype, which is associated with the skeletal muscle phenotype. This study aimed to investigate the interaction between habitual coffee or green tea consumption and the ACTN3 genotype in association with skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and strength.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,023 Japanese middle-aged and older adults (619 females, aged 45–74 years) living in the community. SMM was gauged using a bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy device, and handgrip strength (HGS) was used to measure muscle strength. The ACTN3 genotype (RR, RX, and XX) was determined from blood samples. Sex-specific linear regression models were used to analyze the interactions between coffee or green tea consumption and the ACTN3 genotype in association with SMM and HGS.ResultsIn females, a significant interaction was observed between green tea consumption and the ACTN3 genotype in association with HGS (P interaction < 0.05). Furthermore, stratified analysis revealed a positive association between green tea consumption and HGS, specifically in females with the ACTN3 XX genotype (P trend < 0.05). In males, no significant interactions were observed between coffee or green tea consumption and the ACTN3 genotype in association with SMM or HGS (P interaction > 0.05).ConclusionOur findings suggest that the skeletal muscle strength benefits associated with habitual green tea consumption may be contingent upon sex and the ACTN3 genotype.

Acute Effects of Coffee Consumption on Blood Pressure and Endothelial Function in Individuals with Hypertension on Antihypertensive Drug Treatment: A Randomized Crossover Trial.

Coffee is a complex brew that contains several bioactive compounds and some of them can influence blood pressure (BP) and endothelial function (EF), such as caffeine and chlorogenic acids (CGAs). This study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of coffee on BP and EF in individuals with hypertension on drug treatment who were habitual coffee consumers. This randomized crossover trial assigned 16 adults with hypertension to receive three test beverages one week apart: caffeinated coffee (CC; 135mg caffeine, 61mg CGAs), decaffeinated coffee (DC; 5mg caffeine, 68mg CGAs), and water. BP was continuously evaluated from 15min before to 90min after test beverages by digital photoplethysmography. Reactive hyperemia index (RHI) assessed by peripheral arterial tonometry evaluated EF before and at 90min after test beverages. At the same time points, microvascular reactivity was assessed by laser speckle contrast imaging. Repeated-measures-ANOVA evaluated the effect of time, the effect of beverage, and the interaction between time and beverage (treatment effect). Although the intake of CC produced a significant increase in BP and a significant decrease in RHI, these changes were also observed after the intake of DC and were not significantly different from the modifications observed after the consumption of DC and water. Microvascular reactivity did not present significant changes after the 3 beverages. CC in comparison with DC and water neither promoted an acute increase in BP nor produced an improvement or deleterious effect on EF in individuals with hypertension on drug treatment who were coffee consumers.

Effects of coffee consumption on salivary cortisol and alpha amylase in young adults

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of coffee consumption on salivary cortisol (sCort) and alpha amylase (sAA) in young adults. Sixty healthy university students, habitual coffee consumers, participated in this descriptive observational study. Participants were divided into three groups: G1 low consumption (≤ 2 cups of coffee per day, n = 20), G2 moderate consumption (2-5 cups of coffee per day, n = 20), and G3 high consumption (>5 cups of coffee per day, n = 20). Saliva self-collection was in the morning (6:30-7:30 AM) and at night (08:00-09:00 PM). sCort was analyzed using chemiluminescence and sAA activity by kinetic method. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using Student's t-test and analysis of variance. The sample consisted of 30 women and 30 men, aged between 20 and 35 years. In all groups, sCort values were higher in the morning (AM 0,29 ± 0,19 vs. PM 0,09 ± 0,05 µg/dl, p < 0.0001). In contrast, sAA levels were higher in the night (PM 160,16 ± 60,42 vs. AM 32,79 ± 12,98 U/ml, p < 0.0001). No significant differences were detected, in the contents of Corts and AAs, between the groups. : Coffee consumption, in non-stressful conditions, did not alter levels and patterns of sCort and sAA in young adults.

Habitual coffee drinking and the chance of prediabetes remission: findings from a population with low coffee consumption.

We aimed to investigate the association between coffee drinking and total caffeine intakes with the chance of prediabetes (Pre-DM) regression and progression over 9-years of follow-up. This cohort study included 334 Pre-DM individuals (mean age of 49.4 ± 12.8 years and 51.5% men) who participated in the third phase of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2006-2008). A validated food frequency questionnaire at baseline assessed habitual coffee consumption. All measurements were done at baseline and all subsequent examinations with 3-year follow-up intervals. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of Pre-DM regression to normal glycemia or progression to type 2 diabetes (T2D) in coffee drinkers/non-drinkers were estimated using multinomial logistic regression analysis. During the study follow-up 39.8% of the study participants were progressed to T2D and 39.8% returned to normal glycemia. Coffee consumption nearly doubled the chance of returning to normal (OR = 2.26, 95% CI = 1.03-4.97). Total caffeine intake was not related to Pre-DM progression and regression. Compared to non-drinkers, coffee drinkers had significantly lower 2-hour serum glucose concentrations over time (152, 95% CI = 144-159 vs. 162, 95% CI = 155-169mg/dL, P = 0.05). Habitual coffee drinking may increase the chance of returning to normal glycemia in Pre-DM subjects.

Behavioral and psychological aspects of coffee consumption.

The chapter "Behavioral and Psychological Aspects of Coffee Consumption" delves into the complex interplay between coffee drinking and cognitive functions, human behavior, and health-related effects. It starts by looking at coffee's physiological impacts, such as how it affects the body's neurotransmitter systems, metabolism, cardiovascular health, liver health, mental health, and bone health. The larger framework of behavioral and psychological variables impacting patterns of coffee drinking provides further context for these effects. The chapter explores a range of behavior change interventions designed to encourage moderate coffee use. It also covers the role that technology, customized methods, and environmental alterations might play in supporting healthier choices. The statement underscores the significance of attending to the requirements of heterogeneous populations, surmounting obstacles to behavior modification, and guaranteeing the enduring viability of intervention results. The chapter also outlines new directions in neuroscience and behavioral science research, including developments in neuroimaging methods and the application of digital health technology to the delivery of interventions. Additionally, it emphasizes how coffee use affects public health and policy, arguing in favor of evidence-based guidelines and treatments that encourage sensible coffee consumption habits and enhance population health outcomes. Ultimately, the chapter offers a thorough summary of the behavioral and psychological effects of coffee drinking, highlighting the significance of multidisciplinary studies and cooperative efforts to deepen our comprehension of this intricate phenomenon.

Coffee consumption affects kidney function based on GCKR polymorphism in a Korean population

Kidney function can be preserved through pharmacological interventions and nonpharmacological strategies, such as lifestyle and dietary adjustments. Among these, coffee has been linked to protective effects on kidney function. However, few studies have investigated the effect of coffee consumption on kidney function according to specific genes. We hypothesized that the impact of coffee consumption on kidney function might vary depending on GCKR polymorphism. GCKR rs1260326 polymorphism was examined using the Korean genome and epidemiology data from 656 chronic kidney disease (CKD) cases and 38,540 individuals without CKD (non-CKD). GCKR polymorphism has been previously associated with both coffee consumption and kidney function in Europeans. We replicated the associations between GCKR rs1260326 and coffee consumption and kidney function in Korean individuals. We also explored the effect of coffee consumption on kidney function by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Individuals with the rs1260326 (TC/CC) genotype did not experience significant changes in CKD risk based on their coffee consumption habits. In contrast, individuals with the TT genotype exhibited a significantly lower risk of CKD based on coffee consumption. Interestingly, in the non-CKD group, a beneficial effect on estimated glomerular filtration rate was observed in individuals with the T allele as coffee consumption increased. Our findings supported the hypothesis and revealed that the impact of coffee consumption habits on kidney function may vary based on the GCKR rs1260326 genotype of Korean individuals.

Habitual coffee consumption and risk of dementia in older persons: modulation by CYP1A2 polymorphism.

Higher coffee consumption has been associated with reduced dementia risk, yet with inconsistencies across studies. CYP1A2 polymorphisms, which affects caffeine metabolism, may modulate the association between coffee and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We included 5964 participants of the Three-City Study (mean age 74 years-old), free of dementia at baseline when they reported their daily coffee consumption, with available genome-wide genotyping and followed for dementia over a median of 9.0 (range 0.8-18.7) years. In Cox proportional-hazards models, the relationship between coffee consumption and dementia risk was modified by CYP1A2 polymorphism at rs762551 (p for interaction = 0.034). In multivariable-adjusted models, coffee intake was linearly associated with a decreased risk of dementia among carriers of the C allele only ("slower caffeine metabolizers"; HR for 1-cup increased [95% CI] 0.90 [0.83-0.97]), while in non-carriers ("faster caffeine metabolizers"), there was no significant association but a J-shaped trend toward a decrease in dementia risk up to 3 cups/day and increased risk beyond. Thus, compared to null intake, drinking ≥ 4 cups of coffee daily was associated with a reduced dementia risk in slower but not faster metabolizers (HR [95% CI] for ≥ 4 vs. 0 cup/day = 0.45 [0.25-0.80] and 1.32 [0.89-1.96], respectively). Results were similar when studying AD and another CYP1A2 candidate polymorphism (rs2472304), but no interaction was found with CYP1A2 rs2472297 or rs2470893. In this cohort, a linear association of coffee intake to lower dementia risk was apparent only among carriers of CYP1A2 polymorphisms predisposing to slower caffeine metabolism.

Cultural Exchange and Resilience: Shaping Coffee Consumption in Saudi Arabia's Coffee Shops

The impact of cultural variety on coffee consumption habits in Saudi Arabia is investigated in this study, which focuses on coffee shops in Riyadh, Jeddah and Eastern Province. The study wants to know how cultural influences impact coffee culture and what it means for company resilience; provides insights for coffee shop owners to navigate the shifting market climate while promoting cultural interaction and appreciation by examining the relationship between cultural diversity, coffee consumption, and resilience. The research employs a qualitative case study technique, with in-depth interviews with coffee shop owners, employees, and customers, as well as observation of coffee shop settings. The collected data will be evaluated thematically to uncover patterns and insights; considered ethical factors to improve awareness of cultural influences in the coffee business and foster cultural interchange.&#x0D; The findings show that cultural variety has substantially enriched Saudi Arabia's coffee culture, leading to the emergence of inclusive coffee shops that cater to a wide range of tastes and preferences. The presence of people from different countries has allowed product innovation, cross-cultural collaboration, and information sharing in the coffee industry. Inclusive coffee shops also contribute to social cohesion by providing areas for cultural appreciation and understanding. The study emphasizes the significance of cultural variety in shaping coffee consumption patterns and building company resilience. Coffee shop owners and stakeholders can use these findings to develop inclusive coffee cultures that highlight the richness of Saudi society; contributing to the field of cultural studies by underlining the importance of cultural diversity in determining consumption patterns, increasing social cohesion, and enhancing corporate resilience in the coffee value chain.

Coffee consumption habits with the addition of added ingredients correlated with obesity among females students in Semarang

Chemical compounds found in coffee are good for health, but most Indonesians often consume coffee with added ingredients, such as sugar and milk. Thus, it will potentially increase the risk of obesity. This study aimed to analyze coffee consumption habits with added ingredients and their correlation with the incidence of obesity among female students in Semarang. The research design was cross-sectional, with 77 female students randomly selected. This study was conducted from March to April 2021 in Semarang. All data collection process was conducted online. Data on coffee consumption habits, the kind of added ingredients, and the number of allowances were obtained through questionnaires. Furthermore, the food intake data were obtained from the Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ), physical activity data from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF), and anthropometric data through self-anthropometric measurement guided by the researcher. Data were analyzed by the Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression test at a 95% CI. There was a relationship between coffee consumption habits and obesity according to the body mass index (p= 0,014), waist circumference (p= 0,001), and waist-hip ratio (p= 0,001). The multivariate analysis showed that the frequent consumption of coffee with added ingredients was correlated with the incidence of abdominal obesity based on waist circumference and waist-hip circumference ratio. It can be concluded that coffee consumption with added ingredients was correlated with the incidence of obesity.

Relationship Between Coffee Consumption Habits and Farmers’ Blood Glucose Levels in Jenggawah Village, Jenggawah Subdistrict, Jember Regency

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder and a major global problem. Coffee contains several bioactive compounds, such as caffeine, chlorogenic acid, trigonelline, cafestol, and kahweol, associated with a reduced risk of type 2 DM. This study aimed to assess the relationship between coffee consumption habits and blood glucose levels of farmers in Jenggawah Village, Jenggawah Subdistrict, Jember Regency. We used a cross-sectional study design. The sample of this study was 137 farmers who were taken by purposive sampling. Assessment of coffee consumption habits was conducted using a questionnaire. At the same time, data on random blood glucose levels were obtained from medical records of the Bakti Sosial Akbar dan Pengobatan Gratis Agromedis activities in Jenggawah Village in June 2022. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskall-Wallis test, and multivariate analysis using linear regression. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in random blood glucose levels between groups based on the variable type of coffee consumed (p=0.212), the level of coffee consumption (p=0.211), and the amount of sugar added to the coffee (p=0.086). However, the linear regression test results showed that the amount of added sugar in coffee had the greatest relationship with blood glucose levels compared to other independent variables (p=0.031). In conclusion, there was no relationship between coffee consumption habits and random blood glucose levels of farmers in Jenggawah Village. Further research is needed to confirm these findings.