H2O Suspensions Research Articles

Synthesis, characterization, hysteretic two-step CO2 adsorption, and fluorescence properties of two isoreticular mixed-ligand pillared-layer frameworks

Two isostructural and isomorphrous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), namely [Zn2(Brtpt)2 (bpBTD)]n (1) and {[Zn2 (ntpt)2 (bpBTD)]∙solvent}n (2), where bpBTD = bis(pyridin-4-yl)benzothiadiazole, H2Brtpt = 2-bromoterephthalic acid, H2ntpt = 2-nitroterephthalic acid, with thermal stability of 355 °C for 1 and 265 °C for 2 were hydro (solvo)thermally synthesized in DMF/H2O media at 100 °C. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that 1 and 2 both possess 2-fold interpenetrating pillared-layer frameworks showing pcu net topology with the point symbol of 41,263. The sufficient extra-framework void spaces are approximately 30.1 % for 1 and 32.0 % for 2 with open channels along the b axis, where the window sizes are ca. 5.51 × 3.15 Å2 in edge for the former and ca. 5.47 × 3.44 Å2 and 3.12 × 3.44 Å2 in edge for the latter. Gas adsorption isotherms revealed that thermally activated 1 and 2 both hardly adsorb N2 with very low N2 uptakes at 77 K. Comparably, the CO2 adsorption isotherms of thermally activated 1 and 2 both revealed gate-opening (two-step) sorption behaviors with an apparent hysteretic adsorption–desorption process, where the maximum uptakes are 135.4 and 171.5 cm3 g−1 STP for 1 and 2, respectively, at 195 K and P/P0 = 1. Photoluminescence studies showed that 1 and 2 both emitted bpBTD-dominated ligand-centered emissions, being as cyan and pearl aqua color fluorescence centered at λem = 467 and 495 nm, respectively, in solid-state and as cyan color fluorescence centered at λem = 455 and 458 nm, respectively, in H2O suspensions.

Zinc(II)-Based Ring-and-Rod Coordination Layer as an Excitation-Wavelength-dependent Dual-Emissive Chemosensor for Discriminating Fe3+, Cr3+, and Al3+ in Water.

The reactions of Zn(NO3)2, 3,6-bis(pyridin-3-yl)-9H-carbazole (bpycz), and 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid (H4dhbdc) or 2-bromoterephthalic acid (Br-1,4-H2bdc) under hydro(solvo)thermal conditions yielded corresponding coordination polymers (CPs) {[Zn(H2dhbdc)(bpycz)]•0.5H2O}n (1) and [Zn(Br-1,4-bdc)(bpycz)]•2DMAc•H2O (2), respectively, with high thermal stability approaching 350 °C. CP 1 adopts a ring-and-rod layer structure, which is topologically described as a 4-connected net with the point symbol of 2•65. Two layers are interpenetrated in parallel interlocking mode to form a double 2D → 2D polyrotaxane entanglement with extra-framework void space of 19.6%. CP 2 has a non-interpenetrating ring-and-rod layer structure of 4-connected 2•65 net topology, with extra-framework void space of 16.6%. Thermally activated 1 and 2 revealed CO2 uptakes of 101.1 and 98.6 cm3 g-1, respectively, at P/P0 = 1 and 195 K. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) patterns confirmed that 1 and 2 both possessed high chemical stability in H2O, CH3OH, acetone, and DMF, and framework stability during gas adsorption-desorption. The H2O suspension of 1 displayed excitation-dependent dual-emissive properties, appearing at 432 nm upon excitation at 300 nm and at 528 nm upon excitation at 365 nm. Of note, 1 was capable of detection of Fe3+, Cr3+, and Al3+ ions in H2O, showing good anti-interference ability, excellent selectivity, and high sensitivity. More interesting, the dual-emissive properties make 1 to be an excellent luminescence chemosensor to screen Fe3+, Cr3+, and Al3+ from a pool of metal ions in H2O upon excitation at 300 nm via luminescence quenching effect and then discriminate Fe3+, Cr3+, and Al3+ upon excitation at 365 nm via luminescence quenching, unaltered, and enhancement responses, respectively. On the other hand, the H2O suspension of 2 demonstrated an excitation-independent emission appearing at around 430 nm, which could be utilized to sensitively detect Fe3+ and Cr3+ ions with good anti-interference ability and excellent selectivity via luminescence quenching effect. Further, 1 and 2 were recyclability and possessed cycling stability. The plausible sensing mechanisms for 1 and 2 toward Fe3+, Cr3+, and Al3+ were also explored in detail.

Sonotriboluminescence of aqueous suspensions of ZnS and Tb(acac)3·H2O crystals

Intense sonotriboluminescence was found under sonication on aqueous suspensions of ZnS and Tb(acac)3·H2O crystals. These materials with intense triboluminescence are basic for many other luminescent applications, but their sonotriboluminescence in aqueous suspensions was still not studied. A broad band with a maximum at 470 nm and a side band at around 540 nm were observed in the sonotriboluminescence spectrum of zinc sulfide suspension. An intense emission of the Tb3+ ion was recorded with maxima at 488, 544, and 585 nm for a suspension of terbium acetylacetonate. These sonotriboluminescence spectra coincide with the photoluminescence spectra of crystals. The sonication on aqueous suspensions leads to fragmentation and increases the active surface, the defects in the crystals involved into the luminescence excitation. It is shown that emission intensity during sonotriboluminescence of Tb(acac)3·H2O suspensions is 400 times higher than that during sonoluminescence of terbium salts aqueous solutions. A possible mechanism for the excitation of sonotriboluminescence of zinc sulfide and terbium acetylacetonate aqueous suspensions is discussed. Obviously, the excitation of emitters under sonication of aqueous suspensions occurs during recombination of charges in crystals electrified upon their high-speed collisions. The sonotriboluminescence can be useful for developing a spectroscopic method qualitatively monitor suspensions.

A thiadiazole-functionalized Zn(II)-based luminescent coordination polymer with seven-fold interweaved herringbone nets showing solvent-responsive fluorescence properties and discriminative detection of ethylenediamine

A benzothiadiazole-functionalized luminescent Zn(II) coordination polymer (CP) {[Zn2(bcpBTD)2(bpBTD)(H2O)2]∙DMF}n (1, H2bcpBTD = bis(4-carboxyphenyl)benzothiadiazole, bpBTD = bis(pyridin-4-yl)benzothiadiazole, DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) has been successfully constructed. Compound 1 has a two-dimensional (2D) 3-connected (6,3) herringbone net, which is interweaved by other six identical nets in a 7-fold 2D + 2D → 2D interweaved manner. XRPD patterns proved that 1 is highly stable in common solvents, including H2O, acetone, CH3CN, CH2Cl2, N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), DMF, CH3OH, and toluene, and in pH 2–11 aqueous solutions for 5 days. Upon irradiation, 1 emitted green light fluorescence in solid-state and solvent-responsive bright fluorescence in suspension-phase varying from pale-blue light in toluene, CH3CN, CH2Cl2, and acetone to blue-cyan light in CH3OH, DMF and DMAc, and to green light in H2O. In addition, the emission intensity of 1 was greatly enhanced in pH 10 and 11 aqueous solutions but much weaker and less sensitive to other pH values (pH = 4–9, 12, and 13). Of particular note, the H2O suspension of 1 is capable of detection of ethylenediamine (en) through a remarkable fluorescence enhancement (turn-on) response, with excellent sensitivity as low as 0.87 μM (corresponding to 0.052 ppm). The discriminative en detection is properly interpreted by the cooperative effects of absorbance caused enhancement (ACE) and the amine basicity.

A Water-Stable 2-Fold Interpenetrating cds Net as a Bifunctional Fluorescence-Responsive Sensor for Selective Detection of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) Ions.

Reactions of ZnSO4∙7H2O, N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,8-naphthalimide (NI-mbpy-34), and 5-bromobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (Br-1,3-H2bdc) afforded a luminescent coordination polymer, [Zn(Br-1,3-bdc)(NI-mbpy-34)]n (1), under hydro(solvo)thermal conditions. Single-crystal X-ray structure analysis revealed that 1 features a three-dimensional (3-D) 2-fold interpenetrating cds (or CdSO4) net topology with the point symbol of (65·8), where the Zn(II) centers are considered as 4-connected square-planar nodes. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) patterns and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis confirmed that 1 shows high chemical and thermal stabilities. Notably, 1 displayed solvent dependent photoluminescence properties; the fluorescence intensity and emission maximum of 1 in different solvent suspensions varied when a solvent was changed. Furthermore, the H2O suspension of 1 exhibited blue fluorescence emission and thus can be treated as a selective and sensitive fluorescent probe for turn-on detection of Cr3+ cations through absorbance caused enhancement (ACE) mechanism and turn-off detection of Cr2O72−/CrO42− anions through collaboration of the absorption competition and energy transfer process, with limit of detection (LOD) as low as μM scale.

A luminescent Cd(II) coordination polymer as a fluorescence-responsive sensor for enhancement sensing of Al3+ and Cr3+ ions and quenching detection of chromium(VI) oxyanions

A luminescent coordination polymer [Cd(H2dhbdc)(NI-mbpy-34)2]n (1), where H4dhbdc ​= ​2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid, NI-mbpy-34 ​= ​N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,8-naphthalimide, has been synthesized under hydro(solvo)thermal conditions. From the topological point of view, the crystal structure of 1 is fabricated by 4-connected square-planar nodes, forming a complicated two-dimensional (2-D) gridlike sql layer with the point symbol of (44·62), which consists of one-dimensional (1-D) {Cd–NI-mbpy-34}n2n ​+ ​ribbon chains and H2dhbdc2− bridges. Complex 1 displays high thermal, chemical, and pH stabilities. Moreover, complex 1 exhibits pH- and solvent-dependent luminescence properties varying in intensity and wavelength, and emits blue fluorescence in H2O suspension phase. These features promise 1 to be a multifunctional sensor platform for sensitive detection of Al3+ and Cr3+ through luminescence enhancement as well as CrO42− and Cr2O72− through luminescence quenching from most interfering ions.

Acidity tuning of HZSM-5 zeolite by neutralization titration for coke inhibition in supercritical catalytic cracking of n-dodecane

Reducing the acid density and strength of HZSM-5 zeolite are typical strategies to inhibit coke deposition during catalytic cracking reactions. Herein, direct titration of HZSM-5/H2O suspension using dilute NaOH aqueous solution at room temperature was introduced to neutralize excessive Brønsted acid sites of HZSM-5 zeolite (Si/Al = 25). SEM, XRD, N2 adsorption and n-propylamine temperature-programmed decomposition confirmed that simultaneous acid strength weakening and acid density reducing were achieved without obvious influence on crystalline or textural property. The evolution of the surface charge during the titration process tracked by Zeta-potential measurement reveals that the mechanism of such neutralization is: liquid phase neutralization between H+ and OH− & solid phase ion exchange between Na+ and H+. Supercritical catalytic cracking of n-dodecane over a series of partial neutralized HZSM-5 catalysts showed that moderate neutralization can enhance the conversion of n-dodecane by alleviating both the coke amount and harmfulness per unit mass of coke.

A three-component copper phosphonate complex as a sensor platform for sensitive Cd2+ and Zn2+ ion detection in water via fluorescence enhancement

A three-component molecular copper phosphonate [Cu2(H4tpmm)2(Hpybim)2]·H2O (1·H2O), where H6tpmm ​= ​2,4,6-tris(phosphorylmethyl)mesitylene and Hpybim ​= ​2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole, showing high thermal stability up to approximately 370 ​°C has been prepared. Complex 1·H2O has a dinuclear structure symmetry-related by a crystallographic inversion center, in which the Cu(II) center suits a highly distorted square pyramidal geometry. Complex 1·H2O shows two extremely weak emission bands in both solid state and H2O suspension phase. However, as Cd2+ and Zn2+ were added into the H2O suspension of 1·H2O, the fluorescence intensity would be remarkably enhanced by 11.1 and 25.2 times, respectively, with a dramatic change in the emission band shape. The fluorescence enhancement sensing of 1·H2O toward Cd2+ and Zn2+ in H2O is highly sensitive with limit of detection (LOD) values of 1.35 and 0.89 ​μM, respectively. Such sensing performances are negligibly interfered by most perturbed metal ions but largely affected by Fe3+, Ni2+, and Co2+. EDX and XPS analyses show the occurrence of weak binding interactions between the Cd2+/Zn2+ ions and the structure of 1·H2O, resulting in fluorescence enhancement. This work demonstrates a highly water stable molecular copper phosphonate behaving as a sensor platform suitable for Cd2+ and Zn2+ ion detection in water via remarkable fluorescence enhancement, providing a new method for metal phosphonate complexes.

On the SO2 Problem in Thermal Power Plants. 2.Two-steps chemical absorption modeling

The modeling of the gas absorption in a new column apparatus for waste gases purification from SО2, using two- phase absorbent (CaCO3 / H2O suspension) is presented. The process is realized in a three-zone column. In the upper zone a physical absorption in gas-liquid drops system is realized and the big convective transfer in the gas phase leads to a decrease of the mass transfer resistances in this phase. In the middle zone a chemical absorption in liquid-gas bubbles system takes place and the big convective transfer in the liquid phase leads to a decrease of the mass transfer resistances in this phase. The large volume of the liquid in the middle zone causes an increase of the chemical reaction time and as a result a further decrease of the mass transfer resistances in the liquid phases is realized. The third zone is the column tank, where the chemical reaction takes place only.

The Synthesis of α-C<sub>2</sub>S Hydrate Substituted with Al<sup>3+</sup> Ions in Mixture with CaO/SiO<sub>2</sub> = 1.75

The parameters of α-C2SH substituted with Al3+ions hydrothermal synthesis was determined. α-C2SH was synthesized in the primary mixtures with CaO/(SiO2+Al2O3) = 1.75 and Al2O3/(SiO2+Al2O3) = 0; and 0.025. The hydrothermal synthesis has been carried out in unstirred suspensions under saturated steam pressure in argon atmosphere at 175 °C temperature for 4; 8; 16; 24; 48; 72 hours by applying extra argon gas (10 bar). It was determined that in unstirred CaO–SiO2·nH2O–H2O suspensions, the additive of Al2O3changes the formation mechanism of synthesis products as well as their stability during the isothermal curing. It should be noted that in the mixtures with Al2O3, within 4 hours of isothermal curing at 175 °C all Al3+ions were incorporated in the synthesis products structure. However, Al2O3additive has negative influence on the formation of calcium silicate hydrates because even after 24 h of isothermal curing quite intensive diffraction peaks of unreacted portlandite were identified. When hydrothermal synthesis is extended to 48 hours, Ca (OH)2fully reacted and dibasic calcium silicate hydrates start dominate in the products.

The influence of aluminum additive on the α-C2S hydrate formation process

The influence of aluminum additive on the formation of α-C2SH and on kinetics of cementitious binder material at early stages of hydration was determined. α-C2SH was synthesized in the primary mixtures with CaO/(SiO2 + Al2O3) = 1.5 and Al2O3/(SiO2 + Al2O3) = 0; 0.025 and 0.05. The hydrothermal synthesis has been carried out in unstirred suspensions under saturated steam pressure in argon atmosphere at 175 °C temperature for 4, 8;,16, 24, 48 and 72 h by applying extra argon gas (10 bar). It was determined that in CaO–SiO2·nH2O–H2O suspensions within 4 h dicalcium silicate hydrates—α-C2S hydrate, C–S–H(II) and a low base semi-crystalline C–S–H(I) type calcium silicate hydrate—were formed. Meanwhile, Al2O3 additive changes the formation mechanism of synthesis products as well as their stability during the isothermal curing. It was observed that hydrogarnets formed after 4 h of hydrothermal treatment remained stable under all experimental conditions. It was determined that the addition of α-C2SH–Al in BM sample changed both the heat flow and the total quantity of heat released during early-stage hydration. It was determined that only 5 % of quartz reacts during the first 4.5 h of hydration in both BM samples, and the further reduction of its quantity depends on duration of process. The products of synthesis and hardening were characterized by simultaneous thermal analysis, microcalorimetry and X-ray diffraction analysis.

Isolation and identification of antioxidative compounds and their activities from Suaeda japonica

The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and chloroform (CHCl3) layers obtained after solvent fractionation of a H2O suspension of powdered Suaeda japonica juice showed higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical- scavenging activity than other layers. Eighteen compounds were purified and isolated from the EtOAc and CHCl3 layers using chromatography following DPPH radical- scavenging assay. These compounds were identified as dihydroferulic acid methyl ester (1), pyrocatechol (2), syringic acid (3), apigenin (4), isorhamnetin (5), kaempferol (6), dihydroferulic acid (7), vanillic acid (8), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (9), acetophlorglucine (10), homoeriodictyol (11), naringenin (12), quercetin (13), luteolin (14), 9-epi- blumenol C (15), scopoletin (16), dihydroisorhamnetin (17), and chrysoeriol (18). The structures of these compounds were determined by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. The isolated compounds were newly identified from this plant. Compounds 13 and 14 exhibited higher DPPH radical-scavenging activity and an inhibition effect against ferric ion-induced lipid oxidation of rat liver when compared to α-tocopherol and other compounds.

Preparation and Microstructures of Nano-Porous SiO<sub>2</sub> Thermal Insulation Materials by Freeze-Casting of SiO<sub>2</sub> in TBA/H<sub>2</sub>O Suspensions

A kind of porous SiO2 bulk materials with pore size distributed in nano and micron scales has been fabricated by freeze-casting of SiO2 nano-size powders in TBA (tert-butyl alcohol)/H2O suspensions. The content of TBA in the well mixed TBA/H2O binary co-solvent plays an important role in size and morphology control of the pores in the obtained SiO2 monolithic materials, since the ratio of TBA/H2O determines the competition of crystallization of TBA and ice, therefore, the microstructure of the monolithic SiO2. It was found that the content of TBA in the range from 30 to 40% was suitable for formation of more nano-pores in the SiO2 monolith. The insulation materials freeze-casted from the suspension of SiO2 in 13wt% and TBA in 40wt% has the density of 0.17g/cm3, and the specific surface area of 282m2/g. The pore size has a trimodal size distribution with three mean diameters of 15nm, 100nm and 4μm, respectively.

Preparation of TS-1 Monolithic Catalysts by Dip-Coating

TS-1 monolithic catalysts were prepared on cordierites honeycomb ceramics supports by dip-coating method in TS-1/H2O suspension. The cordierites honeycomb ceramics supports were treated with different methods, such as coated with a thin layer of sodium silicate, immersed in 0.5N hydrochloric acid. The monolithic catalysts were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The distribution of TS-1 Catalysts onto supported was observed. The immobilized stability of TS-1 monolithic catalysts was evaluated by ultrasonic cleaning and washing out experiment. TS-1 catalysts were uniformly deposited onto inner smoothed surface of cordierites honeycomb ceramics supports, which ware coated sodium silicate film. And experiment data proved that TS-1 catalysts may be firmly immobilized onto supports coated sodium silicate.

Fluorescein‐Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles as a Selective Fluorogenic Chemosensor for Cu2+ in Living Cells

AbstractFluorescein‐functionalized silica nanoparticles (1) were prepared by sol–gel reaction, and their optical sensing abilities were studied towards finding a new type of synthetic fluorogenic chemosensor for imaging Cu2+ ions in living cells. Interestingly, upon addition of Cu2+ in a H2O suspension of 1 at pH 7.4, 1 displays large chelation‐enhanced quenching (CHEQ) effects with Cu2+. With the exception of Cu2+, no significant fluorescence intensity changes were observed in the experiments with the other metal ions. These findings confirm that 1 can be useful as a fluorogenic‐sensing material for the selective detection of Cu2+ in the presence of other metal ions. This is a rare example of chromogenic sensing of a specific metal ion by functional inorganic nanomaterials. The emission change observed for chemosensor 1 in the presence of Cu2+ is reversible by the addition of EDTA. Furthermore, the fluorescein‐functionalized silica nanoparticles act as a new type of synthetic fluorogenic chemosensor for imaging Cu2+ ions in living cells.

Genetic control of Asian rust in soybean

The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic mechanisms of soybean resistance to Asian rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd). F2 and F3 generations from 15 diallel crosses involving six soybean cultivars, FT-2, EMBRAPA 48, BRS 154, BRS 184, BRS 214, BRS 231, were used to analyze the genetic control of Asian rust resistance in the soybean parents tested. Genetic models were fitted to means and variances of the generations tested in a completely randomized field experiment with 5,700 hill plots. The experiment was spray-inoculated twice with an isolate that was first detected during the 2002/03 season in Mato Grosso (MT) State and presently prevail in Central Brazil, at a six-day interval, on borders rows and on the useful area, respectively, with a 104 spores/ml distilled H2O suspension. Assessments were made using a diagrammatic scale for disease severity at seven and 39 days after the first detection of Asian rust in the experiments. Evaluations made in the second assessment (39 days) discriminated better between genotypes. Selection at early plant developmental stages may not result in adult resistant plants. Cultivar FT-2, which had presented monogenic resistance to a rust isolated that prevailed in the first two years of rust occurrence in Brazil, showed no resistance to the MT State rust strain used in this experiment, but eleven crosses showed genetic variability for resistance in the second assessment. Soybean rust resistant genes showing predominantly additive effects are dispersed among parents. Narrow sense heritability values ranging from 0.42 to 0.74 at the F3 family level in the second assessment suggested that selection of resistant genotypes is feasible.

AlPO-18 nanocrystals synthesized under microwave irradiation

AlPO-18 nanocrystals (AEI type structure) were synthesized from clear precursor solutions by employing microwave energy. The samples were heated at 130 °C for 5–60 min, and complete crystallization of nanosized AlPO-18 occurred after 30 min. Additionally, micron-sized AlPO-18 molecular sieve was synthesized in a dense gel precursor system; the crystallization behaviour of both nano- and micron-sized AlPO-18 was investigated. The size and morphology of micron-sized AlPO-18 crystals differ substantially from the nanosized molecular sieve exhibiting a high degree of monodispersity and stability in H2O suspensions. The stability of AlPO-18 crystal suspensions was followed with zeta potential measurements at different pH and sol concentrations. According to thermogravimetric analyses and isothermal adsorption/desorption of both nitrogen and water, the nanosized AlPO-18 possesses a larger accessible pore volume and a higher water affinity than the micron-sized crystals.

Ultrasonic particle size reduction of radiolabeled pharmaceuticals

AbstractHigh‐intensity ultrasonic treatment of MeOH/H2O, IPA/H2O, EtOH or H2O suspensions of C‐14 labeled and unlabeled pharmaceuticals successfully reduced the average particle diameter from a range of 8–260 to 4–15 µm as determined by optical microscopy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Fullerene C60 Bound to Insoluble Hydrophilic Polymer: Synthesis, Photophysical Behavior, and Generation of Singlet Oxygen in Water Suspensions

Fullerene C60 has been covalently bound to an insoluble hydrophilic polymeric matrix: Sephadex ® G-200. The new polymeric equivalent of C60 swells in H2O to form gel-like suspensions. The transient photochemical behavior of this polymeric fullerene has been studied in dry and H2O-suspended samples. Both samples show a transient absorption similar to the absorption of the parent C60 solution. There is a lack of triplet-triplet annihilation and of a O2-quenching process in the dry sample. On the contrary, the O2-quenching process is very efficient in the H2O-suspended samples (kq(O2)=(1.9±0.5)×108 dm3 mol−1 s−1) and results in the formation of singlet oxygen, which is detected by its emission at 1270 nm. These results point to this hydrophilic polymeric equivalent of C60 as a good candidate for use as a singlet-oxygen solid sensitizer in H2O suspensions.

Polyol mediated synthesis of nanoscale MS particles (M = Zn, Cd, Hg)

The preparation of nanoscale MS particles (M = Zn, Cd, Hg) with the polyol method is described. Starting with metal acetates and thiourea as precursors, by heating at 180 °C in diethylene glycol, crystalline particles 30–250 nm in size can be yielded. The resulting particle size is examined in DEG–H2O suspension applying laser diffraction techniques. Moreover, the particle size in the powder state is analysed based on SEM and TEM studies. X-Ray and electron diffraction are applied to investigate the crystallinity of the nanoscale materials.