H2 Bubbles Research Articles

Tuning Mass Transport in Electrocatalysis Down to Sub‐5 nm through Nanoscale Grade Separation

AbstractNano and single‐atom catalysis open new possibilities of producing green hydrogen (H2) by water electrolysis. However, for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) which occurs at a characteristic reaction rate proportional to the potential, the fast generation of H2nanobubbles at atomic‐scale interfaces often leads to the blockage of active sites. Herein, a nanoscale grade‐separation strategy is proposed to tackle mass‐transport problem by utilizing ordered three‐dimensional (3d) interconnected sub‐5 nm pores. The results reveal that 3dcriss‐crossing mesopores with grade separation allow efficient diffusion of H2bubbles along the interconnected channels. After the support of ultrafine ruthenium (Ru), the 3dmesopores are on a superior level to two‐dimensional system at maximizing the catalyst performance and the obtained Ru catalyst outperforms most of the other HER catalysts. This work provides a potential route to fine‐tuning few‐nanometer mass transport during water electrolysis.

Resuscitation of spent graphite anodes towards layer-stacked, mechanical-flexible, fast-charging electrodes

The alarming resource shortage of the lithium battery supply chain has triggered new vitality to the close-loop recycling of retired batteries. As compared to hydrometallurgy or pyrometallurgy strategies for the cathode recovery, the proper use of degraded graphite anodes, featuring with the solvated Li+ intercalation and in-plane defect formation, is hitherto neglected. In this work, we propose a facile “green route” to extract values from spent graphite anode. Through elucidating the dynamic Li occupancy in graphite lattice, an up-scaling delamination protocol is developed with the aid of in-situ generated H2 bubbles in the protic mixed solvent, to weaken van der Waals (vdW) bonding of the graphite interlayers and generate few-layer graphene flakes (∼ 2 nm); meanwhile high-purity Li salt could be simultaneously extracted from the residue solvent (∼ 98% Li leaching efficiency). Upon exquisite interfacial modification, the as-exfoliated graphene flakes tend to assemble with the Na2Ti6O13 (NTO) nanosheets as a layer-stacked, mechanical-flexible anode, which further demonstrates a robust cycling at various flexing states and extreme power output of 1142 Wkg−1 as paired with the LiFePO4 cathode (5.3 mg cm−2) in the integrated, thin-film battery. This work vividly demonstrates potential add-value market of spent anodes in the flexible power sources.

Tailoring Antibonding‐Orbital Occupancy State of Selenium in Se‐Enriched ReSe2+x Cocatalyst for Exceptional H2 Evolution of TiO2 Photocatalyst

AbstractElectron density regulation of active sites can realize an optimal hydrogen‐binding strength, whereas the underlying regulation mechanism is still indistinct. Herein, a new concept of antibonding‐orbital occupancy state is first proposed to unveil the fundamental influence mechanism of electron density on the SeHads bond strength for achieving first‐rank adsorption energy toward atomic hydrogen by constructing Se‐enriched surrounding to form electron‐deficient Se(2‐δ)‐ active sites in ReSe2+x nanodots. To this end, the Se‐rich ReSe2+x nanodots (0.3–1 nm) can be dexterously fabricated onto the TiO2 to prepare Se‐rich ReSe2+x/TiO2 by an ingenious one‐step photosynthesis route. In a surprise, a large number of visual H2 bubbles are continuously produced on the resultant ReSe2+x/TiO2(0.7 wt.%) with an ultrahigh rate of 12 490.4 µmol h−1 g−1 and an apparent quantum efficiency of 60.0%, which is 5.0 times higher than that of traditional ReSe2/TiO2, even comparable with benchmark Pt/TiO2(0.7 wt.%). In situ/ex situ XPS characterizations coupled with density functional theory (DFT) calculations corroborate that a Se‐enriched environment can induce the formation of electron‐deficient Se(2‐δ)− and then reduce its antibonding‐orbital occupancy state, thus increasing the stability of H 1s‐p antibonding and accordingly reinforcing the SeHads bonds. This holistic study identifies the dominant role of antibonding‐orbital occupancy states in the optimization of hydrogen‐binding energy.

Observation of H2 Evolution and Electrolyte Diffusion on MoS2 Monolayer by In Situ Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy.

Unit-cell-thick MoS2 is a promising electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) owing to its tunable catalytic activity, which is determined based on the energetics and molecular interactions of different types of HER active sites. Kinetic responses of MoS2 active sites, including the reaction onset, diffusion of the electrolyte and H2 bubbles, and continuation of these processes, are important factors affecting the catalytic activity of MoS2 . Investigating these factors requires a direct real-time analysis of the HER occurring on spatially independent active sites. Herein, the H2 evolution and electrolyte diffusion on the surface of MoS2 are observed in real time by in situ electrochemical liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (LPTEM). Time-dependent LPTEM observations reveal that different types of active sites are sequentially activated under the same conditions. Furthermore, the electrolyte flow to these sites is influenced by the reduction potential and site geometry, which affects the bubble detachment and overall HER activity of MoS2 .

Molecular dynamics simulation of H2 in amorphous polyethylene system: H2 diffusion in various PE matrices and bubbling during rapid depressurization

Polyethylene (PE) is a candidate liner material for Type IV storage devices. In this case, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations are employed to study the properties of Polyethylene with the presence of H2, including tensile properties, glass transition, diffusion in different PE and bubbling during rapid depressurization. The presence of H2 deteriorates the polyethylene matrix's tensile performance and decreases the glass transition temperature. The branch, side chain and small molecules promote the diffusion of H2 in the amorphous region by introducing more free volume below Tg. With a sufficient length, the length of polymer chain has minor effect on the diffusion of H2. Graphene, as a 2D reinforcement, could decrease the diffusion of H2 but suffers from poor interfacial bonding. Finally, H2 bubble(s) formed from the over-saturated H2 molecule and were observed in both the exclusive and free volume and stabilised at low pressure during rapid depressurization. According to the result obtained in this work, branchless HDPE is expected to give superior performance while the viscosity, which is important during processing, could be tailored by molecular weight. Processing technique leads to orientation is preferred, such as injection moulding.

Nanopyramid Texture Formation by One‐Step Ag‐Assisted Solution Process for High‐Efficiency Monocrystalline Si Solar Cells

In monocrystalline Si solar cells, pyramidal surface textures with the size of a few micrometers (micropyramids) are commonly applied for light in‐coupling and trapping. Recently, there is a growing need to reduce the size of pyramids below 1 μm. Herein, an original method to fabricate nanometer‐sized pyramids (nanopyramids) featuring an average size of ≈500 nm or even smaller by using a simple one‐step Ag‐assisted solution process is proposed. The texture size can be controlled by the concentration of AgNO3 in the alkaline etching solution where the generated Ag nanoparticles act as an etching mask as well as promoting the detachment of H2 bubbles from the reacting Si surface. This process enables the formation of uniformly distributed Si nanopyramids with a lower reflectance below 10% and a smaller etching margin less than 1.7 μm compared with the conventional micropyramids. Silicon heterojunction solar cells employing Si nanopyramids outperform those with the conventional micropyramids owing to the reduced optical reflectance while preserving excellent surface passivation and carrier transport properties. These results demonstrate the advantages of our method and the high potential of Si nanopyramids for various applications such as thin crystalline Si solar cells and perovskite/Si tandem solar cells.

In situ modification of Cu substrate enables nickel-copper phosphide nanoarrays for enhanced electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Searching for non-noble and high active electrocatalysts with excellent durability for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is significant for hydrogen production but remains a grand challenge. Here, we report a low-temperature oxidation strategy to modify copper foam (CF) and successfully built a heterogeneous NiP2-Cu3P nanoarray on the modified CF (NiCuP@CF), in which the CF functions as both conductive support and the precursor of the active substances. The resulting catalyst achieves low overpotentials of 113.4 and 266.4 mV to reach the current density of 10 and 100 mA cm−2 towards HER in alkaline electrolyte, respectively, benefiting from the 3D heterostructure arrays with abundant active sites and excellent conductivity. The open channels formed spontaneously in the 3D arrays allow rapid H2 bubbles to escape, which enables the catalyst to exhibit remarkable stability for at least 36 h under different current densities. This work presents a facile and economic modification method for Cu substrate, which will provide a good foundation for the subsequent material optimization, not limited to the heterogeneous metal phosphide catalyst toward HER.

Accelerated bubble departure and reduced overpotential with nanoengineered porous bifunctional Ni5P4 electrocatalyst for PV-driven water splitting

Solar-driven green hydrogen production is a promising sustainable technology though large-scale solar water splitting remains challenging due to expensive electrocatalyst. Herein, we propose a facile and low-cost approach to fabricate nanoengineered hierarchically porous Ni5P4 electrocatalyst (p-Ni5P4), which provides high surface area and enables fast gas diffusion. By coating p-Ni5P4 on Ni foam (NF), p-Ni5P4@NF has pores ranging from 50-500 nm to 200–600 μm and enlarges the electrochemically-active surface area by 5 times. p-Ni5P4@NF offers abundant cavities for gas nucleation and fast growth of H2 bubble, and small bubbles (10–50 μm) depart quickly owing to the reduced contact line. By enhancing gas transfer and reducing bubble overpotential over 29%, p-Ni5P4@NF achieves excellent electrocatalytic performance with a low HER (145 mV), OER (197 mV) and overall water splitting potential (1.54 V) at 10 mA cm−2. Powered by multijunction PV cell, the full electrolytic cell records a high solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 14.5%.

Real‐Time Monitoring of Hydrogen Production by Water Electrolysis Using a Tapered Polarization‐Maintaining Optical Fiber Mach–Zehnder Interferometer

Gas microbubbles easily cover surface active sites of the solid electrodes in most gas evolution reactions, hindering the transfer of mass and energy and declining the reaction efficiency. However, online monitoring of gas bubbles’ behaviors on the surface of solid electrodes accurately in real time remains challenging. Herein, a tapered polarization‐maintaining fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer for in situ monitoring of H2 bubbles detachment in water electrolysis is reported. In the experiment, the H2 bubble released from the platinum microelectrode can be detected by recording the variation of transmitted optical power in the optical fiber. By comparing it with the electrochemical measurement and the charge‐coupled device imaging, the measurement accuracy can be regarded as near 100%, and the time resolution is determined to be ≈ms. It is found that the size of the detached bubbles on the microelectrode surface is positively correlated with the electrolysis voltage. The increasing electrolysis time causes a long detachment time. Three different charged surfactants are all proved to accelerate the H2 detachment. This method is adapted to study gas bubble behaviors in various complex gas‐involving reaction systems, even for the invisible gas bubbles in a dark environment.

Synthesis of magnesium nanoparticle for NIR-II-photoacoustic-imaging-guided synergistic burst-like and H2 cancer therapy

•Diameter and shape-controlled Mg nanoflowers were synthesized by one-pot method •pH-sensitive Mg nanoflower was prepared for cancer therapy •Acidic TME could trigger the reaction of Mg nanoflowers and water to generate H2 •Mg nanoflowers can serve as an excellent NIR-II PAI and USI contrast agent Metallic magnesium is a promising platform for H2 cancer therapy, whereas the available Mg particles’ undesirable diameter and shape greatly hinder its therapeutic application. Herein, we first reported the diameter- and shape-controlled synthesis of Mg nanoparticles, including hexagonal nanosheet (∼80–320 nm), nanoflower (∼100–250 nm), and small nanoparticle (mean 65 nm), by a one-pot method. As a proof of concept, pH-sensitive polymer-coated Mg nanoflowers were prepared and applied in NIR (near infrared)-II photoacoustic and bubble-enhanced ultrasound imaging and cancer therapy. It continuously generated H2 in the tumor because the acidic tumor environment triggered the disassembly of the polymeric shell, leading to the reaction of Mg and water. The generated H2 bubbles not only induced transient cavitation and mechanically ruptured lysosomes but also disturbed the cellular energy metabolism and induced high oxidative stress simultaneously, leading to cancer-cell death. Thus, this drug-free therapy method presented superior synergistic tumor inhibition effects. Metallic magnesium is a promising platform for H2 cancer therapy, whereas the available Mg particles’ undesirable diameter and shape greatly hinder its therapeutic application. Herein, we first reported the diameter- and shape-controlled synthesis of Mg nanoparticles, including hexagonal nanosheet (∼80–320 nm), nanoflower (∼100–250 nm), and small nanoparticle (mean 65 nm), by a one-pot method. As a proof of concept, pH-sensitive polymer-coated Mg nanoflowers were prepared and applied in NIR (near infrared)-II photoacoustic and bubble-enhanced ultrasound imaging and cancer therapy. It continuously generated H2 in the tumor because the acidic tumor environment triggered the disassembly of the polymeric shell, leading to the reaction of Mg and water. The generated H2 bubbles not only induced transient cavitation and mechanically ruptured lysosomes but also disturbed the cellular energy metabolism and induced high oxidative stress simultaneously, leading to cancer-cell death. Thus, this drug-free therapy method presented superior synergistic tumor inhibition effects.

In-suit growth of NiS quantum dots embedded in ultra-thin N,O,S-tri-doped carbon porous nanosheets on carbon cloth for high-efficient HMF oxidation coupling hydrogen evolution

The rational design and development of highly efficient non-precious metal chalcogenide electro-catalysts is key but challenging technology for biomass conversion into high-valued chemicals coupling hydrogen evolution. Herein, the NiS quantum dots (QDs) with good dispersibility embedding into wrinkled N,O,S-tri-doped carbon porous nanosheets (NiS@NOSC) implanted in-situ on carbon cloth were synthesized via a facile one-step pyrolysis method. The as-obtained NiS@NOSC porous nanosheets network displays excellent superhydrophilic/superaerophobic surface, facilitating fast diffusion of ion and release of H2 bubble. The self-supported NiS@NOSC on carbon cloth could serve as both cathode and anode electrodes for high-efficient electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into high-valued 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) coupling hydrogen evolution requiring only a low potential of 1.51 V to afford 50 mA cm−2. The high electrocatalysis performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of high activity of monodisperse NiS QDs, superhydrophilic/superaerophobic network structure, and the electronic regulation between NOSC and NiS QDs in NiS@NOSC, which has promising foreground to fulfil large-scale commercialize application.

Efficient hydrogenation of p-chlorophenol and Cr(VI) driven by hydrogen rich balls over Pd/C catalysts

Catalytic hydrogenation can selectively destabilize and detoxify specific contaminants in water. Herein, to explore safer and more efficient hydrogen sources, hydrogen rich balls (HRBs) were researched and applied for hydrogenating p-chlorophenol and Cr(VI) over Pd/C catalyst. The results showed that HRBs can realize the sustained release of H2 by replacing the hydrogen in water, and generate the refined (micro/nano-sized) H2 bubble, which effectively improves the adsorption and activation effectively of H2 molecules on Pd/C catalyst, and the hydrogen atoms utilization efficiency during p-chlorophenol hydrodechlorination is as high as 3.5 %. Continuous flow experiments showed that rapid removal of p-chlorophenol with different concentrations could be achieved by adjusting the flow rate. Moreover, the high-toxic Cr(VI) was successfully reduced to the low-toxic Cr(III) in an appropriate pH range. This research is of far-reaching significance for realizing the detoxification of environmental pollutants and promoting the development of hydrogen economy.

Highly efficient preconcentration using anodically generated shrinking gas bubbles for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) detection.

Here we report a highly efficient PFAS preconcentration method that uses anodically generated shrinking gas bubbles to preconcentrate PFAS via aerosol formation, achieving ~ 1400-fold enrichment of PFOS and PFOA-the two most common PFAS-in 20min. This new method improves the enrichment factor by 15 to 105% relative to the previous method that uses cathodically generated H2 bubbles. The shrinking gas bubbles are in situ electrogenerated by oxidizing water in an NH4HCO3 solution. H+ produced by water oxidation reacts with HCO3- to generate CO2 gas, forming gas bubbles containing a mixture of O2 and CO2. Due to the high solubility of CO2 in aqueous solutions, the CO2/O2 bubbles start shrinking when they leave the electrode surface region. A mechanistic study reveals two reasons for the improvement: (1) shrinking bubbles increase the enrichment rate, and (2) the attractive interactions between the positively charged anode and negatively charged PFAS provide high enrichment at zero bubble path length. Based on this preconcentration method, we demonstrate the detection of ≥ 70ng/L PFOA and PFOS in water in ~ 20min by coupling it with our bubble-nucleation-based detection method, fulfilling the need of the US Environmental Protection Agency.

Ru-doping modulated cobalt phosphide nanoarrays as efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution rection

Electrochemical water splitting is regarded as a prospective means for H2 production. The lack of efficient active sites and the sluggish kinetics in alkaline media remain the major obstacles for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, a rational construction of Ru-doped cobalt phosphide leaf-like nanoarrays supported on carbon cloth (Ru-CoP NAs) was designed via a MOF-derived route and subsequent phosphating treatment for accelerating HER in the alkaline. The unique hierarchical structure is conductive to exposing more active sites and accelerating the diffusion of electrolyte and the release of H2 bubble. The optimized Ru-CoP-2.5 NAs exhibits a small overpotential of 52 mV to drive 10 mA cm−2 for HER and a low Tafel slope of 39.7 mV dec−1 in 1 M KOH, which outperforms most of other reported CoP-based electrocatalysts. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations unveil that Ru dopants can modulate the electron environment around pure CoP and optimize the adsorption energy of H*, accelerating the reaction kinetics. This work provides an insight to promote the electrocatalytic activity of metal phosphide for hydrogen production.

Highly Porous Gold Electrodes – Preparation and Characterization

AbstractGold screen printed electrodes (Au‐SPEs) were treated electrochemically to produce a micro‐rough pattern increasing the real electrode surface. The procedure based on the Dynamic Hydrogen Bubble Template (DHBT) method included electrochemical deposition of Au layers onto the surface of the Au‐SPEs, followed by a reductive process at −3 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) leading to formation of H2 bubbles, which produced pores in the Au multilayer. The morphology of the micro‐porous Au electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), surface mapping, surface profilometry, and confocal microscopy. The electrode surface morphology was controlled by the time of the electrode reductive treatment (H2 evolution) and the optimized condition resulting in the best surface structuring was found. Notably, the surface roughness leading to the highest electrode surface area was significantly increased compared to previously reported results with Au‐SPEs.

Denatured proteins show new vitality: Green synthesis of germanium oxide hollow microspheres with versatile functions by denaturing proteins around bubbles

AbstractThe hollow structure has long attracted great attention because of its excellent properties. However, this special structure is usually synthesized through some complex approaches. Herein, we discovered that denatured bovine serum albumin (BSA) can trigger unusual biomineralization for the simple, green and shape‐controllable synthesis of germanium oxide (GeOx) hollow microsphere (HMS). At high temperature (60°C), BSA was denatured, and a compact BSA layer was formed around the H2 bubbles. The denatured BSA layer was stable and suitable for anchoring and growing GeOx. By simply changing the BSA concentration and temperature, various morphologies of GeOx could be obtained. Due to the denatured protein skeletons and microenvironment‐regulated collapse, GeOx HMS showed great potential for intelligently responsive pesticide delivery in the insect gut, showing superiority over traditional delivery systems, which early release pesticides in the mouth and stomach. Inspired by its large specific surface area, excellent biocompatibility, modifiable functional groups, and high electrocatalytic activity, GeOx HMS was also applied to versatile sensors for H2O2 assays at physiological pH and rapid coronavirus COVID‐19 detection. This work not only provides some evidence for understanding proteins in depth but also paves a new avenue for the biomineralization‐inspired synthesis of hollow structures with versatile functions.

Design Strategies for Large Current Density Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

Hydrogen energy is considered one of the cleanest and most promising alternatives to fossil fuel because the only combustion product is water. The development of water splitting electrocatalysts with Earth abundance, cost-efficiency, and high performance for large current density industrial applications is vital for H2 production. However, most of the reported catalysts are usually tested within relatively small current densities (< 100 mA cm−2), which is far from satisfactory for industrial applications. In this minireview, we summarize the latest progress of effective non-noble electrocatalysts for large current density hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), whose performance is comparable to that of noble metal-based catalysts. Then the design strategy of intrinsic activities and architecture design are discussed, including self-supporting electrodes to avoid the detachment of active materials, the superaerophobicity and superhydrophilicity to release H2 bubble in time, and the mechanical properties to resist destructive stress. Finally, some views on the further development of high current density HER electrocatalysts are proposed, such as scale up of the synthesis process, in situ characterization to reveal the micro mechanism, and the implementation of catalysts into practical electrolyzers for the commercial application of as-developed catalysts. This review aimed to guide HER catalyst design and make large-scale hydrogen production one step further.

Hierarchical Coralline-like (NiCo)S2@MoS2 Nanowire Arrays to Accelerate H2 Release for an Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is significantly influenced by the evolved H2 bubble diffusion rate on the surface of the electrode, which involves the blocking and release of the active site at the catalytic interface. Rational design of nanostructured catalysts could not only sharply enhance the specific surface area but also provide large amounts of channels for gas release. Herein, NiCo-nanowire-derived multimetal chalcogenides grown in situ on carbon cloth [denoted as (NiCo)S2@MoS2/CC] are presented by serial hydrothermal methods. The obtained hierarchical nanowire array architecture affords abundant surface-active sites and is conducive to permeate electrolytes. The surface adsorption/desorption behavior of the heterostructure catalyst was optimized through regulating MoS2 concentration. Owing to the synergistic effect of metal Ni and Co and the interaction of the (NiCo)S2@MoS2 heterostructure, (NiCo)S2@MoS2/CC-2 delivers a relatively low overpotential of 74 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 and displays a small Tafel slope of 54 mV dec-1 for HER catalysis, surpassing that of the recently reported MoS2-based electrocatalysts. Such a strategy through nanostructure optimization and electron interaction of the heterostructure could improve the electrocatalytic HER performance for multimetal chalcogenides in an alkaline medium.

A comparative study for H[formula omitted]–CH[formula omitted] mixture wettability in sandstone porous rocks relevant to underground hydrogen storage

Characterizing the wettability of hydrogen (H2)–methane (CH4) mixtures in subsurface reservoirs is the first step towards understanding containment and transport properties for underground hydrogen storage (UHS). In this study, we investigate the static contact angles of H2–CH4 mixtures, in contact with brine and Bentheimer sandstone rock using a captive-bubble cell device at different pressures, temperatures and brine salinity values. It is found that, under the studied conditions, H2 and CH4 show comparable wettability behaviour with contact angles ranging between [25°–45°]; and consequently their mixtures behave similar to the pure gas systems, independent of composition, pressure, temperature and salinity. For the system at rest, the acting buoyancy and surface forces allow for theoretical sensitivity analysis for the captive-bubble cell approach to characterize the wettability. Moreover, it is theoretically validated that under similar Bond numbers and similar bubble sizes, the contact angles of H2 and CH4 bubbles and their mixtures are indeed comparable. Consequently, in large-scale subsurface storage systems where buoyancy and capillary are the main acting forces, H2, CH4 and their mixtures will have similar wettability characteristics.

Protruding Pt single-sites on hexagonal ZnIn2S4 to accelerate photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Single-site cocatalysts engineered on supports offer a cost-efficient pathway to utilize precious metals, yet improving the performance further with minimal catalyst loading is still highly desirable. Here we have conducted a photochemical reaction to stabilize ultralow Pt co-catalysts (0.26 wt%) onto the basal plane of hexagonal ZnIn2S4 nanosheets (PtSS-ZIS) to form a Pt-S3 protrusion tetrahedron coordination structure. Compared with the traditional defect-trapped Pt single-site counterparts, the protruding Pt single-sites on h-ZIS photocatalyst enhance the H2 evolution yield rate by a factor of 2.2, which could reach 17.5 mmol g−1 h−1 under visible light irradiation. Importantly, through simple drop-casting, a thin PtSS-ZIS film is prepared, and large amount of observable H2 bubbles are generated, providing great potential for practical solar-light-driven H2 production. The protruding single Pt atoms in PtSS-ZIS could inhibit the recombination of electron-hole pairs and cause a tip effect to optimize the adsorption/desorption behavior of H through effective proton mass transfer, which synergistically promote reaction thermodynamics and kinetics.