Gysel Power Divider Research Articles

ACOA-optimized microstrip gysel power divider with semi-radial-shaped resonators for broadband applications

ACOA-optimized microstrip gysel power divider with semi-radial-shaped resonators for broadband applications

SIW based in-phase Gysel equal power divider for X-band application

This article presents a novel approach to designing fixed-width Gysel equal power divider (PD) in Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. Since the width and impedance of SIW are functions of its cut-off frequency, therefore, conventional Gysel PD design equations become non-applicable in SIW technology. Keeping this constraint, dependency of SIW line widths on operating frequency, novel design equations for the equal Gysel PD are derived for the fixed width line. Based on the derived equations, a circuit model of Gysel PD is developed, and the results are presented at 10 GHz. A simulation analysis of the proposed PD in SIW technology is carried out to support the theoretical analysis. Further, a prototype of the device is fabricated, and measurements have been done. From the experimental results, the reflection coefficients of all the ports are better than 15 dB, and isolation is better than 25 dB for the entire frequency band 9.5 to 10.5 GHz. The insertion loss varies between 1.88 to 3.28 dB in the operating band.

Planarizing Gysel power divider/combiner with ring coupler

AbstractThis letter proposes a N‐way planar power divider/combiner using a combination of a Gysel power divider and a ring coupler. This innovative approach enables the realization of a fully planar multiway (>2) Gysel power divider. By replacing the common point of the conventional Gysel power divider with a ring coupler, the entire symmetrical divider can be implemented on a two‐layer printed circuit board. To validate the design concept, an eight‐way planar power divider is designed, fabricated, and tested. Experimental results obtained within the frequency range of 5.10–7.25 GHz (34.8% fractional bandwidth) demonstrate excellent performance. The insertion loss is below 1.24 dB, the input port return loss exceeds 12.65 dB, the output ports exhibit return loss greater than 14.83 dB, the isolation exceeds 22.41 dB, and the maximum measured phase imbalance is within ±2.7°.

A Novel Compact Gysel Power Divider with Bandpass Filtering Responses

This study presents a novel compact design of the Gysel topology and a filtering power divider (FPD) that utilizes a coupling structure. The proposed design replaces the traditional four-quarter wavelength transmission lines of the Gysel power divider with transmission lines and lumped components, resulting in a significantly reduced circuit size. Furthermore, the introduction of this coupling structure ensures the integration of the filtering and power division functions. Two transmission zeros are created near the passband to enhance the frequency selectivity of the responses. Theoretical analysis is carried out, and closed-form equations are derived based on the even–odd-mode method. To validate the theory, a three-port equal Gysel FPD operating at 2 GHz was designed and fabricated. The simulated and measured results demonstrate that this FPD has good power splitting and filtering capability with the size of 0.15 λg × 0.25 λg (λg is the medium wavelength of the central frequency), which is a significant reduction compared to the existing Gysel FPDs. The simulated and measured results are presented to verify the theoretical derivation, demonstrating good features, such as a return loss greater than 15 dB, isolation greater than 15 dB, and an insertion loss of about 4.02 dB (3 + 1.02 dB) in the passband.

A novel self‐adaptive rectifier with wide input range

A 2.45-GHz self-adaptive rectifier based on a two-way Gysel power divider (PD) with switch networks (SN), an impedance transform network (ITN), a feedback network (FN) and two rectifiers is developed in this paper. The SNs and ITN are controlled by FN according to output voltages. The rectifier is in single-path mode at a low power level and switches to two-path mode at a high power level. It has been simulated, fabricated and tested. The original input power range when efficiency is above 50% is from −3 to 11 dBm. After being connected to the PD, the input power range is expanded to −6 to 15 dBm, with a maximum efficiency of 71.1% at 1400 Ω. The proposed design only leverages one type of rectifier. The outputs are symmetric.

Analysis and Simulation of a Wideband Dual-Band Balanced-to-Unbalanced Gysel Power Divider Using Coupled Lines

In this article, theoretical analysis and simulation of a wideband dual-band balanced to unbalanced Gysel power divider using coupled lines are proposed for dual-band WiFi applications. The proposed power divider consists of three coupled line sections, stepped-impedance stub, two grounded resistors, and a dual-band phase inverter. The dual-band phase inverter is used to perform the differential functionality at the input port. The use of the coupled lines results in a wide frequency range, compact size, flexible structure, and more freedom in choosing the design parameters. The closed-form equations and the ABCD matrix are derived using even and odd mode analysis and precise electrical design parameters are determined. The power divider was simulated at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, and great performance had been achieved; all ports are matched at the two frequencies with a 10-dB input fractional bandwidth of 45.83% at 2.4 GHz and 21.7% at 5 GHz. The isolation between output ports was more than 15 dB within the frequency bandwidth and the power was divided equally between output ports with the same phase. In addition, a perfect common mode suppression was reached, and the differential functionality was a success. Moreover, the device is simulated using Keysight-ADS and the results agreed well with the derived equations results. The device can be used for any application requiring dual-band WiFi connectivity.

A Novel Planar Power Divider/Combiner for Wideband High-Power Applications

This manuscript presents a novel wideband power divider with high power handling capability. The power handling capacity of the power divider is increased through the use of grounded 50 ohm loads. The full circuit analysis of a single section of the proposed structure is presented utilizing even and odd modes and ABCD matrices. The final designed sections are cascaded and extended to achieve a high bandwidth response for the target of X-band. The structure was designed and optimized with the method of moments based on ADS software and simulated in HFSS for 3D full-wave analysis. A prototype module was fabricated and measured for experimental validation. The simulation results were confirmed by through measurements for the frequency band of 7–12 GHz (more than 52% fractional bandwidth). A divider such as the proposed one has a significantly higher power handling capacity than Wilkinson, as well as a wider frequency bandwidth than Gysel power dividers. As a wideband high-power power divider, the proposed device is ideal for high-data rate radar or satellite applications.

Design and fabrication of an ultra compact Gysel power divider with harmonic suppression by using U shaped resonators

Abstract In this paper, a new design of Gysel power divider with good performance and very compact size is presented. In this design, rectangular resonators and U shaped transmission lines are used. Operating frequency that is considered is 580 MHZ. The proposed power divider only takes 15.83% of the area of the corresponding conventional Gysel power divider. Proposed equal low pass filters are replaced with transmission lines and the harmonics suppression is also improved. In this design, 10 harmonics are suppressed. Finally, the proposed power divider is fabricated and a good match is found between the simulation and measurement results.

Novel Gysel power dividers with tunable power dividing ratio and central frequency

Novel power dividers based on Gysel architecture with tunable power dividing ratio (TPDR), tunable central frequency (TCF), perfect port matching and isolation are proposed. The regulatory mechanism of traditional Gysel Power Divider (GPD) is studied, and a novel electrical tunable method is presented to tune the power divider ratio by only the electrical length of the GPD section, which simplifies the design of tunable power dividers. Tunable T-type networks are used to tune the power dividing ratio and central frequency by tuning this electrical length parameter, and the TPDR range can be pre-defined by setting the characteristic impedance of the transmission lines in the tunable power divider. The tunable mechanism of the circuits was theoretical studied. Two power dividers operating at 950 MHz with TPDR of 0.3:1 ∼ 35.9:1 and 1.1:1 ∼ 35.4:1, and a GPD with TCF in 1.1 GHz ∼ 1.6 GHz were designed and fabricated. All the measured results are in good agreement with the simulation.

Design and fabrication of a miniaturized Gysel power divider using improved T‐shaped resonator

AbstractA high‐performance Gysel power divider showcasing high suppression factor and low insertion loss at 540 MHz has been designed, investigated, and fabricated in this paper. The proposed Gysel power divider is made up of replacing six identical resonators with conventional transmission lines. The proposed resonators, which have been analyzed using LC equivalent circuit analysis, are designed to have a small size, low insertion loss, wide stopband, and narrow transition band. The final tested results have indicated that the suggested power divider is able to suppress nine harmonics; moreover, it has only an insertion loss of 0.4 dB. Another positive feature of the power divider is its small size in comparison with a conventional power divider at this operating frequency, where it occupies 34.5 × 63.8 mm2 equaling to 0.188 × 0.102 , where is the wavelength guide at 540 MHz. This figure is 25% of a conventional Gysel, considered as a remarkable point.

Low‐insertion‐loss planar four‐way Gysel power divider with high isolation employing two‐layer substrates

AbstractThis paper presents a kind of novel planar four‐way Gysel power divider that has high isolation and low insertion loss (IL). This power divider adopts two‐layer substrates. The power divider circuit and isolation circuit are on different layers. For analysis and design, an equivalent circuit is given. The relationship between the impedance of the matching section and the working bandwidth is analyzed. The design process is given to illustrate a specific method that also applies to the N‐way Gysel power divider. For verification, a prototype is designed, manufactured. The measured results show that IL is 6.3 ± 0.1 dB approximately. The 20 dB relative isolation bandwidth achieves 45%. Between 1.88 and 2.64 GHz, the input return loss (RL) achieves 15 dB. And between 1.78 and 2.75 GHz, the output RL is better than 15 dB.

A miniaturizing method for designing a Gysel power divider

ABSTRACT In the present study, a new miniaturizing method has been applied to design a very compact Gysel power divider with nth harmonics elimination. The designed power divider has perfect harmonics suppression with excellent isolation, high return loss, and low insertion loss. Moreover, a lowpass filter has high proficiency. It has been located in place of the original transmission lines a λ/4. The observed outcomes of the lowpass filter show that the use of this filter suppressed the extra harmonics and has decreased the size of the circuit power divider. Moreover, LC equivalent circuits of all steps are illustrated. The circuit of the power divider can be studied via the odd and even mode method. This proposed Gysel power divider worked at the center frequency of 1 GHz. The proposed Gysel power divider is manufactured and measured for verification. The measured outcomes display excellent settlement by the simulated results. The maximum insertion loss, |S11|, |S22|, and |S23|, are 3.11, 24.6, 17, and 14.5 dB, respectively.

A miniaturized and self-packaged Gysel power divider with embedded metamaterials in SISL platform

This paper presents a self-packaged Gysel power divider (PD) with embedded metamaterials in substrate integrated suspended Line (SISL) platform. Metamaterials are formed by a periodic arrangement of I-shaped electrical resonators that can produce high dielectric constants and are encapsulated in the multi-layer SISL structure to reduce the circuit size. Fabricated by using a standard printed circuit board (PCB) process, the proposed Gysel PD is self-packaged. The structure of the meandering line introduced in the layout of PD can be downsized. The designed PD with embedded metamaterials operates from 3.3 to 3.6 GHz with a bandwidth of 14.8% for S11 < -20 dB. Compared with the case where metamaterials are not embedded, the circuit area is reduced by about 61%.

A compact Gysel power divider with ultra‐wide rejection band and high fractional bandwidth

In this paper, one kind of miniaturized Gysel power divider (GPD) with ninth harmonic suppression is proposed. In this structure to weaken unwanted harmonics, radial and new trapezoidal-shaped resonators are placed instead of the quarter-wavelength transmission lines of the conventional GPD. Moreover, these resonators create eight transmission zeros and occupy small circuit sizes. For designing the proposed GPD, appropriate electrical lengths of transmission lines are selected. This GPD has high −15 dB fractional bandwidth, 71%, good isolation, > 15 dB, and compact sizes, 0.07 λg×0.22 λg. The operating frequency of the designed power divider is 2.1 GHz that can be used in many WCDMA applications.

Unequal Power Dividers Using Uniform Impedance Transmission Lines with Stubs

This study proposes an impedance control method in transmission lines using open- or short-circuit stubs for unequal power dividers. The proposed method is based on the conversion of a two-port to a three-port transmission line, which is equivalent to multiplying the impedance at the internal transmission line by a scaling factor and then connecting open- or short-circuit stubs in parallel to each port on the three-port transmission line. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, Wilkinson and Gysel power dividers with splitting ratios of 9:1 and 5:1, respectively, using uniform impedance transmission lines with open- or short-circuit stubs at an operating frequency of 2 GHz were designed. The experimental measurements of the two power dividers agree well with those of the simulation.

Gysel Power Divider Realized by Ridge Gap Waveguide Technology

The novel ridge-gap waveguide (RGW) technology which uses a full metal structure has many advantages in micro/mm-wave frequencies such as low loss, broad bandwidth, low sensitivity to manufacturing errors, and easy integration with active components, etc. In this paper, a Ku-band Gysel power divider (GPD) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated based on the RGW technology for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. An RGW-to-WR62 transition is also designed and fabricated. The proposed RGW-based GPD with WR62 transitions shows low-loss equal-power division in phase with good impedance matching and isolation in the Ku band. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulations. Besides, it is shown that the proposed structure can be used as a 3-way GPD with an unequal power splitting ratio. The proposed RGW-based GPD can be extended to a 2N-way power divider which can find applications in solid-state power amplifiers, array antenna feed networks, etc.

Compact three‐way Gysel power divider with arbitrary power dividing ratio

This study proposes a compact structure of the three-way Gysel power divider with arbitrary power dividing ratio, which has a significant difference from existing N-way ones with a common node in the centre of the circuit. First, existing equations are reviewed, and new analytical closed-form equations are derived according to the proposed structure. The frequency bandwidths, affected by the parameters of isolation networks are investigated in detail and optimised for performance balance. For verification, the proposed three-way Gysel power dividers are calculated, optimised and fabricated at the centre frequency of 3.5 GHz with different dividing ratios of 1:1:1 and 1:2:3, respectively. Moreover, the equations are derived to design the N-way Gysel power divider.

Origami-Inspired Radiation Pattern and Shape Reconfigurable Dipole Array Antenna at C-Band for CubeSat Applications

This article presents an antenna structure with a reconfigurable pattern and polarization for CubeSat applications. The proposed antenna is based on spatial-mapping origami theory and consists of a center-fed four-way Gysel power divider, delay lines, inside lamina emergent torsion (LET) joints, and four thick planar dipole antennas. The LET joints are used to distribute the mechanical stress of a rigid planar material to form a flexible planar spring structure. The proposed antenna has monopole-like omnidirectional linearly polarized gain patterns in planar mode. Its gain value is about 0.5 dBi at 5.8 GHz. In folded mode, the antenna has about a circularly polarized gain value of about 8.07 dBic and broadside radiation patterns. The measured cross-polarization suppression ratio is about 25 dB, and the axial ratio (AR) value is 1.13 dB at 5.8 GHz. The size of the antenna in planar mode with a cross-shape is $100\times 100\times0.5$ mm3, and its size is in folded mode is $32.5\times 32.5\times32.5$ mm3. The size of the antenna in inactive mode is $35\times 35\times 3$ mm3, and its total weight is only 4.73 g.

A novel quasi symmetrical design of the three‐way Gysel power divider using ideal phase inverters

A novel quasi symmetrical design of the three‐way Gysel power divider using ideal phase inverters

Design method of new power divider employing zero-degree transmission line with arbitrary power dividing ratio

In this paper, a new structure of power divider (PD) employing zero-degree transmission line (TL) with arbitrary power dividing ratio is firstly proposed. Detailed analysis is performed according to the modified even- and odd-mode analytical method. This procedure shows that the resistor between the two output ports corresponds to the wide isolation band, while the other two grounded resistors can not only realize the two output ports matching, but also provide better power handling capability in comparison with the conventional Wilkinson PD. Specifically, a zero-degree composite right- and left-handed (CRLH) transmission line (TL) is used in the PD structure, which results in a smaller size, higher design flexibility, and wider operating band than the conventional Gysel PD with the reference of 10-dB return loss and 1-dB insertion loss. Closed-form design equations are derived, and the proposed design theory is verified by two PDs with the same centre frequency but different power dividing ratio (P2/P1) as 1:1 and 2:1, respectively. According to the experiment results, both PDs have a better out-of-band rejection than the conventional Wilkinson PD, more than 100% fractional operating bandwidth under full port matching, and more than 85% isolation bandwidth with the reference of 15-dB S32.